ACTIVE LEARNING ENTROPY SAMPLING BASED CLUSTERING OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR ELECTRICITY DATA

International Journal of Database Management Systems (IJDMS) Vol.14, No.6, December 2022
DOI: 10.5121/ijdms.2022.14601 1
ACTIVE LEARNING ENTROPY SAMPLING BASED
CLUSTERING OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR
ELECTRICITY DATA
Wang Qingnan and Zhang Zhaogong
School of Computer Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University,
HeiLongJiang,China
ABSTRACT
Clustering is a crucial part in the field of data mining, and common clustering methods include division-
based methods, hierarchy-based methods, density-based methods, and grid-based methods. In order to
improve the accuracy of clustering, an optimization study is made mainly for the division-based method
FCM clustering, and an FCM clustering method that integrates active learning and principal component
analysis (PCA) is proposed. The method first uses principal component analysis to reduce the
dimensionality of the data to reduce the computation of electricity data, then trains the sample model by
active learning, and introduces the entropy (Entropy) method in the uncertainty sampling method, the
larger the entropy means the greater the uncertainty of the sample, and the smaller the entropy means the
smaller the uncertainty of the sample, so as to filter the electricity data, and finally the electricity data are
clustered by FCM clustering The power data is finally categorized by FCM clustering, and with the
proliferation of power data, the power data can be more accurately categorized using this method to
achieve the stability of the power grid as well as the utilization rate. Experimental results on three datasets
show that this method improves the accuracy of power data clustering by up to 2 percentage points
compared to the traditional clustering method without active learning, and achieves good results in each
dataset compared to other methods.
KEYWORDS
Active Learning, Data Mining, FCM Clustering, Principal Component Analysis, Unsupervised Learning
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, China's electricity market reform has made great progress, China's electricity
market construction continues to advance in depth, the initial establishment of a 'unified and
open, competitive and orderly' power market system, effectively promote the optimal allocation
of power resources, energy clean and low-carbon transformation. But at the same time there are
still a series of problems such as immaturity of new energy participation in the market trading
mechanism, the price of power auxiliary services and compensation mechanism is not sound,
the lack of technical standards system in the power market, the professional quality of power
trading personnel still needs to be improved.
With the increasing scale of power users, the electricity consumption data has risen sharply, but
the classification of power users has been unreasonable and not detailed. This is due to the fact
that the process of classification is not combined with reality and the real power consumption
load attributes of electricity users are not considered. Along with the continuous progress ofdata
mining technology, the continuously improved clustering algorithms have been applied to the
classification of electricity users one after another. The literature [1]
classifies electricityusers
by user load curve through FCM algorithm for the demand side of electricity users, and evaluates
the effect of clustering using internal evaluation index DBI. The literature [2]
classifies the daily

2
load into weekday electricity load, weekend electricity load, and holiday electricity load by using
daily load characteristic analysis, and clusters the electricity users by five characteristic indexes
from maximum power, peak total ratio, flat total ratio, valley total ratio, and load factor,
respectively, using k-mean algorithm. The literature [3]
proposed hierarchical clustering to classify
electricity users, firstly by Markov model to collect customer electricity load, and then by the first
layer of meticulous collection for the second layer of clustering analysis, using K-means
algorithm for hierarchical analysis. In the literature [4]
, based on the analysis of the characteristics
of electric power big data, a classification method of electric power users that fuses downscaling
and clustering is proposed, and the fusion of downscaling and clustering is realized by using
Spark platform, which has a great improvement in accuracy and running time than before. In the
literature [5]
, an evaluation index of electric load clustering independent of the normalization
method is proposed, and the nearest neighbor propagation algorithm is applied to load curve
clustering, and the results show that the peak normalization method has a better clustering effect
and performs better compared to the traditional load curve clustering. The purpose of power user
classification is to maintain the stability of the power gridand improve the utilization of power
grid resources so as to alleviate the growing contradiction between power supply and demand in
China. Wu [6]
published a study on smart meter user classification based on deep learning in 2020,
and proposed a deep neural network model with a simpler structure by optimizing the structure of
convolutional neural network. This model identifies and classifies users based on the features
automatically extracted by the convolutional neural network, which reduces the computational
complexity in the calculation of high- dimensional samples, reduces the overfitting problem, and
has obvious advantages in prediction accuracy. Active learning is to query the most useful
unlabeled samples by a certain algorithm and leave it to manual labeling, and then train the
classification model with the queried samples to achieve a better model with fewer labeled
samples. Active learning enables effective power data filtering by labeling the most useful
sample data for classification to train the classification model, thus filtering the data with
abnormal or highly deviated power data. In the literature [7]
, active learning and data classification
algorithms are integrated and studied, and the principles and execution process of active learning
and classification algorithms are analyzed in detail, and an active learning data classification
algorithm for big data is proposed, which not only reduces the cost of manual labeling but also
reduces the size of the training set, which is a good solution for the bottlenecks encountered in
data classification. In the literature [8]
, a KNN algorithm based on group active learning is
proposed to combine with electricity market transaction data for example analysis, which has
better classification effect and is suitable for electricity market transaction behavior analysis and
supply and demand decision. In the literature [9]
, a clustering adaptive active learning selection
strategy is proposed in order to reduce the redundancy of selected samples in the active learning
process. The initial samples are selected by clustering, which makes the initial samples
representative and accelerates the active learning process.
Combined with the above discussion, this paper proposes an optimization method for power data
clustering based on active learning entropy sampling. The ultimate goal of power data
classification is to achieve the stability of the power grid and to improve the utilization of power
resources while significantly improving power transactions.
Contribution
(1)Because of the large scale of power data, there are some power data abnormalities or large
deviations from most of the data, so the introduction of active learning in the screening of
powerdata and the introduction of entropy (Entropy) [10]
method in uncertainty sampling
can effectively screen the data and greatly save the cost of manual labeling.
(2)The power trading users are categorized by FCM clustering method, and the users are
divided into five categories based on electricity load, daily load curve, and maximum

3
power, which achieves the stability of power grid and improves the utilization rate of
power resources.
(3)In this paper, we first select unlabeled samples by using principal component analysis, then
filter electricity data by active learning, and finally categorize electricity data by FCM
clustering,and compare the proposed method with other existing methods, and the results
show that the proposed method improves the accuracy of electricity data categorization.
The first part of the paper describes the progress of work on electricity user clustering and active
learning, and proposes an optimization method for electricity data clustering based on active
learning entropy sampling. The second part details the method used in this paper, the third part
presents the implementation of the method and the clustering results, the fourth part presents the
experiments conducted on three datasets and the experimental results, and the fifth part draws
conclusions and provides an outlook on future work.
2. METHODS
2.1. Data Preprocessing
In this paper, 96 points of data [11]
obtained from 200 electricity users taken every 15 min from 0
to 24 were selected as the feature vector for cluster analysis. Since the initial data are usually
missing or wrongly omitted, the data need to be cleaned. If the data point is suddenly high or low,
the data is deleted; if the data point is missing more than 20%, the data point is deleted; if the data
point is missing less than 20%, the mean value of the data point's neighboring data is used to
supplement; if the neighboring data is also missing, the search for non-empty data continues
backward.
In order to improve the efficiency of the algorithm, feature extraction is required for the selected
data. Different load characteristic indexes are affected by the load components, and in order to
eliminate the influence of weather and period, the average value of 96 points of load data of
consecutive working days of sample users is selected as the daily load curve data in this paper.
The value domain of the original data may have large differences, and if the original data are
processed directly, it will make the data with large values and small values very different and
cannot be analyzed effectively, so the data need to be normalized. In this paper, the maximum
value method is used for normalization, and the values are normalized to the interval [0,1].
2.2. Model Flow
Firstly, we use principal component analysis algorithm to reduce the dimensionality of user load
data and extract user data features, and then use FCM algorithm to cluster the processed load
data. The 96 data points of the daily load curve represent the user load data of a day, and 96 data
points of a day are 96 principal components. Due to the time cost factor caused by the excessive
amount of data, the principal component analysis method is used, which can firstly reduce the
data dimensionality and represent most of the user features through fewer dimensions; secondly,
the data less than 85% can be directly classified into one category, without the next clustering,
reducing the time required for clustering and improving the efficiency of the algorithm.
Therefore, this paper introduces principal component analysis as a way to improve the efficiency
of the algorithm[12]
.
Active learning is used to query the most useful unlabeled samples through certain algorithms
and hand over to manual labeling, and then the queried samples are used to train the classification

4
model to achieve a better model with fewer labeled samples. Active learning enables effective
power data screening by labeling the most useful sample data for classification to train the
classification model, thus screening the data with abnormal or highly deviated powerdata.
Using the FCM algorithm, the power user classification results are obtained by clustering the load
data greater than 85%. The typical electricity consumption curves are extracted for each category
of electricity user data to obtain the electricity consumption curves of each category, and the
electricity consumption curves are used to analyze the category to which each user belongs[13]
.
3. IMPLEMENTATION
3.1. Implementation of Principal Component Analysis
In this paper, 96 points of data obtained every 15 minutes from 0 to 24 are selected as the data
of cluster analysis. The principal component analysis method is used to reduce the dimensions
of power data[14]
. The first three principal components are selected for clustering if their
cumulative contribution rate is greater than 85%, and if their cumulative contribution rate is less
than 85%, they are not clustered. The selected data is used as the manual annotation sample for
active learning, so as to reduce the cost of manual annotation.As shown in Figure 1:
Figure 1. PCA Flow Chart
First, the input data sets are standardized so that each of them can be analyzed roughly in
proportion. There are m samples (x1, x2,..., xm) for principal component analysis, and each
sample is described by n features. The formula for standardization is as follows[15]
:
（1）
（2）
Next, calculate the correlation coefficient matrix. Rij is the correlation coefficient between the ith
index and the jth
index. The formula is as follows[16]
:

5
（3）
Then calculate the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of matrix R, and m new index
variables are composed of eigenvectors. Finally, the cumulative contribution rate of the
eigenvalue is calculated as follows[17]
:
（4）
（5）
The samples whose cumulative contribution rate is greater than 85% are selected as samplelabels
for active learning of artificial marks.
3.2. Implementation of Active Learning
Figure 2. Active learning Flow Chart
First, the samples obtained by principal component analysis are taken as active learning samples.
Active learning includes the following processes, sample selection, model training, model
prediction and model updating, as shown in Figure 2.
In the process of sample selection, the query method of uncertainty sampling is used to extract
the sample data that is difficult to distinguish from the model and provide it to business experts or
labeling personnel for labeling, so as to achieve the ability to improve the effect of the algorithm
at a faster speed. Entropy is introduced to describe the uncertainty of a sample. Entropy can be
used to measure the uncertainty of a sample. The larger the entropy, the greater the uncertainty of
the sample. The smaller the entropy, the smaller the uncertainty of the sample.Compared with the
least confidence and margin sample, the entropy method takes into account all categories of the
model for an x. While the least confidence only considers the maximum probability, the margin
sample considers the maximum probability and the secondary probability. Therefore, the sample
data with large entropy can be selected as the pending label data. The mathematical formula is[18]
:

6
（6）
3.3. Implementation of Clustering Algorithm
FCM is a fuzzy clustering algorithm, which provides more flexible clustering results than other
clustering algorithms. First initialize the membership matrix, then judge whether the maximum
number of iterations is exceeded, calculate the cluster center, update the membership matrix,
and finally judge whether the iteration termination conditions are met, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Cluster Flow Chart
Objective function of FCM[16]
:
（7）
Uij refers to the membership value, the membership degree of element j to category i, dij square
refers to the distance between element j and center point i, and the whole represents the sum of
weighted distances from each point to each category.
The final effect of clustering is that the intra class similarity is the minimum, and the inter class
similarity is the maximum. At this time, the sum of weighted distances between the point and
the center is the minimum. Therefore, it is enough to minimize the objective function.
Therefore, the expression of the optimal solution[19]
:
（8）

7
Selection of cluster number c:
（9）
Cluster center:
（10）
The load clustering based on FCM algorithm is measured by the load curve. After the above
data processing, the FCM clustering algorithm divides the power users into five categories
according to the idea of maximum membership. The daily load curve drawn according to the
characteristics is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Daily load curve
After clustering, the first type of users accounts for about 30% of the total number of samples.
The load of the first type of curve is small from 1 o'clock to 6 o'clock, rising rapidly from 7
o'clock until the peak load is reached around 11 o'clock. From 11:13, the load decreased, and
from 13:00 to 18:00, the load increased, reaching the second peak of power consumption. After
18:00, the load dropped sharply. The curve generally shows that the power consumption is large
in the daytime and small at night, with two peaks at 11:00 and 18:00. Most of the curves
correspond to state-owned enterprises and public institutions.
The second type of users after clustering accounts for about 15% of the total number of samples.
This type of curve has a high power consumption from 1 to 8 points, and a sharp decline from 8
points to 13 points. It rose sharply again from 13:00 to 24:00. Such users generally have low
power consumption in the morning and high power consumption from afternoon to evening.
Most of the curve corresponded to heavy industrial metal enterprises.
The third category of users accounts for about 24% of the total number of samples after
clustering. This kind of curve is stable from 1 point to 24 points, with small fluctuations. This
kind of users generally have the highest electricity consumption in the morning and night, and

8
most of them are energy consuming enterprises and manufacturing industries.
After clustering, the fourth type of users accounts for about 18% of the total number of samples.
This type of curve rises sharply from 8 points to 12 points, tends to be stable from 12 points to
17 points, and then drops sharply after 17 points. In general, power consumption is high during
the day, low at night, and average power load is medium. Most of these curves correspond to
banks or shopping malls.
The fifth category of users accounts for about 13% of the total number of samples after
clustering. The curve tends to be stable from 1 point to 8 points, tends to decline after 8 points,
and slowly rises again after 22 points. Most of these curves correspond to light industries,
hospitals and other enterprises.
4. EXPERIMENT
4.1. Baseline Method
1. K-means: Given a K value and K initial class cluster centroids, each point is assigned to
the class cluster represented by the nearest class cluster centroid, and after all points are
assigned, the centroids of the class cluster are recalculated based on all points within a
class cluster, and then the steps of assigning points and updating class cluster centroids
are performed iteratively until the change in class cluster centroids is small or the
specified number of iterations is reached. number of iterations, through this method to
categorize the power data[20].
2. Random: Randomly select the unlabeled sample data for active learning, and then
categorizethe power data by clustering algorithm.
3. FCM: FCM algorithm is a division-based clustering algorithm, its idea is to make the
same cluster is divided into the maximum similarity between objects, and the minimum
similarity between different clusters, through the degree of fuzziness to divide the data,
so as to categorize the power data.
4. BVSB: The idea of uncertainty sampling is to focus the selection on those samples that
cannot be classified with certainty by the current classifier, and the BvSB value of the
sample is defined as the difference between the two highest conditional probabilities, by
which theelectricity data are categorized.
4.2. Experimental Result
We tested the proposed method on three image data sets: COIL-20, Caltech101, and MNIST.
And compared with other methods, first is K-means clustering algorithm, second is the method
of randomly screening data, FCM clustering algorithm and BVSB (Best versus Second Best)
method.
4.2.1. COIL-20 Dataset
We tested the proposed method on the COIL-20 dataset[21]
. The dataset contains 1500 images
with 20 different objects. For each image, we resize it to 32 × 32. We iterated all the methods
for 140 times, and showed the accuracy in figures and tables. The results show that the proposed
method has the highest accuracy.

9
Figure 5. Accuracy on COIL-20
Table 1. Accuracy on COIL-20 Dataset
Iterations K-means Random FCM FCM(AL+PCA） BVSB
20 82.27 78.10 82.27 84.23 80.43
40 85.37 82.59 85.20 87.13 85.77
60 88.01 83.07 87.93 91.48 90.34
80 90.01 85.74 90.09 92.95 91.93
100 91.42 88.01 91.22 94.38 93.98
120 91.88 88.81 91.48 95.63 95.05
140 93.41 91.45 93.35 96.58 96.20
4.2.2. Caltech101 Dataset
We also tested the performance of the proposed scheme on the Caltech101 dataset. Since the
number of some categories is very small, we only selected 10 categories, including aircraft,
bonsai, car side, chandelier, face, motorcycle and watch, among which each category contains
more than 100 images. There are 3379 pictures in total. We iterated all the methods for 140
times, and showed the accuracy in figures and tables. The results show that the proposed
method has the highest accuracy[22]
.
Figure 6. Accuracy on Caltech101

10
Table 2. Accuracy on Caltech101 Dataset
20 65.26 64.50 65.36 65.67 63.73
40 68.86 67.19 69.55 69.57 67.94
60 73.45 69.92 73.10 74.03 73.31
80 74.63 74.69 73.68 75.19 74.59
100 75.86 75.32 76.13 77.02 76.83
120 77.29 76.82 77.83 79.03 78.30
140 78.77 78.48 78.94 79.68 79.22
4.2.3. MNIST Dataset
We also tested this result on a subset of the MNIST dataset. The dataset contains 300 images for
each number (0-9), a total of 3000 images. We iterated all the methods for 140 times, and showed
the accuracy in figures and tables. The results show that the proposed method has the highest
accuracy[23]
.
Table 3. Accuracy on MNIST Dataset
20 65.71 64.65 65.86 67.33 65.64
40 69.58 68.61 70.55 72.18 69.94
60 71.65 71.10 71.41 73.48 71.70
80 72.85 73.31 73.85 75.18 72.51
100 74.26 74.95 75.19 76.12 75.24
120 75.12 75.13 75.38 76.88 76.17
140 76.52 76.11 76.77 78.11 76.85
4.3. Result Analysis
For each method, we ran 140 simulations on each dataset, and showed the classification
accuracy under different iterations in the figure[24]
. We observed that the proposed method has
obvious performance advantages over other methods (K-means, Random, FCM, BVSB) in three
datasets (COIL-20, Caltech101, MNIST), especially in COIL-20 and MNIST datasets. Although
the advantages of different datasets are different, the performance of the proposed method on all
three datasets is generally better than that of other methods. From the above results, the proposed
method performs better than K-means and Random in almost all cases. On COIL-20 Dataset,
although the accuracy of the proposed method is slightly higher than BVSB, it is much higher
than the other three methods[25]
. On the Caltech 101 dataset, although the accuracy of the
proposed method is similar to the other four methods, it is also higher than the other four
methods. The method proposed on MNIST dataset also has higher accuracy than the other four
methods. We find that by using this method, the accuracy of classification is improved and the
cost of manual annotation is saved.

11
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we propose a method that combines principal component analysis and active
learning into clustering algorithm. The introduction of active learning in power data screening
and the introduction of entropy method in uncertainty sampling can effectively screen data and
greatly save the cost of manual labeling. The power trading users are classified by FCM
clustering method. Based on the power load, daily load curve and maximum power, the users
are divided into five categories, realizing the stability of the power grid and improving the
utilization rate of power resources. In this paper, the principal component analysis method is used
to reduce the dimensions of the data, and then the power data is filtered through active learning.
Finally, the power data is classified through FCM clustering. Comparing the proposed method
with other existing methods, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on three
data sets. From the experimental results, we can see that the proposed method has achieved good
results on three image reference data sets, and the results show that the proposed method
improves the accuracy of power data classification.
In the future, we will investigate active learning in more depth, integrating it with other practical
applications, and will continue to optimize and improve performance in our work on active
learning combined with clustering.
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AUTHORS
Wang Qingnan: Male, born in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, Master, his main
research direction is data mining.
Zhang Zhaogong: Male, born in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, professor and
master's supervisor of Heilongjiang University. His main research interests are data mining
and biological information.

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