9. ● Provide facts and information
● Identify, report, record, summarize,
define
DESCRIPTIVE
10. ●Organizes facts and information
into categories, groups, parts, types,
or relationship.
●Analyze, compare, contrast, relate,
examine.
ANALYTICAL
11. ●Includes arguments, recommendations,
interpretation, or evaluation of the work
of others with the addition of your own
point of view.
●Needs to be supported by evidence
●Argue, evaluate, discuss and take a
position.
PERSUASIVE
12. ●Requires you to consider at least two
points of view, including your own.
●Critique, debate, disagree and evaluate
CRITICAL
13. NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
Written for the mass public
Published quickly and can be written by anyone
Often doesn’t involve research or sources
Uses informal and more conversational language
14. NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
May contain slang
Usually delivers simple and basic information
Can be read and easily understood by any kind of
reader
Personal, emotional, and impressionistic , or
subjective in nature.
15. Examples of Non-Academic Texts
Blog posts
Fiction books
Letters
Personal journals and Diaries
16. CHARACTERISTICS ACADEMIC TEXT NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
AUDIENCE ACADEMIA MASS PUBLIC
PURPOSE INFORM THE READERS WITH
SOLID EVIDENCE
INFORM, ENTERTAIN OR
PERSUADE THE READERS
STYLE FORMAL AND IMPERSONAL PERSONAL, IMPRESSIONISTIC,
EMOTIONAL OR SUBJECTIVE
STRUCTURE STANDARD STRUCTURE NO RIGID STRUCTURE
LANGUAGE FORMAL LANGUAGE AVOIDS
COLLOQUIALISMS
INFORMAL AND CASUAL
LANGUAGE, MAY CONTAIN
SUBJECT/CONTENT SHARED HISTORICAL EVENTS
OR LITERATURE OR OTHER
FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE
PERSONAL LIFE AND
EVERYDAY EVENTS
20. ● Unlike fiction or journalistic
writing, the overall structure of
an academic text is formal and
logical (Introduction, Body,
Conclusion).
STRUCTURE
21. ● It must be cohesive and possess
a logically organized flow of
ideas; this means that various
parts are connected to form a
unified whole.
STRUCTURE
25. ● It is important to use
unambiguous language. Formal
language and the third person
point-of-view should be used.
LANGUAGE
26. ● Technical language appropriate
to the area of study may also be
used, however it does not mean
using “big words” just for the
sake of doing so.
LANGUAGE
28. ● Citing sources in the body of the
paper and providing a list of
references is a very important
aspect of an academic text.
CITATION
29. ● It is essential to always
acknowledge the source of any
ideas, research findings, data or
quoted text that have been used
in a paper as a defense against
allegations of plagiarism.
CITATION
33. ● What is valued in an Academic text
is that opinions are based on a sound
understanding of the pertinent body
of knowledge and academic debates
that exist within, and often external
to a specific discipline.
EVIDENCED-BASED ARGUMENTS
35. ● The starting point of an academic
text is a particular perspective, idea
or position applied to the chosen
research problem, such as
establishing, proving, or disproving
solutions to the questions posed for
the topic.
THESIS-DRIVEN
44. ● Refers to the oral, written,
auditory, and visual language
proficiency required to learn
effectively in schools and
academic programs.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
45. ● Students who master academic
language are more likely to be
successful in academic and
professional settings.
WHY IS ACADEMIC LANGUAGE SO
IMPORTANT?
46. What is the difference
between Academic
Language and Social
Language?
47. SOCIAL LANGUAGE ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
REPETITION OF WORDS VARIETY OF WORDS, MORE
SOPHISTICATED VOCABULARY
SENTENCES START WITH “AND”
AND “BUT”
SENTENCES START WITH
TRANSITION WORDS, SUCH AS
“HOWEVER”, “MOREOVER” AND
“IN ADDITION”
USE OF SLANG: “COOL” AND
“AWESOME”
NO SLANG
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51. ● WHAT IS THE BOOK ALL ABOUT?
● IS IT WORTH READING? WHY? OR WHY
NOT?
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING A BOOK
REVIEW
52. ●Book reviews focus on the book’s purpose,
contents, and relevance.
●Book review is a summary of the concern of
the book that includes relevant description of
as well as its overall perspectives and
purpose.
●Book review offers critical assessment of the
content which includes your reactions to the
BOOK REVIEW
53. ●Book review suggests whether or not
the reader would appreciate it and if
the book is worth reading.
BOOK REVIEW
54. ●Process of gathering a
comprehensive body of
knowledge that has bearing on the
research study.
Crafting a Literature Review
55. ●Provides information that may
support and strengthen the
findings of the study on hand.
Crafting a Literature Review
56. Present the sample action research
conducted in college.
Crafting a Literature Review
57. Why is a literature review
important?
Think Critically and Create
58. Write a literature review on any of the following
research topics.
● The reasons for absenteeism in class
● Effects of Technology in education
● Effects of television violence on children
● Teenage Pregnancy
Think Critically and Create
59. ●RESEARCH- is an investigation that
leads to the discovery of new
knowledge .
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
60. ●Systematic exploration of possible
solutions to an existing problem.
●The responsibility of a researcher doesn’t
end after the research.
●Whether the research gets published or not,
it is imperative that findings be
disseminated through a research report.
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
61. ●Preparing a research report is very
important as it is the stage where
the findings of research are
disseminated to the stakeholders.
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
63. ●Summarizes the intent of the research,
the significant findings, conclusions and
recommendations.
●For most research report, the abstract
should not exceed 300 words.
ABSTRACT
65. ●The introduction contains the rationale for
conducting the research. It contains
justification on the importance of the research
and how it contributes to the existing
knowledge of the discipline. It also includes
literature that reveals gaps or affirmations
which would establish the need for the study.
INTRODUCTION
66. ● The methodology includes the research
design, respondents, sampling technique and
the description of how the study was
conducted.
METHODOLOGY
67. ● This explains the results of the study. It also
includes interpretation and in-depth analysis
of the results and their implications.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
68. ●A statement of generalization based
on the results of the study.
Conclusions have to be concise ad
explicit.
CONCLUSION
69. ●This is where you will indicate the
books, journals, and other online
references that you have read in the
conduct of the research.
REFERENCES
70. ●Why do we need to write a research
report?
●What are parts of the research
report? Explain each.
WRAP UP
71. ● This type of Academic text means you are
writing to make an argument about a topic
or situation and its consequent issues, which
are usually debatable or may be considered
controversial.
POSITION PAPER
72. ● Does my topic reflect a statement of fact
● Could the issue be addressed or resolve with
a simple yes or no?
● Is the topic too broad?
● Is the topic interesting and relevant/
You may use the succeeding guide
questions to find that debatable
angle:
73. ● CLAIM- This refers to your thesis statement, main point,
position or proposed idea.
● REASON(S)- This comprises your sound explanations why
you believe what you do, followed by:
● EVIDENCE- This makes up all the facts, data, examples,
illustrations, and other forms of support you have for
your claim and serve as the grounds (foundations) for
your reasons.
● ARGUMENT- This is simply a logical conclusion or
explanation how the evidence you have mentioned leads
ELEMENTS IN MAKING AN ARGUMENT OR
CRITICAL STANCE
74. ● CLAIM- Alex Tizon is an effective Journalist
● REASONS- His written works show all sides to a relevant
story and he is respected in this field.
● EVIDENCE- He, along with two other journalists, won the
Pulitzer Prize for the Investigative Reporting for their
investigation on widespread corruption and inequities in
the federally-sponsored housing program for Native
Americans in 1997.
● ARGUMENT- Genuine curiosity and thorough
investigation are key characteristics for an effective
ELEMENTS IN MAKING AN ARGUMENT OR
CRITICAL STANCE
75. ● INTRODUCTION
● BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND
COUNTERARGUMENT
● POINT 1
● POINT 2…..
● CONCLUSION
STRUCTURE OF AN ARGUMENT OR
POSITION PAPER
76. ● Did I begin my paper with an engaging introduction?
● Did I present a clear and sound thesis(position) supported by
evidence?
● Did I include a varied range of evidence from credible sources?
● Was I respectful and fair to acknowledge and explain the opposing
idea?
● Did I use the appropriate style and tone of language for the topic and
intended readers?
● Did I state the argument’s limits (scope)?
● Did I end with an adequate summary of my paper and reinforcement
of my position?
CHECKLIST FOR DEVELOPING SOUND
ARGUMENTS
77. ●Which writing exercise has been the most
challenging for you and why?
●What aspects of it made it the most challenging?
●How did you face and go through the challenge?
CHECKLIST FOR DEVELOPING SOUND
ARGUMENTS
78. Set f'(x) equal to zero and solve for x to
find critical points
3x^2 - 12x + 12 = 0
Once you've solved for x, you'll have the
critical points
Begin by calculating the first and
second derivatives of f(x). The first
derivative, f'(x), gives us critical points:
f'(x) = 3x^2 - 12x + 12
79. Step 2: use the second derivative test
Calculate f''(c)
If f''(c) is positive, it
indicates a local minimum
at x=c
If f''(c) is negative, it
suggests a local
maximum
If f''(c) equals zero, the
test is inconclusive,
indicating a possible
saddle point
By applying this test to each critical point, you can determine the nature of the extrema
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“Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
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99. “Despite being red,
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