![David C. Wyld et al. (Eds) : CST, ITCS, JSE, SIP, ARIA, DMS - 2014
pp. 45–52, 2014. © CS & IT-CSCP 2014 DOI : 10.5121/csit.2014.4105
A SAT ENCODING FOR SOLVING GAMES
WITH ENERGY OBJECTIVES
Raffaella Gentilini
Dip. di Matematica e Informatica, Universit`a di Perugia,
Via Vanvitelli 1, Perugia (IT)
ABSTRACT
Recently, a reduction from the problem of solving parity games to the satisfiability problem in
propositional logic (SAT) have been proposed in [5], motivated by the success of SAT solvers in
symbolic verification. With analogous motivations, we show how to exploit the notion of energy
progress measure to devise a reduction from the problem of energy games to the satisfiability
problem for formulas of propositional logic in conjunctive normal form.
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy games (EG) are two-players games played on weighted graphs, where the integer weight
associated to each edge represents the corresponding energy gain/loss. The arenas of energy
games are endowed of two types of vertices: in player 0 (resp. player 1) vertices, player 0 (resp.
player 1) chooses the successor vertex from the set of outgoing edges and the game results in an
infinite path through the graph. Given an initial credit of energy c, the objective of player 0 is to
maintain the sum of the weights (the energy level) positive. The decision problem for EG asks,
given a weighted game graph with initial vertex v 0, if there exists an initial credit for which
player 0 wins from v 0.
Energy games have been introduced in [3, 2] to model the synthesis problem within the design of
reactive systems that work in resource-constrained environments. Beside their applicability to the
modeling of quantitative problems for computer aided design, EG have tight connections with
important problems in game theory and logic. For instance, they are log-space equivalent to
mean-payoff games (MPG) [2], another kind of quantitative two-player game very well studied
both in economics and in computer science. The latter are characterized by a theoretically
engaging complexity status, being one of the few inhabitants of the complexity class NP∩coNP
(for which the inclusion in P is still an open problem). Moreover, parity games [4, 6]—
notoriously known as poly-time equivalent to the model-checking problem for the modal mu-
calculus—are in turn poly-time reducible to MPG and EG. It is a long-standing open question to
know whether the model-checking problem for the modal mu-calculus is in P.
The algorithm with the currently best (pseudopolynomial) complexity for solving EG (and MPG
via log-space reduction) is based on the so-called notion of energy progress measure [7].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/csit41805-180121151418/85/A-SAT-ENCODING-FOR-SOLVING-GAMES-WITH-ENERGY-OBJECTIVES-1-320.jpg)
![46 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Progress measures for weighted graphs are functions that impose local conditions to ensure global
properties of the graph. A notion of parity progress measure [6] was previously exploited in [6]
for the algorithmic analysis of parity games and reconsidered in [5] to devise a SAT encoding of
the corresponding games, motivated by the considerable success that using SAT solvers has had
in symbolic verification. As a matter of fact, clever heuristics implemented in nowadays SAT
solvers can result in algorithms that are very efficient in practice. Furthermore, there are
fragments of SAT that can be solved in polynomial time. Hence, the reduction in [5] opens up a
new possibility for showing inclusion of parity games in P.
Motivated by analogous reasons, in this paper we show how to exploit the notion of energy
progress measure to devise a reduction from the problem of energy games to the satisfiability
problem for formulas of propositional logic in conjunctive normal form. Tight upper bounds on
the sizes of our reductions are also reported.
The paper is organized as follows.We recall the notions of energy games and energy progress
measure in Section 2. Section 3 and Section 4 develop the reductions from energy games to
difference logic and pure SAT, respectively, reporting tight bounds on the sizes of the
corresponding reductions.
2. PRELIMINARIES](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/csit41805-180121151418/85/A-SAT-ENCODING-FOR-SOLVING-GAMES-WITH-ENERGY-OBJECTIVES-2-320.jpg)
![52 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
REFERENCES
[1] A. Ehrenfeucht and J. Mycielski. International journal of game theory. Positional Strategies for
Mean-Payoff Games, 8:109–113, 1979.
[2] P. Bouyer, U. Fahrenberg, K. G. Larsen, N. Markey, and J. Srba. Infinite runs in weighted timed
automata with energy constraints. In Proc. of FORMATS: Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed
Systems, LNCS 5215, pages 33–47. Springer, 2008.
[3] A. Chakrabarti, L. de Alfaro, T. A. Henzinger, and M. Stoelinga. Resource interfaces. In Proc. of
EMSOFT: Embedded Software, LNCS 2855, pages 117–133. Springer, 2003.
[4] Y. Gurevich and L. Harrington. Trees, automata, and games. In Proc. of STOC: Symposium on
Theory of Computing, pages 60–65. ACM, 1982.
[5] Keijo Heljanko, Misa Kein¨anen, Martin Lange, and Ilkka Niemel¨a. Solving parity games by a
reduction to sat. J. Comput. Syst. Sci., 78(2):430–440, March 2012.
[6] M. Jurdzinski. Small progress measures for solving parity games. In Proceedings of STACS:
Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, LNCS 1770, pages 290–301. Springer, 2000.
[7] L. Brim, J. Chaloupka, L. Doyen, R. Gentilini, and J-F. Raskin. Faster algorithms for mean payoff
games. Formal Methods in System Design, 38(2):97–118, 2011.
[8] Moez Mahfoudh, Peter Niebert, Eugene Asarin, and Oded Maler. A satisfiability checker for
difference logic. In 5-th Int. Symp. on the Theory and Applications of Satisfliability Testing, 2002.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/csit41805-180121151418/85/A-SAT-ENCODING-FOR-SOLVING-GAMES-WITH-ENERGY-OBJECTIVES-8-320.jpg)
A SAT ENCODING FOR SOLVING GAMES WITH ENERGY OBJECTIVES
- 1. David C. Wyld et al. (Eds) : CST, ITCS, JSE, SIP, ARIA, DMS - 2014 pp. 45–52, 2014. © CS & IT-CSCP 2014 DOI : 10.5121/csit.2014.4105 A SAT ENCODING FOR SOLVING GAMES WITH ENERGY OBJECTIVES Raffaella Gentilini Dip. di Matematica e Informatica, Universit`a di Perugia, Via Vanvitelli 1, Perugia (IT) ABSTRACT Recently, a reduction from the problem of solving parity games to the satisfiability problem in propositional logic (SAT) have been proposed in [5], motivated by the success of SAT solvers in symbolic verification. With analogous motivations, we show how to exploit the notion of energy progress measure to devise a reduction from the problem of energy games to the satisfiability problem for formulas of propositional logic in conjunctive normal form. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy games (EG) are two-players games played on weighted graphs, where the integer weight associated to each edge represents the corresponding energy gain/loss. The arenas of energy games are endowed of two types of vertices: in player 0 (resp. player 1) vertices, player 0 (resp. player 1) chooses the successor vertex from the set of outgoing edges and the game results in an infinite path through the graph. Given an initial credit of energy c, the objective of player 0 is to maintain the sum of the weights (the energy level) positive. The decision problem for EG asks, given a weighted game graph with initial vertex v 0, if there exists an initial credit for which player 0 wins from v 0. Energy games have been introduced in [3, 2] to model the synthesis problem within the design of reactive systems that work in resource-constrained environments. Beside their applicability to the modeling of quantitative problems for computer aided design, EG have tight connections with important problems in game theory and logic. For instance, they are log-space equivalent to mean-payoff games (MPG) [2], another kind of quantitative two-player game very well studied both in economics and in computer science. The latter are characterized by a theoretically engaging complexity status, being one of the few inhabitants of the complexity class NP∩coNP (for which the inclusion in P is still an open problem). Moreover, parity games [4, 6]— notoriously known as poly-time equivalent to the model-checking problem for the modal mu- calculus—are in turn poly-time reducible to MPG and EG. It is a long-standing open question to know whether the model-checking problem for the modal mu-calculus is in P. The algorithm with the currently best (pseudopolynomial) complexity for solving EG (and MPG via log-space reduction) is based on the so-called notion of energy progress measure [7].
- 2. 46 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) Progress measures for weighted graphs are functions that impose local conditions to ensure global properties of the graph. A notion of parity progress measure [6] was previously exploited in [6] for the algorithmic analysis of parity games and reconsidered in [5] to devise a SAT encoding of the corresponding games, motivated by the considerable success that using SAT solvers has had in symbolic verification. As a matter of fact, clever heuristics implemented in nowadays SAT solvers can result in algorithms that are very efficient in practice. Furthermore, there are fragments of SAT that can be solved in polynomial time. Hence, the reduction in [5] opens up a new possibility for showing inclusion of parity games in P. Motivated by analogous reasons, in this paper we show how to exploit the notion of energy progress measure to devise a reduction from the problem of energy games to the satisfiability problem for formulas of propositional logic in conjunctive normal form. Tight upper bounds on the sizes of our reductions are also reported. The paper is organized as follows.We recall the notions of energy games and energy progress measure in Section 2. Section 3 and Section 4 develop the reductions from energy games to difference logic and pure SAT, respectively, reporting tight bounds on the sizes of the corresponding reductions. 2. PRELIMINARIES
- 3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 47
- 4. 48 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 2.1 Difference Logic 3. ENCODING EG WINNING STRATEGIES IN DIFFERENCE LOGIC
- 5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 49
- 6. 50 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 4. SOLVING ENERGY GAMES BY A REDUCTION TO SAT
- 7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 51 5. CONCLUSIONS We devise efficient encodings of the energy games problem into the satisfiability problem for formulas of difference logic and pure propositional logic in conjunctive normal form. Tight upper bounds on the sizes of the given reductions are also reported. Due to the success of nowadays SAT solvers in symbolic verification, the proposed encodings could result in algorithms that are very efficient in practice. Furthermore, they could open up new possibilities for devising tight bounds on the complexity of the energy games problem, as there are fragments of SAT that can be solved in polynomial time.
- 8. 52 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) REFERENCES [1] A. Ehrenfeucht and J. Mycielski. International journal of game theory. Positional Strategies for Mean-Payoff Games, 8:109–113, 1979. [2] P. Bouyer, U. Fahrenberg, K. G. Larsen, N. Markey, and J. Srba. Infinite runs in weighted timed automata with energy constraints. In Proc. of FORMATS: Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, LNCS 5215, pages 33–47. Springer, 2008. [3] A. Chakrabarti, L. de Alfaro, T. A. Henzinger, and M. Stoelinga. Resource interfaces. In Proc. of EMSOFT: Embedded Software, LNCS 2855, pages 117–133. Springer, 2003. [4] Y. Gurevich and L. Harrington. Trees, automata, and games. In Proc. of STOC: Symposium on Theory of Computing, pages 60–65. ACM, 1982. [5] Keijo Heljanko, Misa Kein¨anen, Martin Lange, and Ilkka Niemel¨a. Solving parity games by a reduction to sat. J. Comput. Syst. Sci., 78(2):430–440, March 2012. [6] M. Jurdzinski. Small progress measures for solving parity games. In Proceedings of STACS: Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, LNCS 1770, pages 290–301. Springer, 2000. [7] L. Brim, J. Chaloupka, L. Doyen, R. Gentilini, and J-F. Raskin. Faster algorithms for mean payoff games. Formal Methods in System Design, 38(2):97–118, 2011. [8] Moez Mahfoudh, Peter Niebert, Eugene Asarin, and Oded Maler. A satisfiability checker for difference logic. In 5-th Int. Symp. on the Theory and Applications of Satisfliability Testing, 2002.