A robust watermarking algorithm based on image normalization and dc coefficients

Base paper: - http://ijcsi.org/papers/IJCSI-8-5-2-226-232.pdf
A Robust Watermarking Algorithm Based on Image Normalization and DC Coefficients
International Journal of Computer Science and Informatics
Abstract:
Digital watermarking is a highly evolving field, which involves the embedding of a certain kind of
information under a digital object (image, video, audio) for the purpose of copyright protection. Both
the image and the watermark are most frequently translated into a transform domain where the
embedding takes place. The selection of both the transform domain and the particular algorithm that is
used for the embedding of the watermark, depend heavily on the application. One of the most widely
used transform domains for watermarking of still digital images is the Discrete Cosine Transform
domain. The reason is that the Discrete Cosine Transform is a part of the JPEG standard, which in turn is
widely used for storage of digital images. In our research we propose a unique method for DCT-based
image watermarking. In an effort to achieve robustness to cropping and JPEG compression we have
developed an algorithm for rating the 8×8 blocks of the image DCT coefficients taking into account their
embedding capacity and their spatial location within the image. Our experiments show that the
proposed scheme offers adequate transparency, and works exceptionally well against cropping while at
the same time maintains sufficient robustness to JPEG compression.

(a) Block Diagram of the JPEG Compression
(b) Encoder

(c) Decoder
(d) Three Watermarks used in Project

Default Parameters
weighting factor alpha (recommended value ---):- 0.5
index of the coefficient - 60
embedding size (number of watermark coefficients per block) Choose 2, 4 o r 8:- 4
cropping:-0
quantization:-0
marked image in uint8:-0
normalization:-0

A: - stripes

SNR of real image, SNRr(dB)=12.5997

BER(bits per pixel)=0.0000
BERmod(bits per pixel with error)=NaN
rho=1.0000

B: - NPS logo

BER (bits per pixel)=0.0000
BERmod (bits per pixel with error)=NaN
rho =1.0000

C: - random gray scale watermark

BER (bits per pixel)=0.0000
BERmod (bits per pixel with error)=NaN
rho=1.0000

Future Enhancement:
Embedding the coefficients in a way that will take full advantage of the human visual system’s
characteristics is a big goal of the watermarking community. Further research in this subject is required
to investigate the possibility of incorporating our metric to the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) models
that have been proposed.
In addition, in this work the transparency of a watermarking algorithm is judged by the subjective
decision of independent observers. The possibility of developing a formal model for the evaluation of
the transparency may be investigated. However this task is not trivial. A simple correlation test between
the original and the marked image would not work. This would detect any differences between the two
but cannot tell if these differences occur in a visually perceptual manner. A JND model could be used as
the basis for the evaluation of the transparency ([24]), but then it should not also be used in the
embedding model. Otherwise the judgment would be biased and therefore unable to give dependable
results.

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A robust watermarking algorithm based on image normalization and dc coefficients

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