![Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 767~775
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.2433 767
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver
systems–based OWC communication channel model
Hazem M. El-Hageen1
, Aadel M. Alatwi2
, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed3
1
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
1,2
Egyptian Nuclear & Radiological Regulatory Authority, Cairo, Egypt
3
Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering,
Menoufia University, Egypt
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 14, 2020
Revised Nov 21, 2020
Accepted Dec 5, 2020
This paper examines advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical
transceiver systems–based optical wireless communication (OWC) channel
model. These modulation techniquesinclude On-Off keying and return to
zero (RZ)/non–return to zero (NRZ) coding. The signal power level against
time and frequency spectral variations are measured. The max. Q factor and
min. bit error rate (BER) are estimated and clarified for each modulation
code scheme by using an optisystem simulation model. Transmission bit
rates of up to 40 Gb/s can be achieved for possible distances up to 500 km
with acceptable Q factor. The received power and max. Q factor are
measured and clarified with OWC distance variations. The On-Off keying
modulation code scheme resulted in better performance than the other
modulation code schemes did.
Keywords:
Modulation coding schemes
Optical receiver
Optical transmitter
Owc channel
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University
Gamal Abd El-Nasir, Qism Shebeen El-Kom, Shibin el Kom, Menofia, Egypt
Email: ahmed_733@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Free space optics (FSO) communication is a growing technology to handle high data rate and it has
very large information handling capacity [1-4]. FSO communication systems are presented as an available
alternative to the fiber optics technology which is capable of full duplex transmission of data, voice and
video. Even though light can be competently inserted into fiber cables to route the light information [5-9],
there are various applications where only the free space between the transmitter and receiver is the only
available means to establish a communication link. This free space technique needs only a clear line of sight
path between the transmitter and the remote receiver [10-14].
The demands for solutions for traffic problem such as accidents, jams and environmental impact are
increasing. Heavy economical losses are caused by traffic congestion apart from inconvenience to users [15-19].
Visible light communication systems have multiple benefits [20-25]. Indoor wireless communication used
two major transmission technologies, they are RF and Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) systems.
While the requirement of line of sight link, atmospheric absorption, scattering and scintillation can be
thought of as drawbacks of the OWC system, it becomes advantageous in the indoor from one room to
another room or cell based links without interference from each other [26-34]. Also, OWC has many
advantages such as it is inexpensive, low power consumption, quickly-deployable and provides security over
RF communication. Infrared (IR) to Ultraviolet (UV) including visible light are used in OWC [35], this wide](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/252433-210813004137/85/Advanced-modulation-coding-schemes-for-an-optical-transceiver-systems-based-OWC-communication-channel-model-1-320.jpg)
![ ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 767 – 775
768
range and unlicensed bandwidth make OWC system has potential to deliver several hundreds of Mbps data
rate [36]. Many studies show that OWC able to transmit at data rates up to 25 Gbps in indoor systems [37-40]. The
first and the foremost limiting factor for achieving high data rate in indoor OWC is the limited modulation
bandwidth of light sources. There are various modulation techniques have been used in indoor OWC System
[41-45]. The using of either depends on the intended application and channel configuration.For example,
OOK (On-Off Keying) and PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) are favored for high power effectiveness. Pulse
interval modulation (PIM) procedures are utilized presumed for its intrinsic synchronization pulse.
Differential PPM (DPPM), Differential Amplitude PPM (DAPPM) Multilevel Digital PIM (MDPIM), Digital
PIM (DPIM) and Dual Header PPM (DH-PIM) are the substitutes to improve power efficiency, bandwidth
efficiency and speed throughput. Trellis coded PPM (TC_PPM) enhances the execution of the PPM on
multipath channels. Multiple PPM (MPPM) minimizes the impact of multipath scattering.OOK is a most
simplest modulation technique for intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD), which represents one bit
for an optical pulse and a bit zero for the absence of an optical pulse.The paper presents a simulation of
different OOK modulation code schemes with estimation of their parameters which can be used to easy
compare among the proposed schemes.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
This study used advanced modulation schemes such as On-Off keying, NRZ, and RZ. On-Off
keying represents a binary data stream in the absence of a carrier signal. Bit sequence user-defined sequence
generators were used to generate a stream sequence of bits as 10-bit sequences of 0101101110. The
transmitter consists of two electrical units/light sources with two data user-defined generators and
Gaussian/NRZ pulse generators. The sequence stream bits were encoded through pulse code generators. The
technical specifications for the light optical sources included frequency=193.1 THz and power=0 dBm. After
encoding, the electrical/light signals then needed to be modulated through LiNbO3 Mach Zehnder modulators
using the following technical parameters: extinction ratio=20 dB, switching bias/switching RF voltages of 4
V/2 V respectively, and insertion losses=5 dB. Figure 1 shows the optical transceiver system based OWC
communication system model.
Figure 1. Optical transceiver system based OWC communication channel model
The modulated signal was then amplified with light amplifiers to compensate for losses before it
was injected into the OWC channel with a distance of 500 km. The signal was filtered through Gaussian light
filters to eliminate all the ripples from the modulated original signal. The Gaussian light filter used the
following technical variables: bandwidth=250 GHz, frequency=193.1 THz, loss=0 dB, filter order=1, and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/252433-210813004137/85/Advanced-modulation-coding-schemes-for-an-optical-transceiver-systems-based-OWC-communication-channel-model-2-320.jpg)
![Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based… (Hazem M. El-Hageen)
773
Figure 11. Max. Q factor variations with OWC distance for various modulation
coding schemes based OWC channel for optical transceiver systems
Figure 12. Received power variations with OWC distance for various modulation
coding schemes based OWC channel for optical transceiver systems
4. CONCLUSION
We simulated the different modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver system–based
OWC channel. The max. Q factors/min BERs for the different modulation schemes were estimated. The max.
signal power/min. noise power and the total received power were clarified for the various modulation coding
schemes. The study found that On-Off keying resulted ina better max. Q factor/min. BER and max. received
power than the other modulation schemes. On-Off keying led to an improvement percentage ratio of 13% in
signal quality and an enhancement percentage ratio of 28% in max. received power compared with the other
modulation schemes at an OWC distance of 500 km.
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774
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Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based OWC communication channel model
- 1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 767~775 ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.2433 767 Journal homepage: http://beei.org Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based OWC communication channel model Hazem M. El-Hageen1 , Aadel M. Alatwi2 , Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed3 1 Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia 1,2 Egyptian Nuclear & Radiological Regulatory Authority, Cairo, Egypt 3 Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Egypt Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Aug 14, 2020 Revised Nov 21, 2020 Accepted Dec 5, 2020 This paper examines advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based optical wireless communication (OWC) channel model. These modulation techniquesinclude On-Off keying and return to zero (RZ)/non–return to zero (NRZ) coding. The signal power level against time and frequency spectral variations are measured. The max. Q factor and min. bit error rate (BER) are estimated and clarified for each modulation code scheme by using an optisystem simulation model. Transmission bit rates of up to 40 Gb/s can be achieved for possible distances up to 500 km with acceptable Q factor. The received power and max. Q factor are measured and clarified with OWC distance variations. The On-Off keying modulation code scheme resulted in better performance than the other modulation code schemes did. Keywords: Modulation coding schemes Optical receiver Optical transmitter Owc channel This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. Corresponding Author: Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University Gamal Abd El-Nasir, Qism Shebeen El-Kom, Shibin el Kom, Menofia, Egypt Email: ahmed_733@yahoo.com 1. INTRODUCTION Free space optics (FSO) communication is a growing technology to handle high data rate and it has very large information handling capacity [1-4]. FSO communication systems are presented as an available alternative to the fiber optics technology which is capable of full duplex transmission of data, voice and video. Even though light can be competently inserted into fiber cables to route the light information [5-9], there are various applications where only the free space between the transmitter and receiver is the only available means to establish a communication link. This free space technique needs only a clear line of sight path between the transmitter and the remote receiver [10-14]. The demands for solutions for traffic problem such as accidents, jams and environmental impact are increasing. Heavy economical losses are caused by traffic congestion apart from inconvenience to users [15-19]. Visible light communication systems have multiple benefits [20-25]. Indoor wireless communication used two major transmission technologies, they are RF and Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) systems. While the requirement of line of sight link, atmospheric absorption, scattering and scintillation can be thought of as drawbacks of the OWC system, it becomes advantageous in the indoor from one room to another room or cell based links without interference from each other [26-34]. Also, OWC has many advantages such as it is inexpensive, low power consumption, quickly-deployable and provides security over RF communication. Infrared (IR) to Ultraviolet (UV) including visible light are used in OWC [35], this wide
- 2. ISSN: 2302-9285 Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 767 – 775 768 range and unlicensed bandwidth make OWC system has potential to deliver several hundreds of Mbps data rate [36]. Many studies show that OWC able to transmit at data rates up to 25 Gbps in indoor systems [37-40]. The first and the foremost limiting factor for achieving high data rate in indoor OWC is the limited modulation bandwidth of light sources. There are various modulation techniques have been used in indoor OWC System [41-45]. The using of either depends on the intended application and channel configuration.For example, OOK (On-Off Keying) and PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) are favored for high power effectiveness. Pulse interval modulation (PIM) procedures are utilized presumed for its intrinsic synchronization pulse. Differential PPM (DPPM), Differential Amplitude PPM (DAPPM) Multilevel Digital PIM (MDPIM), Digital PIM (DPIM) and Dual Header PPM (DH-PIM) are the substitutes to improve power efficiency, bandwidth efficiency and speed throughput. Trellis coded PPM (TC_PPM) enhances the execution of the PPM on multipath channels. Multiple PPM (MPPM) minimizes the impact of multipath scattering.OOK is a most simplest modulation technique for intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD), which represents one bit for an optical pulse and a bit zero for the absence of an optical pulse.The paper presents a simulation of different OOK modulation code schemes with estimation of their parameters which can be used to easy compare among the proposed schemes. 2. RESEARCH METHOD This study used advanced modulation schemes such as On-Off keying, NRZ, and RZ. On-Off keying represents a binary data stream in the absence of a carrier signal. Bit sequence user-defined sequence generators were used to generate a stream sequence of bits as 10-bit sequences of 0101101110. The transmitter consists of two electrical units/light sources with two data user-defined generators and Gaussian/NRZ pulse generators. The sequence stream bits were encoded through pulse code generators. The technical specifications for the light optical sources included frequency=193.1 THz and power=0 dBm. After encoding, the electrical/light signals then needed to be modulated through LiNbO3 Mach Zehnder modulators using the following technical parameters: extinction ratio=20 dB, switching bias/switching RF voltages of 4 V/2 V respectively, and insertion losses=5 dB. Figure 1 shows the optical transceiver system based OWC communication system model. Figure 1. Optical transceiver system based OWC communication channel model The modulated signal was then amplified with light amplifiers to compensate for losses before it was injected into the OWC channel with a distance of 500 km. The signal was filtered through Gaussian light filters to eliminate all the ripples from the modulated original signal. The Gaussian light filter used the following technical variables: bandwidth=250 GHz, frequency=193.1 THz, loss=0 dB, filter order=1, and
- 3. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based… (Hazem M. El-Hageen) 769 filter modulation depth=100 dB. Then, the filtered signal was converted from light signal form to electrical signal form through the light receiver side. All the clarified measurement devices measured the max. Q factor/min. bit error rate, the max. signal power/min. noise power, and the total received power after the light detectors (optical receiver side). All simulation results are shown based on the variables in Table 1. Table 1. Parameters used in this proposed work Transmitter technical specifications 193.1 THz Frequency Optical Tx. 0 dBm Power 10 dBm Extinction ratio 10 MHz Linewidth OWC channel technical specifications 1550 nm Frequency 500 km Range 40 Gb/s Data rate 15 cm Tx. Aperture diameter 15 cm Rx. Aperture diameter dB0 Tx. gain 0 dB Rx. gain 1 Tx. Optics efficiency 1 Rx. Optics efficiency 0 μrad Tx. Pointing error 0 μrad Rx. Pointing error 0 dB/km Attenuation Receiver technical specifications PIN Photodetector 3 Gain 0.9 Ionization factor 10 nA Dark current A/W1 Responsitivity 0 dB Insertion loss 1 Internal filter order 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figures 2-4 show the max. Q factor with min. BER values for the various modulation coding schemes at a 500-km transmission distance. Figure 2 clarifies the max. Q factor was 6.45 and the min. BER was 5.08 x 10-11 when using the NRZ modulation coding scheme. Figure 3 outlines the max. Q factor was 5.146 and the min. BER was 1.29 x 10-7 when using the RZ modulation coding scheme. Figure 4 shows that the max. Q factor was 7.42 and the min. BER was 5.76 x 10-14 when using the On-Off keying modulation coding scheme. Figure 2. Max. Q factor with min. BER values by using NRZ modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems
- 4. ISSN: 2302-9285 Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 767 – 775 770 Figure 3. Max. Q factor with min. BER values by using RZ modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems Figure. 4 Max. Q factor with min. BER values by using On Off keying modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems Figures 5-7 show the max. signal power/min. noise power when using the various modulation coding schemes at a 500-km distance. Figure 5 clarifies he max. signal power/min. noise power values were -22.67 dBm and -103.682 dBm when using the NRZ modulation coding scheme. Figure 6 shows the max. signal power/min. noise power values using the RZ modulation coding scheme were -25.43 dBm and -103.551 dBm. As Figure 7 shows, the max. signal power/min. noise power values were -19.09 dBm and -103.853 dBm for the On-Off keying modulation coding scheme.
- 5. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based… (Hazem M. El-Hageen) 771 Figure 5. Max. signal power and min. noise power versus wavelength by using NRZ modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems Figure 6. Max. signal power and min. noise power versus wavelength by using RZ modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems Figure 7. Max. signal power and min. noise power versus wavelength by using On Off keying modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems
- 6. ISSN: 2302-9285 Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 767 – 775 772 Figures 8-10 show the total power values in Watts and dBm when using the various modulation coding schemes at a 500-km distance. Figure 8 outlines the total power value was 5.19 μW and -22.849 dBm when using the NRZ modulation coding scheme. For the RZ modulation coding scheme, the total power value was 3.168 μW and -24.992 dBm is shown in Figure 9. The total power value was 8.96 μW and -20.477 dBm when using the On-Off keying modulation coding scheme is clarified in Figure 10. Figure 8. Total power values in Watt and dBm by using NRZ modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems Figure 9. Total power values in Watt and dBm by using RZ modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems Figure 10. Total power values in Watt and dBm by using On Off keying modulation coding scheme based OWC channel (500 km distance) for optical transceiver systems Figure 11 shows the max. Q factor variations with OWC distance for the various modulation coding schemes. The max. Q factorswere 18.18 for the NRZ modulation coding scheme, 13.8 for the RZ modulation coding scheme, and 124.75 for the On-Off keying modulation coding scheme at an OWC distance of 100 km,while the max. Q factorswere 12.26 for the NRZ modulation code scheme, 10.09 for the RZ modulation code scheme, and 20.53 for the On-Off keying modulation code scheme at an OWC distance of 300 km. At an OWC distance of 500 km, themax. Q factorswere 6.45 for the NRZ modulation coding scheme, 5.14 for the RZ modulation coding scheme, and 7.42 for the On-Off keying modulation coding scheme. Figure 12 shows the received power variations with OWC distance for the various modulation coding schemes. The power received was 129.7 μW for the NRZ modulation code scheme, 79.2 μW for the RZ modulation code scheme, and 224 μW for the On-Off keying modulation code scheme at an OWC distance of 100 km. At an OWC distance of 300 km, the power received was 14.41 μW for the NRZ modulation coding scheme, 8.8 μW for the RZ modulation coding scheme, and 24.89 μW for On-Off keying modulation coding scheme. The power received was 5.19 μW for the NRZ modulation coding scheme, 3.169 μW for the RZ modulation coding scheme, and 8.96 μW for the On-Off keying modulation coding scheme at an OWC distance of 500 km.
- 7. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based… (Hazem M. El-Hageen) 773 Figure 11. Max. Q factor variations with OWC distance for various modulation coding schemes based OWC channel for optical transceiver systems Figure 12. Received power variations with OWC distance for various modulation coding schemes based OWC channel for optical transceiver systems 4. CONCLUSION We simulated the different modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver system–based OWC channel. The max. Q factors/min BERs for the different modulation schemes were estimated. The max. signal power/min. noise power and the total received power were clarified for the various modulation coding schemes. The study found that On-Off keying resulted ina better max. Q factor/min. BER and max. received power than the other modulation schemes. On-Off keying led to an improvement percentage ratio of 13% in signal quality and an enhancement percentage ratio of 28% in max. received power compared with the other modulation schemes at an OWC distance of 500 km. REFERENCES [1] K. K. Wong, et al., “Infrared wireless communication using spread spectrum techniques,” IET Digital Library, vol. 147, no. 4, pp. 308-314, 2000. [2] Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Mohammed Salah F. Tabbour “The Trade Off Between Different Modulation Schemes for Maximum Long Reach High Data Transmission Capacity Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OOFDM),” Wireless Personal Communications Journal, Springer Science, vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 325-337, July 2018. [3] Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, et al., “Transmission Performance Simulation Study Evaluation for High Speed Radio Over Fiber Communication Systems,” Wireless Personal Communications Journal, Springer Science, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 1765-1779, Nov 2018. [4] J. R. Barry, J. M. Kahn, E. A. Lee and D. G. Messerschmitt, “High-speed nondirective optical communication for wireless networks,” in IEEE Network, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 44-54, Nov 1991. [5] D. Kedar and S. Arnon, “Optical wireless communication through fog in the presence of pointing errors,” Applied Optics, vol. 42, no. 24, pp. 4946-4954, 2003. [6] S. J. Urachadaet et al., “Channel modeling for optical wireless communication through dense fog,” Journal of Optical Networking, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 291-299, 2005. [7] Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, et al., “20 Gb/s Hybrid CWDM/DWDM for Extended Reach Fiber to the Home Network Applications,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 653-662, 2019.
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