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Achieving Service Oriented Architecture 1st Edition Rick
Sweeney Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Rick Sweeney
ISBN(s): 9780470622513, 0470622512
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.55 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english

Achieving Service-Oriented
Architecture
Applying an Enterprise
Architecture Approach
RICK SWEENEY
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright C
2010 by Rick Sweeney. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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The figure “The Maturity Levels,” from the slide show “CMMI Overview,” C
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Sweeney, Rick, 1954–
Achieving service-oriented architecture : applying an enterprise architecture approach /
Rick Sweeney.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-60451-9 (cloth)
1. Information technology–Management. 2. Management information systems.
3. Service-oriented architecture (Computer science) I. Title.
HD30.2.S93 2010
658.4
038011–dc22
2009050977
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents
PART I VALUE OF ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE AND SOA
CHAPTER 1 What Is an Architecture Practice, and Why Do You Need One? 3
Business Organizations and Departments Do Not Operate as
Isolated Islands 3
Looking at the Past to Understand the Future 5
Summary 7
CHAPTER 2 Why Is a Service-Oriented Architecture So Valuable? 9
Where Does SOA Fit In? 10
How Has Technology Been Evolving and Advancing to Solve
These Problems? 11
Where Do We Need to Focus Today? 14
How Do We Express the SOA Value from a Business Perspective? 14
Value of SOA from a Financial Perspective 20
Summary 22
CHAPTER 3 A New Architecture for a New World 23
This Is Not Your Grandfather’s World 23
What Are Business Applications, and What Is Wrong with Them? 24
Summary 32
CHAPTER 4 SOA and Channels 33
Value of Channels 34
Traditional (Non-SOA) Approach to Channels 35
Intermediary Channels 41
SOA Security Framework for Channels 43

Architecture for SOA Channels and Their Security Frameworks 45
Value-Added Extensions to an Enterprise Security Framework 45
Channel Governance 46
Summary 47
PART II ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 5 Service-Oriented Architecture Enterprise Architecture
Framework and Methodology 51
SOA Enterprise Architecture Framework 51
Overview of the SOA∼EAF Methodology 84
Summary 87
CHAPTER 6 Incorporating Existing Enterprise Architecture Documents and
Artifacts into the SOA∼EAF 89
Relationship of the SOA Enterprise Architecture Framework to
Other EA Frameworks 89
Value of Mapped EA Artifacts 91
Incorporating Zachman Framework Artifacts into the SOA∼EAF 92
General Approach for Integrating and Leveraging EA Artifacts
into the SOA∼EAF 99
Summary 100
PART III THE SOA∼EAF METHODOLOGY PROCESSES AND
CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 7 Dealing with Purchased or Leased Business Applications 103
A Future Vision of Vendor Participation in SOA 104
Adopting SOA Partnerships with Vendors Supplying Leased or
Purchased Business Applications 108
Special Considerations when Business Applications Are Hosted
or Located in Multiple Data Centers 113
Performance Techniques for SOA 115
Summary 118
CHAPTER 8 Transforming Governance to Support SOA 119
Enterprise SOA Portfolio Plan and the Release Approach to
Application Delivery 119
Managing the Impact on Architecture Resources 128

Five Levels of SOA Governance 129
Summary 173
CHAPTER 9 SOA System Development Life Cycle 175
Paradigm Shift of IT Development Resources, Processes, and
Practices to Support SOA 176
Phases of the SOA System Development Life Cycle 179
Summary 211
CHAPTER 10 Capacity Planning under SOA 213
Layered Approach to Monitoring and Managing a Distributed
SOA Architecture 213
SOA Initiative Capacity and Performance Assessment Process 215
Proactive Planning for SOA 216
Capacity and Performance Planning for Releases 223
Application-Level Monitoring in Production 225
Summary 226
CHAPTER 11 People Involved in the SOA Process 227
Architecture Resource Requirements for SOA 227
Development Resources 241
Test and Quality Assurance Resources 244
Project Management Resources 246
Initiative Business Resources 247
Release Management Resources 249
Production Readiness Resources 249
Production Support Resources 250
Governance Business Resources 251
Summary 253
CHAPTER 12 Leveraging SOA to Decommission, Replace, or Modernize
Legacy Business Applications 255
SOA Architectural Approach to Legacy Applications 256
Making Legacy Application Recommendations Based on the
Business and Technical Assessments 266
Legacy Application SOA Modernization and Replacement
Solution Example 267
Summary 272

PART IV DEVELOPING YOUR PLAN FOR ACHIEVING
SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER 13 Implementing an Effective SOA Strategy under a Decentralized
Business or IT Model 275
Business and IT Organization Variations 275
Summary of the Four Variation Quadrants of the Business and
IT Models 280
Summary 282
CHAPTER 14 Assessing the Organization’s SOA Maturity and Developing Your
Company’s SOA Business Strategy and Roadmap 283
What Is the SOA Business Strategy and Roadmap? 284
Framework for Assessing Maturity 285
Piloting an SOA Initiative to Shake Out and Evaluate the Model 296
Structure of the SOA Business Strategy and Roadmap 299
Summary 301
APPENDIX A SOA∼EAF Documentation Templates 303
APPENDIX B Service Categories and Types 311
APPENDIX C SOA Security Development Framework 331
Glossary 343
About the Author 349
Index 351

PART I
Value of Enterprise
Architecture and SOA

CHAPTER 1
What Is an Architecture Practice, and
Why Do You Need One?
Ihave been studying and practicing architecture from an information technology
and business strategy perspective for more than 20 years. While the concept of
architecture was not well defined, well understood, or well communicated in those
early years, the advancements in computing technologies were forcing the concept
to the surface due to unmanaged complexities in information technology (IT) that
were impacting efficiencies and costs. IT organizations were being further impacted
by a rapidly accelerating trend of computer literacy by the nontechnical business
community. Systems were no longer being perceived as magical “black boxes,”
and the business involvement was not limited to business requirements. In some
cases today the business jumps right over the pragmatic assessment of requirements
into the selection of a prebuilt vendor solution for IT to “install.”
Since the beginning of multiplatform computing, much has been written about
the value of an enterprise architecture practice. Most revolves around the “selling”
of architecture to the business leaders. This material is essential for obtaining buy-in
and commitment. As architects, however, we recognize there is a more fundamental
underlying reason why architecture is important. That reason is simply that comput-
ing technology and systems have become increasingly more complex. The number
of technologies, the ways those technologies are being adapted and utilized, and
the multitude of alternatives available as solutions to any given business need seem
to grow exponentially each year. The result is that there are literally thousands of
ways that technology can solve any one business need. While this is good in terms
of competitiveness and pricing, it is bad in terms of complexity and overhead. In
other words, the good news is we have many alternatives and options for solving
a problem technically. The bad news is we have many alternatives and options for
solving a problem technically, and without an architecture you end up implementing
many different ways to solve different instances of the same problem.
Business Organizations and Departments Do Not Operate
as Isolated Islands
The obstacles begin to emerge when it is realized that individual business needs
are not self-contained or isolated islands. All or a portion of any one business’s
3

4 Value of Enterprise Architecture and SOA
needs may, and often do, have value to other business units and other business
processes. While the ability to enter and validate an order from a customer was
originally perceived as an internally bounded business activity, today many cus-
tomers are provided the capability to directly enter the order through the Web or
through a partner web site supporting your business. These add-on systems are
directly influenced and impacted by the way the order system works. Adding the
capability to identify high-value customers for premier services or to cross-sell cus-
tomers through any of these add-on mechanisms will depend largely on how the
underlying application operates and how the add-on solutions are implemented.
The point is, adapting to any of these evolutionary changes without considera-
tion of an architecture has a high probability of incurring excessive costs for duplicity
and support and may not even be attainable for technical or financial reasons.
Thus, in addition to providing guidance and traceable links to the business strat-
egy and business unit plans, an architecture provides fundamental, basic analytical,
and management capabilities to ensure that everything aligns properly and works
efficiently.
If you think about building a home, the architect shows you, the customer, floor
plans and layouts, even perhaps a scale model. He may even show the plans or
model in the context of a high-level architecture (i.e., where it sits on the lot or how
far it is set back from the street). What he does not show you is how all the
plumbing and wiring is laid into the building and interconnected or where the heat
ducts are. He may not show where the utilities are brought in from the street. Rest
assured, however, that all of these specifications are documented and will be part
of the delivery. They are specified not only based on your input in terms of the
size of the building and its layout, but also on the zoning and building codes of
the community. There is an expectation that the customer does not have to worry
about these code and zoning requirements. The architect takes care of them. Do
you as the customer take the blame and responsibility if the building inspector finds
a violation?
Now let us think back to when the Pilgrims first settled in America. Certainly
they applied basic building principles, but there were no building or zoning rules.
As our country grew and became more crowded and complex, the need for these
regulations became more apparent. Similarly, as the size and complexity of our
technology infrastructure grew, we recognized the need for these basic standards
and principles as well.
An enterprise architecture practice is an organization within the company that
manages the complexities of the IT environment and applies principles and tech-
niques to reduce the complexities, improve efficiencies, and reduce capital and
operational expenditures. This alone should be enough to justify an architecture
practice. Architecture, however, can provide an even more critical service. Architec-
ture can help the business take advantage of the IT infrastructure to gain competitive
advantages over the competition. An architecture-compliant environment and strate-
gic architecture principles can provide opportunities and advantages not possible
without these capabilities.
As a way to illustrate how technology complexity has evolved, I would like
to present a brief history of computing. I will focus on some key technological
milestones that have played a major role in this evolution. Understanding the past
helps us deal with the future. We need to use what history has taught us to help us

What Is an Architecture Practice, and Why Do You Need One? 5
avoid similar mistakes in the future. We also need to realize that taking advantage
of new technologies and approaches can be accelerated if we understand how the
adoption of previous technologies evolved.
Looking at the Past to Understand the Future
Technology advancements are for the most part an evolution. Each new technology
concept is based on improving what already exists. Companies that can recognize
these improvements early on and adopt them are usually the ones that gain the great-
est competitive advantage from them. Understanding how computing has evolved
historically and the roles that technologies played in that evolution can help us
assess where technologies of today might lead us in the future.
In the beginning, business use of computers was simple and straightforward
(although it may not have seemed so to those adopting it). It consisted of punch
cards in, green bar printouts, and assembler language in the middle. There were not
many options involved for how to do things.
Three key technology advancements resulted in the next major leap in business
computing. First was the development of a new program language called common
business-oriented language (COBOL) designed for writing business applications.
The second advancement was the introduction of magnetic disks allowing data
and programs to be readily accessible in real time. The third advancement was the
introduction of the real-time terminal device based on the customer information
control system (CICS) from IBM. These technologies brought us out of the world of
batch processing into real-time processing, at least at a rudimentary level. As a result
of these advancements, the type and volume of business applications exploded. In
addition to performing traditional financial batch processes, such as general ledger
and payroll, computers were now being used to price and process orders, generate
invoices, and manage inventories and purchases.
The next major milestone was the introduction of the mini- and super-
minicomputers that exploded the competitiveness of the computer hardware market
and started the continuous advancements in the price performance of computer
hardware that continues to this day. People walk around today with devices in their
pocket that have more processing power and storage capacity than a computer with
a footprint the size of a football field in the 1960s!
There was, however, a downside to this era of the computer evolution. The
downside was the proliferation of redundant data and duplicity of business logic
through the explosion of silo business applications.
Businesses began extracting data from the mainframe to their minis, tweaking
duplicated business logic to support a slightly different set of processes, and provid-
ing a custom user interface to support them. And thus the era of multiple “stovepipe”
applications with significant redundancy of data and logic began.
The next two technology advances did not create a new era of computing, they
simply extended the boundaries of the existing proliferation era and slapped a new
label on it. These two advances were:
1. Significant advancements in networking and network interoperability
2. The introduction of the macrocomputer known as the personal computer (PC)

For the first time there was availability of computing power at the desktop and
connectivity to tap into it. The new label attached to applications developed in this
phase was client-server. Now business data (especially reference and edit/validation
supporting data) and business logic were not being duplicated on a few minicom-
puter platforms. They were being proliferated to hundreds, if not thousands, of
desktop PCs throughout the company.
At this point most businesses had reached the epitome of what I call the
resource-consumption model. Every new application:
Was more costly and time consuming to develop and deploy.
Added to the total year-over-year fixed cost expenses of operations.
More important, but seldom recognized, this proliferation did not improve, but
instead eroded, the flexibility and adaptability to business changes.
In fact, many companies were backed into a corner where their only option
was to build or buy another silo stovepipe solution even though they recognized
the long-term impact of these decisions. Some companies were lucky enough to
recognize the value of middleware and adopted an enterprise application integration
(EAI) framework. This helped to minimize the number of point-to-point connections
among the systems and reduced the need for some redundant business data and
logic. Those that did adopt a middleware EAI strategy were better positioned to
move to the next layer of sophistication.
The next major technology advancements were unique in that they came from
an entirely different direction. They were not focused on helping businesses im-
prove their internal systems, but they ended up revolutionizing the way we conduct
business. I am talking, of course, about the Web browser and World Wide Web
technologies.
While many companies were successfully extending their systems externally
to their customers and suppliers, they did so without the availability of a globally
accepted ubiquitous channel to do so. Customer and vendor penetration was limited
in that it often required that they also make a significant investment to participate in
this electronic relationship. (Bulletin Boards were the exception.)
The World Wide Web changed all this. What started out as a mechanism to
help find information more easily on the Internet and more intuitively through a
graphical user interface ended up providing a globally accessible ubiquitous user
interface for processing business transactions. Business transactions were now ca-
pable of traversing multiple companies and multiple industries through partnerships
that heretofore were unheard of. We only have to look at the online travel web sites
like Orbitz R

or Priceline R

to see the synergistic market value of partnerships across
multiple industries with a common goal (selling travel services).
The World Wide Web explosion was fueled by the introduction of another
technology: fiber optic networks. Fiber optics not only geometrically expanded the
bandwidth globally, but its proliferation did to the cost of wide area networks what
chip advancements did to the cost of computers. Not only was bandwidth cheap
and plentiful, but a standard ubiquitous interface called the Web browser was made
available to take advantage of it! Wireless technologies are now taking away the
physical restrictions of this new world. It truly is now anytime, anyplace.

What Is an Architecture Practice, and Why Do You Need One? 7
Which brings us to today. On the positive side, we have this wonderful capability
to reach out to anyone, anywhere, and conduct business. We have the ability to
blend our strengths with those of our partners and even competitors to increase
exposure and market share. On the negative side, we have this portfolio of redundant
and stovepipe internal business applications on a massive heterogeneous set of
technologies requiring heavy human involvement to navigate them when performing
business activities.
If you think about what has evolved, it is ironic that we have actually come full
circle from where we started. When we started there was only one system (one that
was relatively simple by today’s standards), the big mainframe with punch cards in
and green bar printout. We have now evolved to where we are again at one system.
Scott McNeely from Sun Microsystems once said, “The network is the system.” As
business looks at its need to get at whatever information or processes it needs,
whenever it needs it, wherever it needs it, is it not looking at the entirety of systems
as one? The distinction between yesterday and today is that systems were originally
viewed as physical by the business. Today they are viewed as conceptual.
This is both good and bad for architects. On the good side, it gives us the ability
to highlight and communicate the value of the logical and conceptual components
of architecture. On the downside, our need to maintain an up-to-date and accurate
mapping of the conceptual-to-logical and logical-to-physical components of our
environment is absolutely critical.
Thus the evolution of technologies and the capabilities they provided have had
as great an impact on how businesses operate as anything else they have encoun-
tered. They have also been responsible for the single largest expenditure increase
year over year. Even though the cost of many technologies has shrunk considerably
over the years, the total amount IT spends has increased significantly over that same
period. This is partly due to the fact that companies today use more technologies
and have more business applications than they ever had before. What is not nec-
essarily understood by the business is the fact that the acquisition of most of these
technologies and business applications was not made based on architectural princi-
ples and added a significant amount of costs associated with redundancy, duplicity,
and complexity. There is a lot of waste and a lot of unnecessary overhead in most
IT operations today. Therefore, it is critical that the architects are aware of the tech-
nologies and capabilities coming down the pipe. Many of these may be beneficial to
or desirable by the business. Architects need to proactively understand what will be
required to minimize the architectural impact of these technologies and maximize
their effectiveness if they are brought in-house.
Summary
The answer to why we need an architecture practice is:
To ensure that all the IT investments will hang together and work the way they
are suppose to work and when they are supposed to work.
To proactively ensure that any new technologies, platforms, or solutions intro-
duced into the environment are the best solutions from a business and archi-
tecture perspective.

To be the agents of advancement of the business’s understanding of and partic-
ipation in an architectural approach to IT systems.
To leverage and exploit the understanding and participation of the business to
identify strategic opportunities and maximize the return on investment on IT
expenditures.
While any one of us may have taken on a project to build a shed in the backyard
or finish off a room in the house without a formal plan, none of us believe we could
build a skyscraper without architects. We would not, however, use architects if
they were not formally trained in and knowledgeable about the architectural design
principles and practices as well as all the regulations and laws applicable for the
development environment. We must believe that this is also true for our IT systems
as well.
None of us would go out and buy a prebuilt spare bedroom to attach to
our house without an architecture design for how that room will be integrated
with the existing house. Buying a prebuilt business application without consider-
ing the architectural impact can result in similar restrictions and complexities when
implemented.

CHAPTER 2
Why Is a Service-Oriented Architecture
So Valuable?
In Chapter 1 it was suggested that we have come full circle in terms of our view of
systems and that business today functions as if there is just one system. This is not
100 percent true. What is more truthful is that business needs business applications
to be one system, as evidenced by the way businesses want to use those systems.
Unfortunately, neither businesses nor IT follow a model or process that actually
allows the separate stovepipe business applications to become a single system.
As more project-based point solutions are built or purchased, organizations move
farther away from a single-view model.
The pain comes once the immediate need has been met by the point solution.
The business will naturally carry the point solution to the next level, that is:
What other value can this solution provide?
What other organizations are questioning if there is value in the solution for
them?
Or worse, has the business changed again, and do we need a different view?
The conflict between what the business really needs and what IT delivers will
continue to exist until the model and processes are transformed to a new paradigm.
That paradigm is service-oriented architecture (SOA). Attempts to continually en-
hance stovepipe applications to become something that they fundamentally are
incapable of becoming will continue to be futile and frustrating to businesses.
Providing a single view of the business applications is impossible when each of
those systems has its own proprietary application-specific user interfaces. Contin-
uously creating new stovepipe applications that create new views needed by the
business for specific initiatives but delivering them through yet another proprietary
application-specific user interface provides only temporary relief; when the business
changes again, these new solutions will be just as inflexible and costly to enhance
as all the other applications.
SOA is the only architectural approach that I am aware of that is specifically
designed to solve this problem. Notice that I call it an architectural approach, not a
technology. Implementing SOA as a technology will not solve this problem.
The problem with stovepipe solutions is that they are not designed to play
in a virtual, logical world. The typical stovepipe solution encapsulates the entire
9

architectural domain of the specific function it performs. By that I mean it usually
controls not just the business logic needed for the specific function, but also the
physical and logical user interface/presentation layer used to access the business
logic. Stovepipe solutions are not necessarily designed to expose their business logic
through mechanisms other than their proprietary presentation layers; nor do they
access business logic from other business applications through their presentation
layer interfaces. Their embedded security systems are also not designed to authorize
access to the business logic outside their own presentation interface.
Traditionally, these applications were leveraged by other business areas through
data layer integration, either by replicating the stored data to other databases or by
writing new logic to process the application data, which could be accessed inde-
pendently from the initial application’s logic and security. The problem with this
approach was that it could not leverage any of the business logic in the application
(stored procedures are the exception). In many cases some or all of the logic associ-
ated with the application had to be rewritten to support the new need. Another new
presentation layer was also required to access and display the new logic, and a new
security mechanism to control it. The net effect of this approach was the physical
implementation of another stovepipe application. This physical approach is a costly
one in terms of all the duplication, redundancy, and complexity introduced each
time one of these implementations occurred.
Where Does SOA Fit In?
The difference between an enterprise architecture (EA) and an SOA from a technical
perspective is that an EA practice will capture and identify this wasteful duplicity and
unnecessary complexity and an SOA will provide a pragmatic, evolutionary design
approach to ultimately eliminate them.
Therefore, an SOA sits squarely in the middle of the answer to the question:
How do we get from where we are now to where we want to be?
The three key tenets to the understanding of the architectural framework and
methodology defined in this book are:
1. Understanding the flaws and restrictions of what we have built in the past and
how we built them.
2. Recognizing the technology advancements that exist today that eliminate these
restrictions.
3. Learning a methodology and framework for evolving existing and new applica-
tions to take advantage of these capabilities.
As these tenets highlight, successfully taking advantage of SOA is not a technol-
ogy implementation or a product purchase. It is called a service-oriented architec-
ture, not a service-oriented technology or service-oriented product for a reason. To
architects, it must represent an approach and a philosophy. SOA has qualities and
characteristics that make it unique and distinguishable. These architectural qualities
and characteristics, not the technical qualities and characteristics, are what makes
SOA so valuable and are the basis for choosing it over other architectures.

Why Is a Service-Oriented Architecture So Valuable? 11
How Has Technology Been Evolving and Advancing
to Solve These Problems?
Our traditional stovepipe applications are problematic because their design creates
barriers to creating a single view of the company’s systems. SOA is an approach that
can actually move us toward achieving a single-system view of the environment by
removing or circumventing these barriers. New technologies built to support SOA are
providing the capabilities to eliminate or diminish these barriers. An effective SOA
approach shifts the entire corporate mind-set from a physical focus to a conceptual
and logical focus.
This transition away from a physical focus has, in fact, been the natural order
of progression of technology since the inception of computers. When is the last
time any of us dealt with IRQ and port conflicts when installing device drivers?
These physical complexities are now hidden from users, who only have to deal
with some logical decisions presented by an installation wizard when the device is
being installed. As the complexity of computing increased, the technologies evolved
to solve or resolve the lower-level physical complexities. As more of the physical
complexities were resolved, making the physical complexities less of an issue, the
focus began to shift into complexities in higher layers (i.e., the logical complexities).
The physical complexities of computer hardware were resolved and hidden by
representing and resolving them logically through software. In the example just
given, all the data and analysis to ensure resource conflicts do not occur when
installing new devices still needs to take place, except now it is done through the
installation software and the firmware on the devices being installed.
Networks represent perhaps the largest class of technologies that have advanced
their ease of use and hence their adoption. Many in my generation remember ex-
cruciatingly well the difficulties interconnecting local area networks (LANs) with dif-
ferent data link layer protocols or connecting LANs and wide area networks (WANs)
using different network layer protocols. We also remember painful experiences in
trying to resolve IRQ and port conflicts in DOS when installing network cards on
personal computers. Technology and technology standards have taken care of all
of these problems. Today the biggest network challenge we face may be entering
the wired equivalent privacy (WEP) key accurately when running the “Connect to
Network” wizard. Today people with absolutely no technical network training are
installing and configuring multiuser LANs and LAN to WAN routing networks in
their own homes! We have evolved to where it does not matter how we connect;
we expect that we can get access to the network and get what we need.
Exhibit 2.1 reflects examples of how technical advancements in networking have
resolved all the complexities and incompatibilities to where any network component,
whether it is embedded in a computer or a stand-alone network device, can be
(technically) interconnected to any other network device.
The same evolution and advancements have been occurring for technologies
that support software applications. If we think of the (logical) application layers
as data and data logic at the lowest layer, business logic at the middle layer, and
presentation logic at the top layer, we see that technology advances have resolved
many of the interoperability issues of the past. We no longer spend significant
time and resources figuring out, for example, how a JAVA application running on
a UNIX server can use a structured query language (SQL) database running on a

Layers Implementation Options
Physical Layer Twisted Pair, Coax Cable,
Wireless. It doesn’t matter.
Ethernet, Token Ring, Packet
Switch, Time-Division
Multiplexing (TDM). It doesn’t matter.
Internet Protocol (IP), Systems
Network Architecture (SNA),
Internetwork Packet Exchange
(IPX). It doesn’t matter.
Link Layer
Network Layer
EXHIBIT 2.1 Advancements in Network Connectivity
Windows server. Interoperability at the data layer has been significantly improved
by technology to the point where today little concern is expended at this layer.
Interoperability at the business logic layer is a much more complex problem.
There are many languages, platforms, and approaches used at the business logic
layer. Data layer interoperability has been solved through the development of tech-
nologies that provided a layer of abstraction above the physical data stores through
standardized application program interfaces (APIs) and the adoption of data access
standards (e.g., SQL) and data formats (e.g., extensible markup language [XML]).
Logical device technologies like open database connectivity (ODBC) and Java
database connectivity (JDBC) provided a standardized way to logically access data
from many different data platforms and technologies. Today there are no physical or
logical restrictions that force us to duplicate data for different business applications.
Note
Data duplication is not the same as data replication to support wide geo-
graphical performance or replication to support client-side validations. Where
data are replicated, it is for the sake of efficiency/performance rather than for
processing’s sake.
As fewer issues remained at the data layer, vendors shifted their focus to the
business logic layer. The question here is the same as the one at the data layer.
Instead of asking the data question, “How we can use existing data in its existing
storage location instead of duplicating it?” we are now asking, “How do we use
existing business logic instead of duplicating it?” The evolution of solutions to this
question has evolved from modular programming with exit routines to remote pro-
cedure calls (RPCs) to middleware technologies like IBM WebSphere MQ and object
request brokers (ORBs) to Web services.
Thus the major focus of technological advancements at the data and business
logic layers has been on providing capabilities to eliminate the wasteful duplica-
tion of data and business logic. This has been forcefully driven by the customers
who have seen a continuous increase in the annual IT spending go to supporting

this duplication and its associated complexity. It has also been accelerated by
the introduction of browser technology that provides a ubiquitous user interface
technology. Applications written to take advantage of a browser client achieve three
major objectives:
1. They eliminate a significant amount of the duplication needed to support mul-
tiple client platforms.
2. They provide the capability for client access to the application without having
the application preinstalled and/or preconfigured on those clients.
3. Any browser client on any internal or external authorized network can access
the application.
Today, technology has solved:
The requirement to access business data on different platforms that use different
technologies.
The requirement for accessing business logic written in different languages on
different platforms.
The ability to orchestrate the extracted data and business logic into new and
different business processes.
The ability to distribute these new processes over different multiple channels.
The need to have a single client-side platform that anyone can use to present
these processes.
The ability to access these clients from anywhere at any time.
Exhibit 2.2 shows how application-level advancements and standards have done
for application interoperability what the network enhancements and standards did
for network interoperability depicted in Exhibit 2.1.
Advancement
HyperText Markup
Language (HTML),
Browser
Universal User
Display
Universal Service
Choreography
Universal Data
Recognition
Universal Code
Recognition
Universal Code
Delivery
Universal
Connectivity
Universal Security
Portals
Extensible Markup
Language (XML)
Web Services
Simple Object Access
Protocol (SOAP)
Internet
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Security Assertion Markup
Language (SAML)
Benefit
EXHIBIT 2.2 Advancements in Application Interoperability

Where the network technology and standards advances in Exhibit 2.1 make it
possible today to connect to anyone anywhere at any time, the technology and
standards advances in Exhibit 2.2 allow us to interact with anyone anywhere at any
time! These advancements, however, will have limited value if we are unable to
deliver the business services and business processes that can operate within these
standards. Being able to deliver them efficiently and effectively is important as well.
The loosely coupled, granular approach of SOA and the capabilities to “plug
and play” these loosely coupled SOA components into multiple configurations of
delivered capabilities is the first interoperability benefit of SOA. The ability to extract
and abstract the business capabilities from the legacy systems and incorporate their
capabilities into the loosely coupled SOA components is the next interoperability
benefit of SOA. The ability to architect the SOA components that utilize and leverage
the standards in Exhibit 2.2 is the final interoperability benefit of SOA. No other
architecture can support and, more importantly, maximize these three benefits.
Where Do We Need to Focus Today?
The technologies that exist today allow us to isolate and hide the physical restric-
tions that were built into applications in the past and leverage standards to deliver
capabilities to anyone anywhere. Just as networking advances solved the network in-
teroperability issues from a physical and logical perspective, application technology
advances have solved the interoperability issues at the physical and logical layers.
Now the focus needs to shift to the conceptual layer. People know they can get
e-mails on their phone as well as their computers. They know that e-mails read on
or replied to on one of these channels can be revisited later on the other channel.
Almost none of them understand how this physically or logically happens. They just
know conceptually that it does.
This is where we need to take the business in terms of their business appli-
cations. People need to be able to conceptually describe what they want and not
have to worry about how it is logically or physically accomplished. This is a diffi-
cult task to achieve because IT has spent years training people to address and deal
with the physical and logical issues of their business applications. They have evolved
to the point where their business requirements are laced with technical solutions
and platform recommendations. So it is not just IT, but the business as well, that has
to transform and adopt a new philosophy and approach.
There will be many businesspeople who will not be willing to make this transfor-
mation without hard physical evidence that their needs and requirements expressed
at the conceptual level are truly reflected and accurate in the logical and phys-
ical implementations. The SOA Enterprise Architecture Framework (SOA∼EAFTM
)
and methodology defined in this book provides the tractability and evidence across
these layers to comfort their unease and gain their acceptance.
How Do We Express the SOA Value from a Business Perspective?
While the technical value of SOA is important, the most important value of SOA is
that it provides us with an approach for transforming all the physical aspects of our

business application assets into standardized, logical, and consumable views that
can be presented to the business holistically and conceptually in a way users can
understand. It also provides an opportunity for IT and the business to communicate
and interact with each other at a highly efficient and equally understood level.
That common, equally understood language is the language of services. The highly
structured and easy-to-understand mechanism for describing and managing those
services is through one of two perspectives:
1. Those who supply (provide) the services
2. Those who use (consume) the services
Imagine a world where the entire conversation between the business and its
IT organization is based on discussions on service consumer and service provider
requirements. It would not matter if those discussions were in terms of specifying
requirements, planning future capabilities, or meeting performance expectations.
They would all be described and communicated in terms of the person who needs
to use it and the people who need to provide it. At a minimum, it creates a com-
mon, level playing field across all business units so that funding trade-offs and
delivery prioritization’s can be evaluated from an apples-to-apples perspective. At a
maximum efficiency level, it exposes previously unseen commonalties and efficien-
cies across those business units and new opportunities for expanding stakeholders
and buy-in.
Transforming the Old Physical and Logical Business-IT Language
to the Conceptual Language of Services
Early in my career (back when the business seldom got involved with technical or
physical systems issues), I received some wise advice from a consultant who came
in to help me with my project. I was frustrated in that I was not getting any buy-in
from business leaders to implement a major component of an application suite as a
front end to the order system. The consultant said, “Let’s look at the message you’ve
been communicating.” He read from my presentation:
This module will increase the system throughput by 40% and provide more
accurate validations of orders resulting in a 25% improvement in the order
throughput rate.
He revised my presentation by stating:
Installing this module will allow us to get all the orders received during the crunch
at the end of each quarter booked without increasing order staff and running
second and weekend shifts. It will also allow us to reduce the number of orders
entered incorrectly that cause the sales reps to go back to the customer, wasting
their time and the customer’s time. The improvements from this system will result
in an annual order booking expense savings of $500K at current order levels.
The fact is, I knew inherently that the throughput and accuracy improvements
would result in savings and a return on investment (ROI). I assumed that the business

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“Why not? A soldier must consider bullets.”
“A soldier?”
Victor nodded. “It seems that you are not very original,
mademoiselle. You do nothing but repeat my words like a parrot.”
“But these surprises. You are too young. Surely, Victor, you are not
thinking of going to the war.”
“And why not? I shall become eighteen next month. I am but waiting
that day. I have had considerable military training. Aux armes,
citoyens!” He sang in a fine clear voice. “Shall I not fly to the aid of
our beloved France as well as another? I am no coward, I tell you,
Lucie Du Bois down there among your flowers.”
“Of course not. No one would believe that, but you must admit that
you are young.”
“So much the better. I decided at once that I should lose no time,
therefore I have been making ready. To-day I came to make my
adieux to my cousins and my friends here. In passing I will say that
I also had in mind the gift for my young cousin, that gift which her
grandmother will not permit her to accept. Madame Le Brun declares
it shall not have house-room nor even out-of-house-room.”
“It must be a queer sort of gift.”
“Not so queer. Wait, I will show you. Stand where you are and you
shall behold.” He scrambled down the other side of the wall while
Lucie stood expectantly. Presently above the wall appeared first a
pair of ears, then two bright eyes, then the entire head of a very
alert and inquisitive little dog, which looked around interestedly.
“O, Victor,” exclaimed Lucie, “what a darling!”
“Speak, Pom Pom,” said Victor over the wall, and a quick sharp bark
from Pom Pom replied.
Victor’s head again appeared above the vines. He took the little dog
under his arm.

“And you are going to give Annette that adorable little dog,” said
Lucie.
“I was going to give it to her, but now I am not permitted to do so.”
“Then shall you take it to camp as a mascot?”
“I thought of doing that, but I do not wish him killed nor left without
a master. You see, he belonged to my sister who died two years ago.
She charged me to see that he was always well cared for, and who
can tell what would happen to him in a camp?”
“He is certainly a darling,” repeated Lucie, standing on tiptoe that
her fingers might touch the cold nose of the little dog who licked her
fingers daintily. “See, Victor, he makes friends with me at once.”
“Would you like to have him?” asked Victor suddenly.
“O, Victor, I would, I truly would.”
“Then he is yours.”
“O, but—”
“Your mother will permit?”
“I think so. I am sure she will.”
“Yet we would better ask.”
Paying no heed to the flowers she had dropped in her effort to reach
the dog, Lucie turned to run back to her mother. “Mamma, Mamma,”
she cried as she burst into the room, “that Victor is there with a dog,
so darling a dog as you never saw, so affectionate, so intelligent,
and this dog is mine if you give me permission to keep him.”
“But why you, my daughter?” asked her mother.
“Because, you see, it is this way. It is Victor Guerin, of course you
know, Annette’s cousin who comes so often. Very well, he brings this
dog to Annette. She is not at home, has gone who knows where,
and her grandmother, who does not like dogs, refuses to allow Victor
to leave this precious little creature.”

“But why does Victor wish to give it away?”
“O, I forgot to say that it is because next month he becomes
eighteen and then he can enlist in the army.”
“That lad?”
“He is young, is he not? Still there are others as young and he is
mad to go. This dog, you see, belonged to his sister who died, and
he wants to place it where it will have good care.”
“I see. Very well, you may take it on one condition, that after the
war you will give it again to Victor if he wishes it.”
“Yes, yes, mamma, I will.”
“But what of Mousse?”
“O, Mousse!” Lucie looked uncertain. “I will ask Victor to help me to
make those two to become friends. On his part he can charge Pom
Pom not to hurt Mousse and I will make Mousse understand. He may
not at once, but he will in time. I will go now to bring Pom Pom to
show you.”
She flew to the garden to see Victor astride the wall holding the little
dog.
“Mamma consents, Victor,” cried Lucie as soon as she was within
hearing, “but there is this condition: that if you want him when you
return from the war I am to give him back to you.”
“That is good,” returned Victor. “I confess, Lucie, that I am very fond
of the little creature and I shall go off with better heart for knowing
he is in good hands.” He climbed down from the wall, lifted down
Pom Pom and placed him in Lucie’s arm. “This is your new mistress.
Pom Pom,” he said, “you must be a good dog and mind her.”
Pom Pom looked questioningly from one to the other, whining a little
but accepting the situation, for he did not attempt to leave Lucie’s
arms.

“Come with me,” begged Lucie, “and help me to make peace with
Mousse. Pom Pom will not hurt him, you think?”
“Not if I tell him he must not. He is very obedient.”
Lucie looked a little troubled. “I wish I could say the same of
Mousse, still he is most intelligent and I do not believe he will mind
very much. He is really fonder of Paulette than of me, so I don’t
believe he will be very jealous.” She looked down lovingly and
stroked the dog’s soft head, Victor regarding them both soberly.
“Shall I bring your flowers?” asked Victor presently. “You have
dropped them all.”
“O, yes, please do. I forgot all about them in thinking of Pom Pom,”
responded Lucie.
He gathered up the scattered blossoms and followed her along the
path to the house.

CHAPTER III
WE GO
IT was later in the day that Annette came flying in. “This dog, Lucie,”
she cried, “this dog of Victor’s, where is he? I wish much to see him.
Unlucky me not to be allowed to have him! Victor has told me, the
good Victor, how clever is this little dog, that he will stand upon his
hind legs when one bids him dance to a whistling, and that he will
also sing to an accompaniment. Is it so, or is this just nonsense? He
is very ready for a joke, this Victor.”
“Yes, he does those things,” Lucie assured her.
“The singing? It is hard to believe that.”
“If one may call it singing. It is not very melodious, though no doubt
it is the best he can do.”
“We must teach him new tricks to surprise Victor when he comes
back. I have never seen this Pom Pom, for you know he belonged to
my cousin Marguerite who lived in Bordeaux which is too far away
for one to visit, and Victor, though he has been here a number of
times, has never brought the dog with him.”
“We will go to see him if you like. Victor thought I would best tie him
for a day or two lest he try to find his way back to him, so he is
there in the garden. I will have him on a leash and let him run a
little. Come.”
Of course Annette went into raptures over the new pet, and was so
regretful at being deprived of him that Lucie consoled her by saying
she should have a share in him, although he must live with the Du
Boises rather than with Le Bruns. This arrangement quite satisfied
Annette who had felt herself defrauded of what naturally should
have come to her. So between them it certainly was not for lack of

petting and feeding that Pom Pom could feel himself abandoned,
and, as a matter of fact, in a few days he was entirely at home,
ready to show off his tricks and to attach himself devotedly to Lucie.
To be sure he would sometimes stand at the gate looking wistfully
up and down the street, regarding Lucie with questioning eyes when
she came to him.
But no more did he or his mistress see Victor Guerin before
bewildering and evil days fell upon the town. First came troops
marching through, a thing of almost daily occurrence and a signal
for the two little girls to run out with flowers, fruit, or cakes of
chocolate to give to the soldiers, who would stick the flowers on the
ends of their bayonets and go off nibbling chocolate between cheers
or snatches of the Marseillaise.
It had become a thing of every day to see Grandfather Du Bois and
Grandfather Le Brun start off together to their factories, there to
remain all day. It was becoming customary, too, to behold women
doing men’s work and for the two little girls to apply themselves to
duties they had never known before. Still they were happy. No one
much believed in a protracted war. Those who shook their heads in
doubt were laughed at and called croaking ravens.
But one day came a message which compelled Madame Du Bois,
pale and shaken, to leave Lucie in charge of her grandfather and
Paulette, for the word was that Captain Du Bois was severely
wounded and his wife decided that nothing must keep her from
going to him.
Lucie clung to her mother, choking back sobs and begging that she
might go, too. “Take me, mother. Please take me,” she cried, “I will
be brave and I can help, indeed I can.”
“But, dear child, it is not possible,” Madame Du Bois tried to explain.
“I do not know even if I may see him. I may not be allowed that
privilege. I shall keep as near him as I can and shall return if he
recovers,” she gave a quick sigh. “If it be that I must come back
without him you must have the courage to face the worst, and bear

in mind that it will be a hero for whom we mourn. Now, dear
daughter, be as helpful here as you can. Give as little trouble as
possible. When we keep busy there is less time for grieving. You
must try to keep grandpère and Paulette in good heart.”
These words encouraged Lucie to show a braver spirit. She no
longer wept, but stood looking very grave and thoughtful. “You will
write, mamma, very soon,” she said.
“Yes, yes, as soon as I can. As soon as it is possible I will send some
sort of message. It may be that I shall have difficulty in finding a
proper place to stay, but at the hospital I shall try to make myself so
useful that they will wish me to stay.”
So away she went, leaving Lucie waving farewells and trying to smile
in spite of tearful eyes. She remembered that she must not be a
coward and that she must keep busy so as to have no time for
grieving.
“Paulette, Paulette,” she called as she reëntered the house. The old
servant had disappeared in order to hide her own emotions.
“Paulette, give me something to do, something very hard that will
make it necessary for me to keep my whole mind on it. I must have
something to do. It is so hard this parting.” She was biting her lip
and giving gasps between words.
“To be sure it is hard,” returned Paulette turning away her head. “Do
I not know, I, a mother?”
“It is not only that mamma goes, that alone would be a hard thing
to bear. She has never left me before, but papa, wounded, who
knows how badly, and if ever—if ever—” She broke down and was
gathered up into Paulette’s arms to sob out her sorrow on the good
woman’s shoulder. She had kept back the tears as long as she could;
now they must overflow.
“There, there, my lamb,” Paulette patted her soothingly. “The good
God knows what is best. He does not willingly afflict. Yes, yes, weep
all you wish; it is better so. One must weep at times or go mad. To-

morrow, perhaps we shall have good news. We can be hopeful until
we know. It is best to hope.”
In a few minutes Lucie dried her eyes and tried to smile. “We must
think of grandfather, Paulette,” she said. “It is he one must first
consider. He will be coming home from the factory very soon and
there will be none but ourselves to greet him. He always went down
that he might walk home with papa, you remember, then it was
mamma who was always on hand to welcome him with a smile. I
must train my mouth to smile no matter how I feel; it was what
mamma did. Somehow I must always manage to have a smile for
grandfather.”
“The poor old one,” sighed Paulette. “It is hard for him, his only son.
I know; I know. Yes, chérie, you must meet him with a courage.
Compose yourself. Go bathe the eyes, the flushed cheeks. Then we
will make him one of those omelettes he best likes, and you may go
to gather the eggs for it.”
“That is not a very difficult task but it is an interesting one,”
answered Lucie, trying to be cheerful. “I will take Pom Pom to help.
He adores to hunt for eggs. Poor Pom Pom, he has been so troubled
to see me in distress, and has been doing his best to ask me what is
the matter.”
“He is an animal most intelligent,” acknowledged Paulette. “Though
for me I prefer Mousse.”
“Ah, that is because Mousse prefers you,” declared Lucie.
“He is the older friend,” Paulette remarked as Lucie went off to her
room.
There were few traces of tears upon the little girl’s face when she
returned, and she gave Paulette a smile as she went out with Pom
Pom to hunt for eggs. “She is a marvel, that child,” murmured
Paulette. “It is not only for me who adore her to see that, but it is
the same with others, so brave, so cheerful. Hark, she sings of that
Jeanne who is cheerful all the day, like herself. Ah, my little heart,
sing while you can. There may come a day when you cannot.”

Determined not to look forward to trouble Lucie went on toward the
hen house, Pom Pom leaping and barking as he accompanied her.
This was a great game, for he could nose about in the hay and bark
when he came upon a nest. It was not always the right nest, but
that did not matter; it was just as amusing to him though it might
not be to the hen who was in possession and who would fly madly
off squawking a protest.
In due time a sufficient number of eggs filled the little basket Lucie
carried. She might not participate in the preparation of the omelette,
for that must be made at exactly the right moment and be served at
once, but she could watch for her grandfather and be ready to greet
him in the manner of her mother. “Well, grandfather, how has gone
the day? Not badly, I hope. And you are not too tired. I will take
your hat and stick. The meal is almost ready, so come in and rest.”
He looked down at her keenly. She knew what he was thinking about
and opened her eyes very wide that he might see there were no
tears in them.
He laid his hand gently on her head. “Dear daughter,” he murmured,
“dear daughter.”
She took his hat and stick and put them in their place, then took her
mother’s place at the table upon which Paulette was already setting
the plates of soup. Neither of the two was able to eat very heartily,
though they made a pretence of it and spoke at length of the
excellence of Paulette’s omelette, and each tried to hearten the
other by making foolish little jokes, but the meal was soon over, then
although Lucie was ready to help Paulette with the dishes she would
have none of it, but sent her off to keep her grandfather company.
It was not till almost dark that she found him sitting alone in the
twilight, his hands upon the arms of the big chair by a window of his
own room, his eyes fixed upon the eastern sky which reflected the
afterglow in soft tints of rose and purple. Lucie seated herself upon
his knee and his arms folded around her. Neither spoke but there
was silent comfort in this nearness. At last the old man put the child

gently from him. “I must see Antoine Le Brun,” he said. “Let us keep
a great hope in our hearts, my child. To-morrow we may hear. God
grant it to be good news.”
So he left her and Lucie went down to the kitchen to find Paulette
telling her beads, with Mousse drowsing on the window sill beside
her and Pom Pom curled up in a heap at her feet.
The next day came a hurried note from Madame Du Bois. She was
making but slow progress owing to the hard conditions everywhere,
but she was with friends, and she hoped to be able to continue her
journey. They must not be alarmed if they did not hear at once. She
would write as soon as opportunity afforded, and with this they were
obliged to be satisfied.
A day or two of quiet when Lucie tried to get used to the loneliness
and made a great effort to cheer up her grandfather. Between whiles
there was Annette, to be sure, and there was also Pom Pom who
was a ready pupil when the two girls attempted to teach him to bark
when they cried: “Vive la France!” and to hold a small flag in his
mouth waving it when they sang the Marseillaise. As for Mousse, he
had reached the point of tolerating the newcomer, but not an inch
further would he go. A proud disdain was the limit of what he felt he
was called upon to express.
“It is as much as we can expect of him,” declared Lucie: “Cats are
always more reserved than dogs, mamma says.”
Annette laughed. “How you are a funny one,” she said. “I could
never analyze an animal in that way.”
“O, do not flatter me by imagining it was my thought,” replied Lucie.
“It was mamma who said it. I think, Annette, that we must try to
make a true poilu of Pom Pom. Perhaps in time we can persuade
him to wear a sword and cap.”
“But who will make them for him?”
“Victor, perhaps, can make the sword and we can make the cap.
That poor Victor will not have a very happy time in the trenches, I

fear. Grandfather says the modern fighting is most bewildering.”
“So says my grandfather. How those two talk and argue and fight
their old battles over.”
“Yes, when they are not talking about the factories. Over the top,
Pom Pom,” cried Lucie as she vainly tried to make the little dog jump
over a stick she held.
“He has no ambition to be a poilu,” declared Annette.
“But he must be, or we shall conscript him,” replied Lucie, at which
speech of course Annette laughed.
“Do you think it possible that the Germans will come to this place?”
asked Lucie after a silence during which Pom Pom was allowed his
freedom.
“I do not know,” returned Annette, “but I am afraid sometimes.”
“And I, too, when I go to bed with no papa, no mamma in the house
and wake up in the night feeling so alone.”
“I, too, have neither father nor mother.”
“But you have a grandmother which I have not.”
“Ah, but you have, over there in the United States.”
“Much good that does when there is an ocean between us.”
Their talk was interrupted by the sudden appearance of Lucie’s
grandfather with a stern and set expression upon his face. At the
same moment came an imperative call for Annette who scrambled
over the wall hastily. “We go,” announced Mons. Du Bois, “at once.”
“O, grandfather is it—is it papa?” quavered Lucie.
“No. The Germans are coming,” he replied curtly. “Go to your
mother’s room; gather together such valuables as you know she may
wish to secure, with any of your own, put them in a strong box and
bring the box to me at once. There is no time to lose.”
Without waiting for further orders Lucie flew to her mother’s room,
hurriedly gathered together pieces of jewelry, a couple of miniatures,

a packet of letters, a few laces. To these she added her own little
trinkets, crowding them all into a box which she brought down from
the attic and which, when filled, she carried to her grandfather. She
found him with Paulette in the garden. Both had spades with which
they were digging up the earth as rapidly as possible. A large box of
silver stood at one side, another of papers. Lucie set down the box
she carried. Her grandfather glanced up but continued his spading
as he gave further directions.
“Go now, and make a bundle of your clothing, no more than you can
carry easily. Take only serviceable things, nothing flimsy.”
Back went Lucie, wasted no time in collecting shoes, stockings, a
pair of each, a change of underwear, a couple of her stoutest frocks.
She gazed for a moment wistfully at the daintier, prettier things,
ribbons, sashes, the light summer hat, but forbore to put in anything
more than she had been told to do. She then put on her newest
frock and with the bundle under her arm went on downstairs,
pausing to give but one farewell look at her room.
Her grandfather and Paulette were throwing on the last spadefuls of
earth to cover up the spot where they had buried the valuables.
Then they tramped it down. Paulette craftily heaped dead branches,
stripped vines and odds and ends upon the place to make it look like
a mere dump heap.
Lucie followed her grandfather to the house. As they passed through
the kitchen she saw baskets filled with provisions. In the hall were
satchels and bags. She watched her grandfather take a bunch of
keys from his pocket, open a drawer in her father’s desk, and take
therefrom a bundle of papers which he stowed away inside his coat.
Presently Paulette came in laden with baskets and bundles.
“You have too much there, Paulette,” said Mons. Du Bois.
“Better throw them or give them away than leave them for the
boches,” she responded grimly.

“The chickens, Ninette the goat, Mousse, we cannot leave them,”
cried Lucie in distress.
“We must,” declared Paulette doggedly. “Mousse will be able to fend
for himself; he is a good mouser. The chickens,” she made a little
dubious sound. “Le bon Dieu knows what will become of them.”
“All our pretty hens, the beautiful big cocks, and poor Ninette. Is it
not possible that we can take them to some safe place?”
“Where?” asked Paulette sarcastically.
“I don’t know. O, I don’t know, but it seems so very dreadful.”
“They will not be here long,” replied Paulette gruesomely with a lift
of her eyebrows.
Lucie did not dare continue the subject with all the possibilities it
suggested, but she did say, “Pom Pom will go. He must. Nothing, no
one, shall persuade me to leave him behind.”
Her grandfather looked down doubtfully at the little dog crouched at
Lucie’s feet and gazing from one to the other with wistfully
questioning eyes.
“He can walk, you know,” Lucie went on beseechingly. “He will be no
trouble at all. I shall not need to carry him.”
“But to feed him.”
“He shall have a share of my food.”
“It is a long way, dear child, and we may want for food ourselves.”
“Where is it that we go?”
“To Paris if we can get there. It seems the best place, for there we
shall find friends and work to do.”
“And we walk all that distance?”
“Part of the way at least. The trains are not running to this town, for
many of the stations and much of the railroad is destroyed.
Everything is in confusion.”

Lucie looked from the window to see coming down the street a
procession of men, women, children, all sorts of vehicles, each laden
with what could be carried.
“The first consideration is to get away from here as quickly as
possible,” her grandfather went on. “Later we may be fortunate
enough to find some better means of travel than on foot, but now it
is the only means. Come.” He slung a strap over his shoulder,
grasped his stick and started toward the door. To the strap was
secured a valise, and he bore another in his hand. He did not cast
one look behind, but went on to the gate, Lucie following with Pom
Pom at her heels. In the rear came Paulette burdened with baskets,
packages, bundles done up in handkerchiefs. Over her head and
shoulders she wore the little black crocheted shawl which she was
seldom without. She had on stout shoes, a blue stuff skirt, a jacket
and an apron with capacious pockets. From her waist dangled a pair
of headless fowls which she had not taken time to dress. From her
neck, hanging by a stout cord, was appended a bottle of wine. One
basket she carried on her head. From it protruded a long loaf of
bread.
“I will close the door, Paulette,” said Lucie, turning back.
Paulette was too weighed down by her impedimenta to give her
accustomed shrug, though she said. “What matter? Those boches
will enter anyhow.”
Lucie felt a sudden sensation as of a clutch at her throat at this
remark and as she saw Mousse placidly washing his face where he
sat on the wall in the sunshine. “Adieu, adieu, my dear Mousse, dear
home, dear garden,” she whispered.
A little whimper from Pom Pom was followed almost immediately by
an ominous roar of guns. The enemy was coming nearer. At the
crash of a bomb exploding in a just deserted street the long line of
refugees hastened their steps.
Just ahead Lucie saw Annette with her grandfather who was helping
along the feeble steps of his wife toward a ramshackle carriage

which stood waiting for them. Everything in the way of a vehicle had
been pressed into service. A woman was pushing a perambulator
whose occupant, a little six months old baby, was almost hidden by
the goods and chattels packed about him. Mothers hurried the
tripping steps of their children. Old men hobbled haltingly. One
decrepit old soul trundled in a wheelbarrow her more decrepit old
husband. Pigs, cows, sheep, geese, turkeys had part in the
procession. Little children hugged pet chickens or rabbits. Some had
birds in cages; others clung fast to a favorite doll or a wooden horse.
The roar of the guns sounded more and more threatening. Fires
flared up. There was the noise of crashing walls as the company
moved on, on, down the road toward safety, leaving home and all its
beloved associations behind them.

CHAPTER IV
A LONELY NIGHT
FOOTSORE, weary, hour after hour Lucie dragged herself along. The
little bundle, which at first seemed not too great a weight, at last
became intolerably heavy. One by one Paulette disposed of her
bundles. Mons. Du Bois staggered under the valises, but refused to
give them up. Poor little Pom Pom faithfully followed his mistress. At
times he would lie down quite exhausted but always he caught up
with his friends.
At last came along a cart drawn by two stout horses whose driver
hailed them. “Ah, Mons. Du Bois, this is a sad journey for you,” he
said. “I can perhaps give you a lift.”
Mons. Du Bois hesitated. “You are very kind, my friend,” he said at
last. “It is not I who need the lift, but if you could take these valises
a short distance it would ease my old back. In my soldiering days I
could carry a much heavier weight. I tried in vain to hire some sort
of conveyance, but everything was spoken for. My youthful strength
has forsaken me, I fear.”
“I can make room for you,” insisted the man.
“Not for me, but for my granddaughter, perhaps.”
“Then mademoiselle?” The man turned to Lucie.
She shook her head. “No, no, I am young and strong. I prefer it
should be my grandfather. We can travel along slowly, grandpère,
and meet you farther on, by nightfall.”
“We shall not be traveling very fast with our load,” said the driver,
“and we shall not more than make the next village where is the
station. It was still untouched from last reports and I hope one can

travel by rail the rest of the way. Come, monsieur, better mount the
cart.”
Mons. Du Bois argued still further, but at last consented to accept
the man’s kind offer. The old man was very weary and that wound
which he had received in his soldiering days still gave him
discomfort.
“We can relieve you a little of your load, too, my good woman,” the
man told Paulette. “Let us have one of those heavy baskets.”
Nothing loath Paulette handed up a basket, and the wagon moved
on, the two sturdy horses quite equal to the added weight.
The Le Bruns, whom at first they had outdistanced, passed them
some time before, Mons. Le Brun having been able to persuade the
man with the ramshackle carriage, for a goodly sum, to take them
in, although it seemed as if any moment the carriage might break
down or the horse give out, so many were the passengers. Annette
had waved her hand as they drove past.
“Are you going to Paris?” asked Lucie.
“No,” Annette called back. “We are going to my grandmother’s sister.
She will be glad to take us in.”
It was something to know where Annette was going, Lucie thought,
although she would turn aside a little later on, and her destination
was nowhere near Paris. It must be to Victor’s home they were
going. It was a pity that Pom Pom could not have gone with them,
Lucie reflected.
She continued to plod stolidly along with Paulette. They spoke little.
It took all their energies to keep up the steady pace. Finally Lucie
found herself saying over dully: “At the next village we shall meet
grandfather and take the train.” Evidently the same thought was in
Paulette’s mind, for she turned after a while to say: “It cannot be
much farther, little one. By sundown we should arrive.”
“Where do we sleep, Paulette?”

“Who knows? There must be some spot. No doubt Monsieur will
arrange for that before we come. There is no question but we shall
sleep well.”
This was comforting and spurred Lucie’s lagging tread to a brisker
one. Pom Pom toiled patiently along behind her. Once in a while he
stopped short, looked back, then took up his line of march, his eyes
fixed steadfastly upon the track of his mistress.
At last as the sun was setting they heard a shout ahead, then a
confused murmur of voices raised high in a clamor of discontent.
“What can it be, Paulette?” cried Lucie, stopping short.
“We shall see,” Paulette answered laconically.
They went on a little farther, reaching a slight rise in the road.
Paulette stood still, shaded her eyes and looked toward the village of
their destination. “Mon Dieu!” she exclaimed, “there is no more a
station,” for beyond them were shattered walls, torn tracks, smoking
ruins.
Lucie sank down on the ground and burst into tears from sheer
fatigue and disappointment. Pom Pom crept close to her, licking her
hands and whining his sympathy. “What shall we do? What shall we
do?” moaned the girl. “I am so tired, Paulette, oh, so tired. I do not
see how I can walk another step.”
“I know, my child, I know. Let me think for a moment.” The brave
woman looked keenly around. Not far away was a cow shed which
had escaped destruction. “I cannot leave you here by the roadside,”
mused Paulette. “Let us go to the little shed, my dear one. I can
leave you there while I go to hunt up Monsieur. It is evident that
there is no inn left in that village, but one never knows what may be
found till he seeks. Come, we will examine that cow shed.”
They left the road, turned into a field, red with poppies, and reached
the modest shelter to find it, if not very clean, at least empty. Some
bits of rope hanging from a nail, and a pile of straw gave sole

evidence of any former presence, if one does not include the
barnyard odor.
“It is not a palace,” declared Paulette, “but it is a shelter and out of
the way. I think the owners have fled, so one may rest assured that
it will not be invaded. Rest here, child, but do not permit yourself to
be seen. I will leave the baskets and bundles so as to be the quicker
in returning. The little dog will be a protection.”
“From what?” asked Lucie in alarm.
“From nothing,” returned Paulette with a wry smile. “From frogs in
the pond, crickets in the grass maybe.”
Thus reassured Lucie took a seat on the pile of straw just inside the
door while Paulette deposited the baskets near by, Pom Pom looking
interestedly on.
As Paulette started off with many assurances of a speedy return.
Pom Pom looked questioningly after her. Was he to go, too? His eyes
inquired of Lucie.
“No, no, Pom, you are to stay with me,” she told him, and with a
sigh of content the tired little creature dropped down on the straw,
and, with head on paws, went off to sleep.
It was very quiet. For a while one could not realize that so lately war
had been so close at hand, that shrieking bombs had flown
overhead, that screaming of shells, booming of guns, whir of
airplanes had disturbed this peace, and had wrought destruction in
passing this little corner of the world.
The sun went down leaving clouds of flaming red which turned to
pallid gray. Frogs croaked. Crickets chirped. Once or twice there was
a distant roar of guns. Lucie wondered sorrowfully if it came from
her town or some other. She began to feel very hungry, but
concluded to wait for Paulette who should return at any moment. It
grew darker and darker, but no Paulette.
“If I wait till it grows any darker,” decided Lucie, “I shall not be able
to find the food.” She moved over to the basket, remembering that

Paulette had supplied, for their noonday meal, bread, butter, cheese,
roasted chicken. As Pom Pom heard her at the basket he pricked up
his ears, then arose with a yawn and wagged his tail.
“You are hungry, too, poor Pom Pom,” said Lucie lifting the lid of the
basket. “Ciel!” she exclaimed as she peered down into the contents
of the basket, “it is not food at all which we have here. The basket
which held that must have gone with grandfather in the wagon.
What a misfortune! No doubt Paulette thought she handed up the
one which holds the utensils. She was flurried and the two are
exactly alike. I wish she would return so we could join those others
and get the food. I have half a mind to go on. To be sure I could
carry never these things, but perhaps they would be safe here and
some one could return for them.”
It was a comfort to have the little dog to talk to, Lucie considered as
she kept up a murmuring conversation. “It is very strange that she
does not come, Pom Pom,” she said. “Surely it is not so far. One can
see several lights quite plainly. Hark! there is another of those sharp
reports; it is the third. They sound much nearer than those other
rumbling growls. Figure to yourself, my Pom Pom, what it must be to
live in the midst of the cannonading as my poor papa did. I wonder,
oh, I wonder when I shall see him, my mother also. What would
they say to behold my plight? Grandfather, of course, will let them
know when we reach Paris. It seems very far away, that city of Paris.
Why does not Paulette come, Pom Pom? It grows so very dark, she
will not be able to find her way. If one had a lantern or a bit of
candle, though perhaps it is better not, for as it is we are quite
hidden as Paulette charged me to be.”
Pom Pom from time to time wagged his tail in response to the talk,
but he had prowled around and had discovered a discarded bone
which gave him some satisfaction and to which he gave his best
attention, bare as it was. At last when Lucie had lapsed into a
silence, and the darkness had settled down upon them, he drew
very close and lay down with his head in the lap of his mistress,
once in a while giving her hand a reassuring lick.

As the moments passed Lucie grew more and more concerned. She
was of two minds about staying. Suppose she started off in the dark,
she might lose her way and miss Paulette altogether. Paulette would
be distracted at not finding her. Suppose she stayed. It was an
appalling prospect to remain in that dreary place by herself. She who
had never spent a night away from the safety of her own roof, to be
utterly alone in a place whose very name was unknown to her, could
not tell what terrors might befall her. She resolved that she would
keep watch all night. Paulette might arrive at any moment. She
propped herself up against a corner of the shed as best she could,
her bundle behind her, Pom Pom at her feet. The stars were coming
out. The frogs piped up again, then the crickets. Presently another
sudden sound of explosion. “Paulette, Paulette, why don’t you come?
It is so lonely here, so—dark—so dark.” Pom Pom stirred. Lucie put
out her hand wanderingly to rest it on his head as he moved closer
up by her side. Her head dropped till it rested on her bundle, then
she was not conscious of anything more. Little maid and little dog
slept the night through. Once only Pom Pom stirred, pricked up his
ears, sat up and listened, then snuggled back with a sigh and went
off again into a sound sleep.

Victor spread the doubled paper upon the spot. Lucie
put out her little slim foot, stepped lightly and was
over.
It was early, early in the morning when Lucie was aroused by a
sudden squawk, a wild flutter of wings. She sat up and rubbed her
eyes to behold a much ruffled hen disappearing out of the doorway
and cackling her best. Dazed with sleep Lucie thought at first she
must be dreaming, but the cackling fully aroused her. She looked
around, bewildered. “Where in the world am I?” she exclaimed.
Then the events of the day before came back to her. She stood up,
shaking the straw from her dress. “Of all things!” she exclaimed, “I
have spent the entire night in this dirty place, and have slept like a
Christian. Who could believe it? Thank heaven there is no door, so
one could at least have fresh air. Where is Paulette, and where
indeed is Pom Pom?”
She went out into the field to look around. Dew lay on the grass.
The poppy buds were unfolding. A lark sang soaring overhead. The
hen, having concluded her triumphant remarks, was on the search
for breakfast and was picking around quite as if all her friends and
neighbors had not been carried off.
“It is most strange what has become of that Paulette,” murmured
Lucie, looking more and more troubled. “Since she has not returned
to me it is plain that I must go in search of her. As for Pom Pom, he
will not have strayed far. I have no doubt but he will come back to
me. Now that it is daylight and I am rested it should not be difficult
to get to the station if I had but something to eat before I go. What
a thing to have done to sleep all night when I meant to keep watch.
Well, as one may say: Avise la fin: consider the end. I am refreshed,
though I would be more so if I had had a mouthful of supper and
could look forward to a bite of breakfast. I should probably be
exhausted but for the sleep. As for Pom Pom, no doubt he has gone
off to forage for himself. What a thing to have the nose of a dog so
that one can pry into corners and so discover food. If they had left
the cow behind there would be the milk, though if the cow had

remained she might have objected to sharing her bed with me. I am
very sure I should be one to feel the same objection. However, we
dispose of that since there is no cow. Neither is there anything to eat
that I can discover. One cannot feed on poppies nor on grass. I wish
Pom Pom would come. I should not then feel so deserted and I must
try to walk to that village. I may faint before I get there; I feel so
empty, but I must make the effort. Anything is better than staying
here to starve. What would my parents say if they knew I am
without a breakfast altogether?”
She sat down forlornly in the doorway, continuing her soliloquy. “If
one but had a piece of chocolate to nibble. If I had but saved that
which I had in my bag when I started, but, improvident that I am! it
was all gone before night. Well, there is nothing to do but make
myself take to the road, although of a truth I must confess I do not
like to undertake a journey on an empty stomach.”
She sat puzzling over the situation, when her eyes fell on the little
hen pecking industriously around. She jumped to her feet
exclaiming: “Of course! Where there is a cackle there must be an
egg. I will hunt for it.”
She returned to the interior of the shed, hunting among the straw,
but nothing came of this. There was a small shelf high up in one
corner, Lucie stood on tiptoe to look at it. There were some wisps of
straw upon it which well might serve for a nest. She felt sure that it
was from this place the hen had flown. She tried to touch the spot
but was unable to reach so far.
“There is no use in trying to pull down the hay,” she said to herself,
“for of what use would a broken egg be, unless Pom Pom should
choose to lap it up? If I could only find something to stand on I
might reach it.” She tried to clamber up by means of the crannies in
the wall, but the shelf was a corner one and in such position that
she could get at it no better and was obliged to give up this attempt.
Next she went outside and began to look around for a box, a stone,
anything which she could stand upon and so come within reach of
the coveted prize. At last she managed to get hold of a stone which

she laboriously rolled to the spot. She stepped upon it, and began
feeling around, but her hand found nothing but the hay; if eggs
there were they were still out of reach.
This latest disappointment was too much for her. Utterly tired out,
faint and distressed, she sat down and began to weep forlornly.
These extra efforts had taken all her reserve strength and she felt
sick and weak.
Meanwhile down the road was trotting Pom Pom who had been on a
voyage of discovery. If breakfast would not come to him he must go
find the breakfast, was his way of settling matters. So he had started
forth as soon as he realized that Lucie was awake and in no present
need of his defense. First he scared up a flock of birds but these
offered no special inducement, for he was not out for a frolic. Next
he scratched madly away at a stone under which a field mouse had
hidden, but the mouse was too wary for him, and he gave up this
sport. Pretty soon he came to a little pool of water where he
refreshed himself and felt better. Once in a while he stopped to look
back at the cow shed to make sure that his mistress had not left it.
He stood undecided at a turn of the road. If he went farther he
would lose sight of the cow shed; if he retraced his steps he was still
breakfastless, and it would prove a bootless adventure. He decided
to go on. His nose was to be depended upon quite as much as his
eyes and his mistress could not get away without his ability to track
her. Victor was quite right when he called him a wise little dog, for in
course of time he proved himself worthy the praise.
It was not very long before he came upon something which gave
him complete satisfaction, and after an intimate interview with the
object, he began dragging it back along the road over which he had
come. Once in a while he lay down and employed himself in gnawing
at one end of the burden, thus balancing the weight by disposing of
some on the inside, some on the out.
In course of time Lucie lifted her teary eyes and looked off in the
direction of the road over which Pom Pom was traveling. She saw a

small animal trotting along, stopping now and then to get a better
grasp of the thing he carried.
“Pom Pom! It is Pom!” cried Lucie starting to her feet. “He is bringing
something. I wonder what in the world he has found.” She gave the
whistle which always brought him. He tossed up his head, gave a
quick bark and seemed inclined to relinquish the prize he had
brought thus far. He stood over it for a moment, then concluded he
would not abandon it, for he took a fresh hold and came on.
Lucie ran forward to meet him. He saw her coming and stopped to
stand guard over his capture, wagging his tail violently when she
called to him. “He seems very proud of himself,” said Lucie. “I must
find out why. Pom Pom, what is it you have there?” she asked.
Pom Pom danced forward barking joyously, then ran back to his
booty.
Lucie stooped down to examine what lay upon the ground. “Bread!”
she exclaimed. “What a dog!” for before her was what remained of a
long loaf of bread; evidently it had fallen from the basket of some
refugee, possibly from that very missing basket. There remained
only about half the original loaf. The two ends had been gnawed off
and it was no better for having been dragged through the dusty
road. But bread it was, and at sight of it tears again rose to Lucie’s
eyes. “You dear dog! You darling Pom,” she murmured, caressing
him. “What have you done for me, and they would have had me
leave you behind! Ah, my Pom, no power can now separate us. The
bread is not very clean, to be sure, but how much better than
nothing. You shall have the outside while I will take the rest. There
are knives in that basket, I know, for I discovered them when I was
hoping to find food. If one could but get at that nest, one would not
fare so badly in spite of the egg being raw. Come, Pom Pom!” and
Pom Pom came.
She sat down with renewed courage, pared off the crusts and gave
them to Pom Pom, who, after all, was not so hungry as he had been.
It was rather a stuffy meal, but every crumb of it was devoured

when Lucie at last was ready to start out. She carried only her own
bundle. The rest of the luggage she must leave, likewise the
unattainable egg, which remained to lure back the little hen to her
nest. The hen, indeed, was the sole living creature to whom Lucie
could make her adieux. One may never know the fate of that
particular hen nor her eggs, though it is to be hoped they did their
part in the preservation of life in that devastated region.

CHAPTER V
WELL MET
IT was with many misgivings that Lucie started out upon her walk to
the village. Pom Pom, however, had nothing upon his mind after
having settled the food question for the moment. All that was
required of him was to keep his mistress in sight, but Lucie had far
more anxious thoughts as she went on. She was now sure that
something had happened to Paulette whose devotion to the family
would permit nothing short of utter disability from keeping her
overnight. As for her grandfather, Lucie felt that here too was
another cause for worry. What had become of him? Was she to be
left utterly alone? she who had always lived such a peaceful,
protected life? With Paulette and her grandfather vanished
mysteriously, how could she reach Paris? and even supposing she
were able to do this, what would she do when she got there? She
must make every effort to find her mother and father. How would
she best set about doing this? She felt herself such a tiny speck in
such a big world. Finally her lips took to forming only the words:
“Brave, I must be brave,” as she trudged on. The distance was
greater than she had believed, and with no more nourishment than
part of a loaf of bread she did not feel herself any too well fortified
for so long a walk.
She had reached the outskirts of the town without seeing any one.
Except for the distant roar of guns, the occasional crash of a
collapsing wall, the far-off whir of an airplane, there were no
disturbing sounds.
Presently a figure at last appeared coming toward her, a man in the
red and blue uniform of a poilu. Pom Pom, who had been following
laggingly with lolling tongue, suddenly pricked up his ears and
dashed forward barking joyously.

The soldier stopped to pat the little dog who frantically jumped upon
him, licking his hands and whimpering with delight. “But where did
you come from, my Pom Pom? Are you then lost?” Lucie heard the
man say as she came nearer.
She stood still, not recognizing the figure in military dress, then she
herself ran forward almost as joyously as Pom Pom had done.
“Victor! Victor!” she cried. “What good fortune is this. What a
happiness to meet you!”
“A happiness, is it?” He laughed and showed his strong white teeth.
“And what are you doing here, you and Pom Pom, so far from home?
This is a strange meeting indeed. Where are the rest, your mother,
grandfather and all?”
“Ah, that is what I do not know. I am in great distress, Victor.”
“Is it so? Then tell me what is wrong.” His face went grave as he
took her bundle from her and looked into the weary little face whose
eyes were so mournful with dark shadows under them. “Poor little
one, you do look as if you had traveled far,” he said pityingly. “Come,
sit down here by the roadside and tell me all about it.”
So Lucie poured forth her sad little tale, concluding with: “And but
for Pom Pom I might have starved.”
Victor’s hand fondled the little dog who lay contentedly at his feet.
“But my aunt and uncle, my cousin Annette, where are they?” he
asked.
“They turned aside and I hope are quite safe with your own
grandparents in your town, Victor.”
“Good! That is very good. I am glad to know this, so then, if we do
not discover this Paulette nor your grandfather, I can take you there
where you will be not only safe but will be very welcome.”
“That is a great relief, Victor,” Lucie gave a sigh. “But first this
Paulette must be found. What do you think could have happened to
her, and to my grandfather?”

“One cannot tell. I hope nothing very serious. There were
explosions, you know, after the station was bombed. There are still
walls falling in the town.”
“And they were there? Oh, Victor, do you think it possible that they
are killed?”
“Let us hope not.”
“But something very serious must have happened or they would not
have left me all night alone. Oh, what sorrows, what sorrows! My
father wounded, my grandfather and dear old Paulette perhaps no
more.”
Victor patted her hand. “Do not cross that bridge yet, little one. I
shall not leave you till I see you are perfectly safe. I have thirty-six
hours’ leave before reporting to my captain. It is to-day that I wear
my uniform for the first time,” he added proudly.
“And very becoming it is,” said Lucie trying to smile in spite of her
fears. “Such a great fortune it is, Victor, to meet some one I know.”
“Of course. That goes without the saying. Allons, then, Forward!
March!” He did not say that his leave was to have been spent with
his family, and that in returning to the village he had just left he
probably would have to give up his trip to the earlier destination,
because of lack of time.
As they neared the little town Lucie saw wisps of smoke rising from
heaps of ruins. Such walls as were standing showed gaping holes
where windows had been. Scarce a house stood intact. The little
church was riddled, only from a niche a sorrowful Madonna looked
down upon the piles of shattered stones which lay upon the
pavement where her worshipers had knelt.
Lucie clutched Victor’s arm. “Do you suppose they have done the
same to our village, to our house?” she asked.
He shrugged his shoulders, unable to reassure her. As they entered
the forsaken streets they came upon a few stragglers poking among
the ruins with the hope of discovering some of their lost treasures.

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