Acid- Base disorders.pptx Acid-base balance refers to the balance between input (intake and production) and output (elimination) of hydrogen ion.
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The document outlines various acid-base disorders, including definitions and characteristics of respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Each type is described with its causes, symptoms, and compensatory mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of plasma pH balance. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding acid-base imbalances in the human body.
![Compensation of respiratory alkalosis
Renal compensation
The kidneys decrease plasma [ H2CO3 ]:
Decrease reabsorption of the filtered
H2CO3.
The decreased CO2 decreases the
generation of H by the tubular epithelial
cells.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02acid-basedisorders-240926165422-7c22d75e/85/Acid-Base-disorders-pptx-Acid-base-balance-refers-to-the-balance-between-input-intake-and-production-and-output-elimination-of-hydrogen-ion-14-320.jpg)
Acid- Base disorders.pptx Acid-base balance refers to the balance between input (intake and production) and output (elimination) of hydrogen ion.
- 2. Specific Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture all students will be able to: • Explain the acid- Base Disorders
- 3. Definition Acid–base imbalance is an abnormality of the human body's normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45).
- 4. Acid –base imbalance Respiratory acidosis. Respiratory alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis. Metabolic alkalosis.
- 5. 2
- 6. Respiratory Acidosis-1 • I t occur with any mechanism that decreases the rate o f alveolar ventilation. • I t is characterized by: PH< 7.35 PaCO2 > 45 mmHg compensatory increase in H2CO3 -
- 7. Causes of respiratory acidosis • Depression of respiratory centre: Narcotics / over sedation. Anesthesia. Respiratory arrest. Paralysis of respiratory muscles Impaired ventilation. Airway obstruction: Foreign body.
- 8. Signs and Symptoms associated with Acidosis • Decrease excitability of CNS Restlessness, Headache, Drowsiness, Disorientation, Coma, • Cardiovascular: Dysrhythmias, Decreased cardiac contractility Hypotension.
- 9. Increase electrolytes : -Hyperkalemia -Hyper calcemia
- 10. Compensation of respiratory acidosis • Renal compensation: Increased the plasma H2CO3 concentration . The increased PaCO2 acts as a stimulus to increase the formation of H and HCO3 from CO2 + H2O in the renal tubular cells. The renal H is secreted and the new H2CO3 is returned to the plasma.
- 11. Respiratory Alkalosis • I t is defined as a decrease in PaCo2 caused by increase alveolar ventilation. • I t is characterized by: PH > 7.45 PaCO2 < 35 mmHg compensatory decrease in H2CO3
- 12. Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis • Hyperventilation: Hypoxemia Anemia Fever Psychological dyspnea Early in exercises Angry
- 13. Signs and Symptoms associated with Alkalosis • Increase excitability of CNS Light headedness, Numbness, Tingling, Confusion, Inability to concentrate Blurred vision. Decrease electrolytes: Hypokalemia • Hypertension
- 14. Compensation of respiratory alkalosis Renal compensation The kidneys decrease plasma [ H2CO3 ]: Decrease reabsorption of the filtered H2CO3. The decreased CO2 decreases the generation of H by the tubular epithelial cells.
- 17. Metabolic acidosis • I t is defined as a primary decrease in plasm a bicarbonate concentration(HCO3). • I t is characterized by: • PH < 7.35 HCO3 < 22 mEq/ L Compensatory decrease in PaCO2
- 18. Causes of metabolic acidosis 1. Loss of HCO3: Prolonged severe diarrhea 2. Decreased elimination of acids: Renal failure 3. Excess production of Acids: Starvation Cardiac arrest Tissue hypoxia Sepsis Diabetic Ketoacidosis Shock Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
- 19. Metabolic alkalosis • I t results from an increase in bicarbonate in ECF. • I t is characterized by: PH > 7.45 HCO3 > 26 mEq/ L Compensatory increase in PaCO2
- 20. Causes of metabolic alkalosis •Excess of base /loss of acid. •Acute H ion loss: Vomiting, Gastric suction. diuretics as: Frusemide. •Excess intake of Alkali •Diet rich H in fruits and vegetables. •IV NaHCO3administration.