Advancement in infrastructure
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- 3. Introduction Presented To: Engr. Usman Haider Presented By: Tauqeer Tajjamal 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-13 Hasan Mustafa 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-16 Jamshaid Khan 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-17 Hassan Ur Rahman 2017-UET-CCET-CIVIL-18 CHENAB COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GRW 3
- 4. Contents What is infrastructure? Importance of infrastructure. Types of infrastructure. 4
- 5. Infrastructure The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices. 5
- 6. Infrastructure The underlying foundation or basic framework (as of a system or organization). The fundamental facilities serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and roads. 6
- 7. Importance of Infrastructure First question that raises why physical infrastructure so important to nation’s development? The answer is that once goods are produced, they need to be transported to ports and airports for transportation to other states and countries. If a manufacturer produces goods quality of his product but is unable to transport them to destination as fast as they can, there is no point in making goods in an efficient manner in first place. 7
- 8. Importance of Infrastructure Moreover, good roads are also require for manufacturers to obtain raw materials and other components. In addition, ports that are well functioning and where ships don’t need to wait for longer period of time otherwise, loading and unloading of goods from ships would cause losses to importers and exporters. There is need to develop airports that are modern and efficient for freer and easier movement for people in and out of the countries. For all these reasons, infrastructure is necessary for a nation. 8
- 10. Dam Dam is the barrier that stops flow of water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only to suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, domestic purpuse, industrial use and agriculture. Hydropower is generally used to generate electricity. 10
- 13. Old Method Dams needed fully compacted and cured wall base. This can be achieved by smoother rocks which can actually fit into empty spaces and fill the gaps made by the bigger rocks. 13
- 14. Old Method 14 Also in farms, in the borders they construct a moat typed mound of soil so that water stays inside that part of the farm. A dam is just an extension of that. Also concrete is not exactly a new invention. It was just being rediscovered.
- 15. New Method Dams are constructed in dry season when water level in a river or stream are lower rainfall on sources of fill material is less likely, and conditions are better for operating large construction equipment. 15
- 16. New Method 16 The base of dam must go down into the ground before it rises above it. A trench that is full width of dam is cut into firm rock. The trench is called a keyway. Before construction of dam begins, foundation area must be prepared. In rare cases,
- 17. New Method 17 It prevents a dam from sliding along a smooth foundation and also creates a longer path for any seepage to try to flow under dam. The soil is spread in thin layers usually 6-8 in thick, sprayed with water to correct moisture content, and compacted with sheepsfoot rollers.
- 18. New Method 18 If gravel is used in construction a vibrating roller is used to vibrate grains together. Dams may have variety of other facilities depend on their size, use and location. An emergency spillways is required at all dams to allow for flood waters to flow over an escape route, rather than over the top of dam.
- 19. Bridge A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that can be detrimental to cross otherwise. 19
- 20. Advance Structure Of Bridges 20 Moveable Bridge
- 21. Glass Bridge 21
- 22. Old Method Old method and techniques take too much time to complete project. Old method depends upon many labours. Transportation of concrete is very low. Sometimes, shape of bridge is not perfect. 22
- 23. New Method Because each bridge is uniquely designed for a specific site and function, the construction process also varies from one bridge to another. One method of setting the foundation is to drill shafts through the riverbed, down to bedrock. 23
- 24. New Method 24 5 Steel panels or precast concrete slabs are laid across the girders to form a solid platform, completing the bridge superstructure. A grid of reinforcing steel bars is constructed atop the moisture barrier; this grid will subsequently be encased in a concrete slab. The grid is three- dimensional, with a layer of rebar near the bottom of the slab and another near the top.
- 25. New Method 25 Concrete is pumped to the bottom of the shaft. As the shaft fills with concrete, the slurry is forced out of the top of the shaft, where it is collected and cleaned so it can be reused. A crane is used to set steel or prestressed concrete girders between consecutive sets of columns throughout the length of the bridge. The girders are bolted to the column caps.
- 26. New Method If forms were not used, the concrete can be applied with a slipform paving machine that spreads, consolidates, and smooths the concrete in one continuous operation. In either case, a skid-resistant texture is placed on the fresh concrete slab by manually or mechanically scoring the surface with a brush or rough material like burlap. 26
- 27. Canal Canals are human made channels for water conveyance, or to service water transport vehicles. 27
- 28. Old Method The body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making dykes or levees by piling dirt, stone, concrete or other building materials. 28
- 29. New Method A thorough survey of canal route must be made, not only for connect alignment but also for accurate depths of cuts and fills. Primary excavation is done with earth moving equipments like excavators and bulldozers. 29
- 30. New Method 30 A crawler-track mounted trimming machine is used to remove final 12-18 in (30-46cm) of soil to create desired wall slopes and flat bed for a canal. Excavated soil is carried by conveyor and loaded onto trucks to throw it away. A layer of high permeable material may be spread over the walls and floor to promote drainage of ground water under the canal.
- 31. New Method 31 Grids of reinforcing steel are built and lifted into place on canal walls and floor. Concrete blocks hold the grid above the surface so concrete can flow under them. Concrete is mixed, vibrated to remove air pockets and applied with slipfrom machine, encasing reinforcing material.
- 32. New Method Slipforming means pouring concrete between canal surface and a form that slowly moves forward (mold), concrete hardens quickly enough to retains its shape. 32
- 33. Building A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic reasons. 33
- 34. Old Method Street was not properly designed. Design and place of flat where people lived was not fully recognized and designed. Plaster was not doing in ancient times. 34
- 35. Old Method Altough, place was good but infrastructure and design were not completely perfect. old methods techniques requires time as compared to new method technique. 35
- 36. Old Method People did very hard work in ancient times for completeing his task or goal. In ancient times, cranes are not available in majority and its effect the structure of building. 36
- 37. Advanced Structure of Building The design and safety of a building depends upon foundations or columns. Near at sea it requires more calculation for designer and engineer. 37
- 38. New Method 38 New method techniques provides good material and good design. Structure of design required very hard time for designer.
- 39. THANK YOU 39