Adult Learning Principles Cycle
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This document discusses key principles of adult learning known as andragogy. Andragogy focuses on self-directed learning and views the teacher as a facilitator rather than presenter. Adults are motivated internally and learn best when new information is relevant, participatory, builds on experience, and allows for self-directed learning. Adults retain information best through active, hands-on participation including hearing, seeing, and doing new skills.
Adult Learning Principles Cycle
- 2. Andragogy Malcolm Knowles, father of adult learning Andragogy “ The art and science of helping adults learn - built upon two central, defining attributes: First, a conception of learners as self-directed and autonomous; and second, a conception of the role of the teacher as facilitator of learning rather than presenter of content”
- 3. Key Assumptions Motivation – Inner rather than external Orientation - Life-centered, practical Experience – Personal experience is the richest source for learning Style - Need to be self-directed Differences - Individual differences and aging
- 4. Fundamental Principals of Learning Participants have learned when they: Integrate and apply new information Change their perceptions, feelings or values Improve the way they perform old tasks Demonstrate the ability to perform new tasks
- 5. Motivation Adults are motivated more by internal factors than by external rewards Ask Questions like: “What do you hope to get out of this group?” “Why do you want to learn about …?”
- 6. Orientation Adults are life-centered Adults are willing to learn new things which will help them to cope with real-life situations Ask Questions like: “How will learning this help you?” “What effect will participating in this group will have on your life?”
- 7. Experience Connect new learning with past experiences Ask Questions like: “How does this relate to what you have done before?” “How did you become interested in …?”
- 8. Style Self image - responsible for their own decisions and life choices Self-directed learning is a hallmark of the adult learning style Ask Questions like: “What questions do you have about …?” “What do you want to learn about this topic?”
- 9. Differences Adults have greater range of experience than youth Therefore, individual differences increase with age Ask Questions like: “How do you learn best?” “What kind of a learner are you?” (i.e. auditory, visual, experiential, verbal, etc.)
- 10. How Do People Learn? Through associative process Practicing new attitudes, knowledge and skills Understanding rather than memorizing Increasing retention by repetition When they are motivated
- 11. Key Elements of Adult Education Adult education is supportive: Safe environment for experimentation and practice with new information and skills Positive reinforcement Constructive feedback to help improve on knowledge and skills
- 12. Key Elements of Adult Education Adult education is relevant: New information and skills are relevant to personal interests and needs Opportunities are available to apply knowledge and skills immediately Learners are motivated to learn to fulfill new tasks and roles in their lives
- 13. Key Elements of Adult Education Adult education is participatory: Learners are actively engaged in the learning process in a variety of ways Creates opportunities to practice applying new knowledge and skills
- 14. Key Elements of Adult Education Adult education builds on learners experience: Builds on and values existing perspectives, knowledge and skills Links new knowledge to real-life contexts
- 15. Key Elements of Adult Education Adult education fosters opportunities for self-directed learning: Learners take responsibility for what they want to learn Learners are active participants in the learning process During a course, learners move from dependent to self-directed learners
- 16. Adults Retain… 20% of what they hear 30% of what they see 50% of what they hear and see 70% of what they hear, see and say 90% of what they hear, see, say and do
- 17. Learning Recall Type of presentation Ability to recall after 3 hours Ability to recall after 3 days Verbal (one-way) lecture 25% 10-20% Written (reading) 72% 10% Visual and verbal (illustrated lecture) 80% 65% Participatory (role plays, case studies) 90% 70%
- 18. Adult Learning Cycle: Introduction Adults learn by analyzing and applying new information to their own lives Learning is most effective when it is designed with this cycle in mind
- 19. Adult Learning Cycle Phase 1 Experiencing Doing Phase 2 Processing Reflecting Phase 4 Applying Taking Action Phase 3 Generalizing Deriving Meaning
- 20. Adult Learning Cycle Phase 1: Learners experience new information Phase 2: Learners process new information Phase 3: Learners generalize the experience Phase 4: Learners apply the experience to actual work or life situations
- 21. Learning Cycle Example: Experiencing: Dreaming Processing: Dream Journal Dreamwork Application: Honoring the dream Generalizing: Reflection
- 22. Adults Learn Best When… They feel safe, valued and respected The learning experience is active and not passive The learning experience fulfills their needs They accept responsibility for their learning Their learning is self-directed and is personally meaningful Their learning addresses ideas, feelings and actions
- 23. Adults Learn Best When… New material is related to what they know The learning environment is comfortable Learning is reinforced Learning is applied immediately Learning occurs in small groups The facilitator values their contributions
- 24. References Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (1998). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (5th ed.). Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company Reischmann, Jost (2004): Andragogy. History, Meaning, Context, Function . At: http://www.andragogy.net. Version Sept. 9, 2004.