A Review Paper on "Performance of Different Fuels inInternal Combustion Engine"

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
A Review Paper on "Performance of Different Fuels inInternal
Combustion Engine"
1
Dr.Dipesh Patel, 2 Mr. Priyank Machhi, 3
Patel Bhupendra, 4
Amin Bhargav, 5
Shrotriya Shrey,
6
Vanzara Rajesh
1
Head of the institute 2Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department,
3,4,5,6Students of D. A. Degree Engineering & Technology, Mahemdabad-Gujarat
-------------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - This review is focused on performance of
various fuels used in internal combustion engine. The
Conventional fuels used are Petrol, CNG and Diesel, while
new alternative fuels for petrol, CNG and diesel are Bio-
diesel, ethanol, hydrogen, ethanol blended with petrol and
diesel. Each of these alternative have different effect on
performance on internal combustion engine. The use of
these alternatives is due to limited amount of petroleum
available. These alternative fuels can help petroleum last
longer, because fuels like hydrogen are very much in
abundant quantity, while fuels like ethanol can be
produced as per needs and requirements. Effectiveness of
petrol machine is substantially related to contraction rate
of the machine. Typically contraction rate of petrol
machine ranges around 6 to 9 when contraction rate is
increased beyond 9.3 possibility of eruption will be
increased. Applying the affair value from the trials and
with the help of fine formulas brake power, specific energy
consumption, energy mass inflow rate, and brake thermal
effectiveness were measured.
Keywords: Internal Combustion Engine, Bio- diesel,
hydrogen, Petrol, Diesel, CNG.
Introduction
An internal combustion machine (ICE or IC machine) is a
heat machine in which the combustion of an energy
occurs with an oxidizer (generally air) in a combustion
chamber that's an integral part of the working fluid
inflow circuit. In an internal combustion machine, the
expansion of the high- temperature and high- pressure
feasts produced by combustion applies direct force to
some element of the machine. The force is generally
applied to pistons (piston machine), turbine blades (gas
turbine), a rotor (Wankel machine), or a snoot (spurt
machine).
This force moves the element over a distance,
transubstantiating chemical energy into kinetic energy
which is used to propel, move or power whatever the
machine is attached to. This replaced the external
combustion machine for operations where the weight or
size of a machine was more important. Energies used in
ICE are generally produced from primary coffers. To
convert a source to an energy and bring this energy to a
vehicle, well to tank (WTT) analyzes are made in terms
of energy consumption and hothouse gas emigrations
Fig1 Components of IC Engine
Different Alternative fuels used in Engine
1) Petrol/Gasoline
Gasoline or petrol is a transparent, petroleum- deduced
ignitable liquid that's used primarily as an energy in
utmost spark- ignition internal combustion machines
(also known as petrol machines). It consists
substantially of organic composites attained by the
fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a
variety of complements. [5]
2) Bio-Ethanol
Ethanol can be produced from any substance that is
convertible either to molasses or synthesis gas (which
has CO and H2). [8] Ethanol is largely sharp. But change
in machine set up isn’t required as manufacturers allow
mixing of small amount of ethanol with petrol directly.
[4] Worldwide bioethanol production was increased
from 50 billion liters in 2007 to approximately 97 billion
liters in 2015. [9] Ethanol fuel has a "gasoline gallon
equivalency" (GGE) value of 1.5 US gallons (5.7 L), which
means 1.5 gallons of ethanol produces the energy of one
gallon of gasoline. [10]
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 33

3) CNG
Natural gas is also gained from fossil fuel, which is similar
to liquid fuel and diesel. Here natural gas can be recycled
as it is essentially methane.
[11] Natural gas consists mainly of methane with small
amount of ethane, propane, and butane. Very small
concentrations of inert gases such as N2 and CO2 are also
present. [12]
4) Biodiesel
Vegetable canvases are chemically complex esters of
adipose acids. These are the fatsnaturally present in oil
painting seeds, and known astri-glycerides of adipose
acids. Becauseof their high molecular weights these fats
have high density causing major problems in their use
as energies in CI machines. These motes have to be
resolve into simpler motes so that they've density and
other parcels similar to standard diesel canvases.
Modifying the vegetable canvases (to make them
lighter) can be achieved in numerous ways, including;
Pyrolysis, Micro emulsification, Dilution and
Transesterification. Among these, T
ransesterification is
the most generally used marketable process to produce
clean and environmentally friendly light vegetable oil
painting energy i.e. biodiesel. [3]
5) Hydrogen
Although hydrogen the most common element in the
world and it doesn't live in nature in its pure state, so it
has to be produced from sources like water and natural
gas. The environmental impact and energy effectiveness
of hydrogen depends on how it's yield. Hydrogen has
been studied as an indispensable gas energy for a long
time. Hydrogen has not some problems associated with
liquid energies, similar as vapor cinch, cold wall
quenching, shy vaporization and spare mixing. Hydrogen
has clean burning actions. As hydrogen is burned, it
products substantially water. The combustion of
hydrogen doesn't bring out poisonous products similar
as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
The most important advantage of hydrogen is that it
does not produce CO gas, which is one of the most
important sources of global warming. In addition,
hydrogen has a wider limit of flammability than gasoline,
diesel and natural gas. (2) Hydrogen always sounded
seductive from several points of view it mixes fluently
with air, the performing admixture has wide flammability
limits, is fluently burned and has a large honey speed. (7)
6) LPG/Propane
The chemical formula for propane energy is
C3H8.Propane is extensively known as Deicedpetroleum
gas (LPG) or bus gas in Europe. Propane is a gas at
normal temperatures and pressures. It's stored onboard a
vehicle in a tank pressurized to around 300 pounds per
square inch about twice the pressure as in anexaggerated
truck tire. Under this pressure, propane becomes a liquid
with an energy viscosity 270 times lesser than the gassy
form. Agallon of propane has about 25 lower energy than a
gallon of gasoline. In liquid form propane turns into a tint-
less & odorless liquid. As pressure is released, the liquid
propane vaporizes and turns into gas that's used for
combustion. An odorant, ethyl mercaptan, is added for leak
discovery. In liquid state, propane are fast to cache & the
tank to store liquid propane is affordable but the avail of
propane is less compared to gasoline LPG and other gassy
energies have common parcels that give them some
advantages and disadvantages relative to gasoline. Propane
has lower viscosity and stoichiometric energy – air rate
than gasoline, therefore it could reduce the specific
energy consumption(sfc). propane can be used at
advanced contraction rates due to advanced octane number
as a consequence of this property, machine performance,
power and thermal effectiveness would be bettered. [1]
There are also disadvantages of LPG fuel application to
internal combustion engines. Major issues might include a
higher thermal load of the combustion chamber due to a
higher combustion temperature of light hydrocarbons and
virtually no lubricity of gaseous fuels. [13]
Octane Number of Different Fuels [14]
Table 1 for Octane Number
Literature Review
1. Review of energies for internal combustion machines in
the aspect of frugality, performance, terrain and
sustainability. Advantages and disadvantages of each type
of energies in terms of economics, performances, and
surroundings were bandied. Reviews of colorful types of
energies including reactionary energies like gasoline and
diesel and indispensable energies like LPG, CNG, Alcohol,
Bio-diesel and P- series energies. The hunt for
indispensable energies which promise a harmonious
correlation with sustainable development, energy
conservation, effectiveness and terrain preservation has
come largely important. Developed and developing
countries which warrant of crude oil painting reserve
Fuel Type Octane Number
Petrol/Gasoline 91-93
Bio-Ethanol 108
CNG 135
Bio-Diesel 45-67
Hydrogen 130
LPG/Propane 112

countries spend huge quantum of plutocrat to buy crude
petroleum oil painting. (1)
2 Hydrogen increases the effectiveness of combustion,
reduces emigrations and gives high performance, when is
added as 20 to energies. Ethanol can be used as pure
energy or mixed with different energies in internal
combustion machines. Indispensable energies for new
ICEoperations. (2)
3. A review of the machine performance using
indispensable energies for internal combustion machines
has been published in the journal Accoutrements
moment. The study was conducted by Dr Venkata Sundar
Rao, aprofessor at the Basaveshwar EngineeringCollege,
Bagalkot- 587102, India. (3)
4. The author(s) of this publication are Faisal Kader,
Abdullah Noor- e- Mostofa and Mohammad Reyad Arefin
Shuvo at the Islamic University of Technology in Dhaka
and the Military Institute of Science and Technology in
Chittagong ,Bangladesh independently. Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG) has lower exhaust temperature (300
°C) and advanced boscage thermal effectiveness (24)
compared to petrol. CNG is cost-effective and good for
terrain,but it also has the loftiest affair necklace (5.8 N-
m) and boscage power (1.98 kW).[4]
5. Hydrogen as an energy in Internal Combustion
machines is a result for the near future to realize zero CO
2 emigrations. The paper gives an overview of the
development of hydrogen fueled IC machines by the most
important auto manufactures (Ford, Bewitch.). Hydrogen
can be used as an energy for business by replacing
reactionary energy machines with hydrogen- powered
bones. There are several reasons to consider converting
gasoline, diesel or natural gas machines into hydrogen
powered bones. There are four generations in
development of hydrogen powered machines forelectric
vehicles. (5)
6. The trouble posed by climate change and the
seeking for security of energy force are issues high on the
political docket. A number of manufacturers are now
leasing demonstration vehicles to consumers using
hydrogen- fueled internal combustion machines (H 2
ICEs) as wellas energy cell vehicles. (6)
7. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol 1, pp. 153- 172.
published in Northern Ireland. A detailed discussion is
given of the thermal effectiveness of hydrogen machines.
No emigrations are slightly small for energy- air parity
rates below0.55. (7)
8. Ethanol has been the most extensively delved
alcoholic energy in IC machine. They've brought into light
the parcels of ethanol and the effect of colorful ethanol
blends on the performance of. spark- ignition machines.
It also examines the parameters concentrated for this
study, including the machine boscage necklace, machine
volumetric effectiveness, thermal effectiveness and thermal
effectiveness. (8)
9. Ethanol(C2H5OH) are favorable for IC Machines due
to their high- octane standing, burning rapidity, and wider
flammability limits. When alcohol- gasoline energy
composites were used the boscage power dropped and the
boscage specific energy consumption increased as
compared to those of gasoline energy. The energy that's
used in internal combustion machines will fulfill all the
musts of cost effectiveness, maximum thermal
effectiveness, excellent machine performance and still
remain clean sufficient to cover the terrain. (9)
10. Study of Modified Internal Combustion Engine to Run
with' Ethanol' August 2017. Ethanol can replace
conventional gasoline to be used as an energy for
automotive. The optimal application of ethanol in the
modified gasoline machine was done by changing the
contraction rate of the machine. Study of Modified Internal
Combustion Engine to Run with' Ethanol' is published in
the International Journal of Engineering and Applied lore’s
(IJEAS) ISSN 2394- 3661, Volume- 4, Issue- 8 August 2017.
Ethanol can replace conventional gasoline to be used as an
energy for automotive machines. Carburetor of IC machine
was modified so as to maintain proper stoichiometric rate
which bettered energy effectiveness and avail. (10)
11. The author(s) are Musthafah Mohd. Tahir, M.A.
Salim, RosliA. Bakar, M.Z. Hassan, Abdul MuhaiminM.S.
Khatib, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka,
Malaysia. It was presented at the 2nd International
Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and
Application. Peer- review under responsibility of Scientific
Committee of ICSEEA 2014 356. Musthafah Mohd Tahir
etal. / Energy Procedia 68(2015) 355 – 362. The main
dangerous emigration from liquid energy are CO and NOx
emigration (11).
12. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has the implicit to give
a good concession in effectiveness, cost, and emigration.
Due to its advanced octane number, machine effectiveness
can be increased through advanced contraction rates. It has
lower product of adulterants when burned and is
cornucopia in nature. Natural gas has an important position
among indispensable energies and an eventuality for low
emigration of adulterants when used IC machines. In gassy
state it's lighter than air, tintless, and odor free. (12)
13. Performance of Internal Combustion Engine Fueled by
Liquefied Petroleum Energy with Water Addition. The
results of empirical exploration have been presented, i.e.,
the energy consumption and contaminant emigration. An
attempt has been made to dissect water additionin colorful
forms to the operating medium of an LPG fueled machine.
It's estimated that the addition of water has a salutary

effect on the thermal effectiveness of rotation, and the
reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides emigration. (13)
14. Maejo International Journal of Science and
Technology- May 2019 Composition Enzymatic
hydrolysis of small- unfolded nuts edge (Cyperus
difformis) with alkaline pretreatment for bioethanol
product. Author(s) Rameshprabu Ramaraj Maejo
University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand and Yuwalee
Unpaprom, Mijst. Bioethanol is a good cover for gasoline
due to its renewable nature, high octane number and
high energy content. It can be produced from different
kinds of biomass similar as sugar- and bounce- grounded
crops, lignocelluloses biomass and algal biomass. (14)
Fig. 2 Performance of different fuel
Various Charts of Comparison of Various Fuels [4]

Comparison of alternative Fuels with Petrol and Diesel [4]
R.P.M.
(Rev/min)
Fuels Torque
(Nm)
Temperature
°C
Brake
Power
(kW)
Time for
8ml(s)
Brake Power
Rate(kg/hr)
Brake Power
(g/kWh)
BrakePower%
1200
Petrol 2.80 220 0.35 61.45 0.35 1000 8
Bio-ethanol 2.60 160 0.33 63.3 0.34 1030.3 9
Diesel 3.15 235 0.40 58.45 0.41 1025 9
CNG 2.40 250 0.30 - - - -
1400
Petrol 3.20 250 0.47 53.76 0.4 851.06 10
Bio-ethanol 3.10 180 0.45 57.87 0.37 822.22 11
Diesel 3.40 260 0.50 51.12 0.47 940 10
CNG 2.85 280 0.41 - - - -
1600
Petrol 3.70 280 0.61 49.5 0.43 704.91 12
Bio-ethanol 3.55 215 0.60 52.44 0.41 683.33 13
Diesel 3.90 280 0.65 46.45 0.52 800 11
CNG 3.35 315 0.56 - - - -
1800
Petrol 4.10 295 0.77 39.87 0.53 688.31 12
Bio-ethanol 3.95 230 0.74 44.12 0.49 662.16 14
Diesel 4.50 300 0.84 37.22 0.65 773.8 12
CNG 3.90 355 0.73 - - - -
2200
Petrol 4.90 315 1.13 36.9 0.58 531.27 17
Bio-ethanol 4.80 250 1.11 40.18 0.53 477.48 19
Diesel 5.10 325 1.17 34.15 0.71 606.84 15
CNG 4.60 405 1.06 - - - -
2500
Petrol 5.50 330 1.43 33.25 0.64 447.53 19
Bio-ethanol 5.30 280 1.39 38.21 0.56 402.88 22
Diesel 5.70 350 1.49 30.18 0.8 536.91 17
CNG 5.10 445 1.33 - - - -
3000
Petrol 6.40 360 2.01 27.45 0.78 388.06 22
Bio-ethanol 6.10 300 1.92 30.14 0.71 369.79 24
Diesel 7.00 410 2.20 26.11 0.92 418.18 22
CNG 5.80 490 1.82 - - - -
3500
Petrol 5.90 340 2.16 23.3 0.91 421.3 20
Bio-ethanol 5.70 295 2.09 25.66 0.84 401.91 22
Diesel 6.30 380 2.31 22.45 1.07 463.2 20
CNG 5.40 455 1.98 - - - -
Table 1. Different fuels in different parameters

Limitation
1. Ethanol is still far from being economically
competitive when compared to energies deduced from
fossil energies.
2. Biodiesel can achieve an energy rate as low asthree
to one. The product of biodiesel from crops, similar as
soybean, can affect in adverse environmental goods.
3. Hydrogen is a largely ignitable substance and
explosive in nature; it cannot be fluently transported
from one place to another and it canbe generated by the
hydrolysis of water but it'sa veritably precious process.
4. Petroleum is unfriendly to the terrain. The
transportation of petroleum tumbles. Petroleum is a
skimp resource. Petroleum releases dangerous poisons.
Petroleum contributes to acid rain
Conclusion
In the overall concept we came to understand that these
various fuels have different efficiencies in internal
combustion engine. While diesel gives more torque and
brake power, bioethanol has least exhaust temperature
and specific fuel consumption and hydrogen is least
harmful to environment in these various fuels.
[1] Review Of Fuels For Internal Combustion Engines
In The Aspect Of Economy, Performance,
Environment And Sustainability
M. Faizala,B, M. H. Hamzahb , A. Navaretsnasinggam B
Aadp, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500
Selangor, Malaysia
[2] Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines
Submitted: August 22nd, 2018, published: April 9th,
2019 Written by Mehmet Ilhanilhak, Selimtangoz,
Selahaddinorhanakansuand Nafizkahraman
[3] Pmme 2016 A Review on Performance of The Ic
Engine Using Alternative Fuels Mr. Venkatasundar
Rao. K, Dr. S.N. Kurbet, Dr. Vinay V. Kuppast
[4] Study Of I.C. Engine Performance Using Different
Fuels Faisal Kader, Abdullah Noor-E- Mostofa And
Mohammad Reyadarefinshuvo
[5] Hydrogen Fuelled Ic Engine – An Overview, Vvn
Bhaskar, Dr. R. Hari Prakash, Dr. B. Durga Prasad,
December 2013
[6] Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines,
Sebastian Verhelst, December 2009
[7] Performance And Emissions Of Hydrogen Fueled
Internal Combustion Engines? P. C. T. De Boer, W. J.
Mclean and H. S. Homan Cornell University Ithaca, Ny
14853, U.S.A.
[8] Effects of Ethanol Blends on Performance of Spark
Ignition Enginea Review Prakhar Chansauriaa, R. K.
Mandloib, 2017
[9] An Overview On Ethanol Use In Ic Engine As
Alternative Fuel, Mr. Ravindra Deshpande, N. S.
Poonawala Dr. Mahesh P. Nagarkar, June 2021
[10] Study Of Modified Internal Combustion Engine To
Run With Ethanol, Sajag Poudel,Dipan Deb, August
2017
[11] Performance Analysis of a Spark Ignition Engine
Using Compressed Natural Gas (Cng) As Fuel Musthafah
Mohd. Tahira, M. S. Alia, M.A. Salima, Rosli A. Bakarb, A.
M. Fudhaila, M.Z.Hassanc, Abdul Muhaimin M. S.,
2014
[12] Use of Natural Gas in Internal Combustion Engines,
Bruce Chehroudi, January 1993
[13] Performance Of Internal Combustion Engine
Fueled By Liquefied Petroleum Fuel WithWater Addition,
Maciej Paczuski, ZdzisławChłopek, Marcin Marchwiany,
Paweł Bukrejewski, Jacek Biedrzycki, Piotr Wójcik,
September 2016
[14] Enzymatic hydrolysis of small-flowerednuts edge
(Cyperus difformis) with alkalinepretreatment for
bioethanol production, Rameshprabu Ramaraj,
Yuwalee Unpaprom, May 2019
Biographies
Engineering.
2) Name: Patel Bhupendra .R
Educational Qualification: Diploma in
Tool and design engineering ( IGTR)
BE Mechanical Engineering. (GTU)
Skills: Solid Works Mechanical
References
1) Name: Asst. professor, Mr. Priyank
Machhi
Educational Qualification: ME In
Thermal

3) Name: Amin Bhargav .D
Educational Qualification: BE
MechanicalEngineering. (GTU)
Skill: Basic Solid Works
Mechanical &FDM
4) Name: Shrotriya Shrey .J
MechanicalEngineering. (GTU)
Skill: Basic Solid Works Mechanical
& 3D Printer
5) Name: Vanzara Rajesh .N
Mechanical Engineering.(GTU)
Skill: Basic Solid Works Mechanical
& Autocad

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