Adopting hybrid cryptography technique for reduction of network overhead in manets

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 569
ADOPTING HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE FOR
REDUCTION OF NETWORK OVERHEAD IN MANETs
Farzana Kauser1
1
M.Tech Student, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Centre for Post Graduation Studies VIAT
Muddenahalli, Chickaballapur District Karnataka India.
Abstract
Mobile Ad Hoc Network is a infrastructure less network it is one of the most important and highly unusual application, which is
famous among critical operations like warfare use, emergency recovery because of its self configuring nature of nodes. MANETs
does not require any centralized administration, it dynamically forms a temporary network with the changing topology. Due to its
open environment and irregular distribution of nodes MANET is vulnerable to malicious attack hence a new intrusion detection
system named EAACK is introduced. This scheme demonstrates the complexity of malicious behavior detection rate in certain
situations without greatly affecting the network performance. EAACK is a acknowledgment based intrusion detection system it is
required to ensure that all the acknowledgment packets are authentic and unattained hence all the packets are signed digitally
before they are sent out and till the receiver accepts, due to the usage of both digital signature and acknowledgment packet it
causes a great network overhead. This paper proposes and enforces a hybrid cryptography technique in order to minimize the
network overhead caused by digital signature.
Keywords: EAACK, Hash algorithm, Wi_max 802.16, Caesar cipher, XOR cipher, XTEA.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The wireless network is preferred since its invention due to
its natural mobility and scalability. MANET is a set of
randomly moving nodes connected dynamically in arbitrary
style which has the ability of both transmitter and receiver;
the nodes communicate with each other through a wireless
bidirectional link either directly or indirectly. The nodes
cannot communicate between themselves when they are out
of communication range hence MANETs is divided into two
kinds that is single hop and Multi hop network. In a single
hop network nodes communicate with each other directly
when they are within same communication range whereas in
multi hop the nodes depend on intermediary nodes when the
nodes are out of the communication range. Less
configurations and quick installation make MANETs to use
in emergency situations. MANET is popular among critical
mission applications there by network security is of much
important. The open environment and irregular distribution
of nodes in MANET make it possible to various types of
attacks. MANETs are infrastructure less network they does
not require any centralized administration they dynamically
forms temporary network with changing topology. Mostly,
in MANET routing protocols presume that each and every
node in the network behaves conjunctively with other nodes
presumably not malicious; attackers can easily compromise
nodes by inserting malicious or non cooperative nodes in the
MANET. The access points are like base station nodes
which keeps record of connection, disconnection and flow
of traffic in the network .It is difficult to find the
membership of MANET environment as the nodes moving
freely can join and leave network independently as they
wish hence there is no guarantee that the path between the
nodes is free from malicious nodes which may attempt to
harm the entire network, a small number of adversary nodes
may collapse the entire network Under such circumstances
it is required to develop an intrusion detection system there
are many intrusion detection systems proposed watchdog is
popular among them. EAACK is a new intrusion detection
system which is specially designed for MANETs to resolve
three of six weakness of watchdog and to detect malicious
behavior in the network. Digital signature is to protect the
packets from being forged by the attackers, when there is
more number of malicious nodes in the network there will
be more acknowledgments and the usage of digital signature
will obviously more this causes great network overhead
which can reduced by adopting a hybrid cryptography
technique. In further section we concentrate on the
background information to better understand my research
topic.
2. BACKGROUND
Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgment (EAACK) is a new
intrusion detection system[1] it is based on the previous
work of [4] in this scheme digital signature is introduced to
prevent the packets from being forged by the attackers.
Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgment (EAACK) which
solves three out of six weakness of watchdog this technique
depend on acknowledgment of packets so it include digital
signature to prevent the attackers attacking packets.

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Fig-1: Receiver collision occurs at node c because both
nodes B and X send packets at same time.
Fig-2: Limited transmission power problems lead C unable
to receive packet1 from node B but it can be overheard by
node A
Fig-3: False misbehavior report sent by node A to source
node S that node B is malicious even though node B
forwards packet1 to node C.
EAACK consists of three parts namely:
1. Acknowledgment
2. Secure acknowledgment (S_ACK)
3. Misbehavior report authentication (MRA)
1) Acknowledgment: it is an end to end acknowledgment
scheme which aims to reduce the network overhead when no
adversary nodes in network are detected. Fig-4 describes the
working of acknowledgment scheme, source node s first
sends packet pckt1 to destination node D if there is no
adversary node between source and destination the
intermediary nodes simply forwards the packet pckt1 to
destination and finally the destination need to send back an
acknowledgment packet pack1 to source S within some
specified time otherwise it switches to the secure
acknowledgment mode.
Fig-4: Acknowledgment scheme
2) Secure Acknowledgment (S-ACK): is proposed by Liu et
al[2] it is improved version of TWOACK, the procedure is
to let every three consecutive nodes to communicate with
one another, finally the third node need to send back a
secure acknowledgment packet to first node in reverse order
of the same path within certain specified time otherwise the
two nodes that is second node and third node is reported as
malicious nodes and node1 generates a misbehavior report
and sends to source node S.
3) Misbehavior report authentication (MRA): is designed to
resolve the problem of watchdog that is it fail to detect
adversary nodes in the presence of misbehavior report. To
initiate MRA mode the source first searches its local
knowledge domain and finds the alternate route to the
destination if there is no other route except the existing route
it starts DSR routing request to find another route to
destination. To find misbehavior report node the destination
node searches MRA packet in its local knowledge domain
and compares whether the packet is already received via
other route, if received then it concludes that it is a false
misbehavior report and the node who generated this report it
will be marked as malicious node, otherwise it trusts
misbehavior report and accepts.
4) Digital signature: since Enhanced Adaptive
Acknowledgement is an acknowledgment based intrusion
detection system it is required to ensure that all the
acknowledgment packets are authentic and unattained. In
order to obtain the integrity of intrusion detection system,
EAACK requires all packets to be signed digitally before
sending out and until receiving, the network performance is
affected due to the usage of both acknowledgment packet
and digital signature which causes great network overhead.

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Fig-5: Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgment
3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
This paper, proposes a hybrid cryptography technique to
minimize the network overhead; The overhead increases as
the count of malicious nodes in the network increases. Here
we have used hybrid routing protocol that is AODV and
DSDV these are reactive and proactive protocols
respectively, it is responsible for finding route between
source and destination and reducing network overhead.
Cryptography is a mathematical technique used for
encryption and decryption of data, in this we proposed hash
algorithm to ensure data integrity and the RC5 algorithm is
designed to achieve high security when suitable parameter
values are chosen it has three modules i.e. two‟s
complement, XOR and Rotation , it requires less memory
Fig-6 : System Architecture
compared to other cryptography algorithms.after encryption
packet is sent through Wi-max. Wi_max standard IEEE
802.16 is similar to Wi-Fi which aims to deliver connection
to network it uses Qos based on connection between base
station and nodes and few more cryptographic algorithms
such as CAESAR cipher, XOR cipher and XTEA, are used
as hybrid cryptographic technique which reduces network
overhead.
Table.1 parameter values for MANET simulation
MAC Protocol 802.16
Routing protocol AODV, DSDV
Agent Type Security
Terrain Size 1000x1000
Number of nodes 40
Node placement Random
Number of sources Node 0
Number of Sink nodes Node 20
In cryptograph to correct the weekness of TEA, XTEA
algorithm is designed XTEA is a incomplete unbalanced
fiestel network block cipher it works on variable length
block it does not require any initialization XTEA encrypts
8bytes value and 16 bytes key. In XTEA the plaintext splits
into two halves in each round the right side is first shifted
left four and right five these two values are xored with each
other the result is added with original right side . The length
of plaintext is equal to length of XTEA, XTEA is more
secure than CAESAR cipher and XOR cipher.
4. SIMULATION CONFIGURATION
Our simulation work is held within the network simulator
NS 2.31 on the platform windows XP operating system
which creates a Unix environment this is performed by a
tool called cygwin. The simulation is running on a laptop
with core T4300 CPU and 2GB RAM. The NS2.31
configuration contains „40‟ nodes in a flat space of
1000X1000m with one source and destination with possible
routes. Both physical layer and Wi_max 802.16 are included
in the wireless elongation of NS2. The dynamic speed of
mobile nodes has been limited to 10ms. UDP traffic with
CBR is designed with a packet size of 512 bytes. The data
packets are routed using AODV, DSDV routing protocols.
The MANETs security performance depend on
cryptography algorithms we have used four cryptography
algorithms that is Rc5 CAESAR cipher, XOR cipher and
XTEA algorithms. The NAM animator provides nodes,
links, queues , packets and agents.
Fig-7: trust value.

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To find whether the route is trusted or attacked by malicious
node we calculate trust value by location of each node in the
topology if the value is negative then the route is attacked by
malicious node else the route is trusted.
Fig- 8 : MANET environment
The simulation configuration contains 40 nodes which are
distributed in arbitrary style there is still no connection
between nodes only MANET environment is created as
shown in fig-8.
Fig-9 Detecting intruder
In the MANET environment malicious nodes are detected
which drops all the packets and gives false report during
packet transmission. Malicious nodes are detected by
sending S-ACK and false report is detected by activating
MRA mode. In the fig-9 the red circled nodes are malicious
nodes which performs malicious activity in the network.
Fig- 10: NAM output shows signal propagation of nodes in
MANETS
In the fig-10 in the MANET environment node 0 is source
node sends packets to node 20 the nodes which are in red
color are malicious nodes due to malicious nodes in the
route node 0 changes route and sends packet, here the
propagation takes place while data transmission.
5. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
In order to measure performance of our proposed model we
have three metrics i.e. routing overhead (RO), Packet
delivery ratio (PDR), and end to end delay.
1. Routing overhead (RO) : is the ratio of routing related
packets to the total routing and data transmission packets
∑ 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
RO=
∑ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛+∑ 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
The routing overhead is reduced by the usage of
cryptographic algorithms i.e. CEASAR cipher, XOR cipher ,
XTEA algorithms and hybrid protocol.
2. Packet delivary ratio (PDR) : The ratio of total number
of packets received by destination to the total number of
packets sent by source.
∑ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
PDF=
∑ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
3. End to end delay : is for all successfully received
packets, it is calculated for each packet by substracting the
sending time from the destination time.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
[𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 − 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡]
𝑁
1
D =
N
Fig- 11 : Full Simulation result.
Fig- 12 : Network overhead
Fig-13: Packet delivery ratio
Fig-14: Energy consumption
Fig-15 : End to end delay
6. CONCLUSION
The major drawback in MANETs security is Packet
dropping attack hence a new IDS EAACK is proposed
which provides security to the nodes by using digital
signature and resolves few issues of watchdog IDS. EAACK
performs better comparing to the basic techniques. Due to
the usage of digital signature and acknowledgment packets,
burden in the network increases which causes great network
overhead this can be reduced by hybrid cryptographic
technique, it uses hash algorithm and rc5 for security and
Wi_max 802.16 is used as cross network layer which
provides connection in network thereby packet loss will be
less and the network overhead is reduced to some extent.
FUTURE WORK
Examine the possibilities of acquiring a key exchange
process to remove the necessity of pre-distributed keys
REFERNCES
[1]. S. Marti, M. Baker, T.J. Giuli, and K Lai , “Mitigating
routing misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks”,in
proceeding 6th
Annual. International. Conference on Mobile
Computing, Networks Boston, MA, 2000, pp. 255-265.

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[2]. K Liu, P.K Varshney , J.Deng, and K.Balakrishnan ,
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BIOGRAPHY
Farzana kauser, completed B.E in
information science and engineering
from Dr.SMCE Bangalore now currently
pursuing M.tech in computerscience and
engineering from vtu centre for post
graduate studies VIAT, chickaballapur
district.

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