Advances in Network Embedded Management and Applications Alexander Clemm
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- 5. Advances in Network Embedded Management and Applications Alexander Clemm Digital Instant Download Author(s): Alexander Clemm, Ralf Wolter ISBN(s): 9781441977526, 144197752X Edition: Kindle File Details: PDF, 1.73 MB Year: 2010 Language: english
- 7. EE E and Applications Advances in Network-Embedded Management
- 9. Alexander Clemm • Ralf Wolter Editors Embedded Management and Applications Advances in Network- Workshop on Network-Embedded Management and Applications Proceedings of the First International October 28, 2010, Niagara Falls, Canada
- 10. Printed on acid-free paper Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly is forbidden. computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are subject to proprietary rights. they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not Editors Alexander Clemm Los Gatos Kalstert 1446 Cisco Systems 40724 Hilden Ralf Wolter Germany ISBN 978-1-4419-7752-6 analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7753-3 written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7753-3 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 USA alex@cisco.com rwolter@cisco.com
- 11. Preface It is a great pleasure to present the proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Network-Embedded Management and Applications, NEMA. NEMA was held on October 28, 2010, in Niagara Falls, Canada, in conjunction with the 6th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), the former Manweek. It was technically co-sponsored by the IEEE Communications Society and by IFIP. The goal of NEMA was to bring together researchers and scientists from industry and academia to share views and ideas and present their results regarding management (and other) applications that are embedded inside the network, as opposed to merely attached to a network. It is the first workshop dedicated to this particular topic. The also future editions will be announced. The motivation behind NEMA is the general trend of modern network devices to become increasingly “intelligent” and programmable. Examples range from router scripting environments to fully programmable server blades. As a result, networked applications are no longer constrained just to servers that are interconnected via a network, but can migrate into and become embedded within the network itself. This promises to accelerate the current trend towards systems that are increasingly autonomous and to a certain degree self-managing. There are several drivers behind this trend: Equipment vendors continue to add value to the network to counter commoditization pressures. Network and service providers desire to adapt and optimize networks ever more closely to their specific environment. The emergence of cloud in the data center context has provided powerful evidence how programmable networking infrastructure which facilitates automation of management tasks can lead to entire new business models. In addition, there is growing recognition of the importance to make network operation and administration as easy as possible to contain operational expenses, pushing functions into the network that used to be performed outside, and to be able cope with control cycles that need to keep getting shorter from the time that observations are made to the time action occurs. As network devices are being increasingly opened up to in a way that allows them to be programmed, the network itself is becoming a platform for a whole new ecosystem of network-embedded applications serving management and other purposes. The next frontier lies in applications that go beyond traditional management and control functions and that are becoming increasingly decentralized, not constrained in scope to individual systems. Examples include decentralized monitoring, gossip-based configuration, network event correlation inside the network across multiple systems, overlay control protocols, and network-aware multi-media applications. At the same time, another trend looks at leveraging increased programmability of networks, specifically programmability of data and control plane, to add more networking intelligence also outside, not inside the network. This is an exciting time for both researchers and practitioners, as these trends pave the way for another wave of exciting new opportunities for innovation in networking. workshop’s Web site can be accessed at http://nema.networkembedded.org/, where
- 12. The six papers that were selected from the submissions to NEMA represent a wide cross section of varying interpretations of this theme and are divided into two parts. Part One covers enablers for network-embedded management applications – the platforms, frameworks, development environments which facilitate the development of network-embedded management and applications. Starting with the general topic of how to instrument systems for management purposes and transition from legacy command-driven to model-driven architectures, it proceeds with a set of papers that introduce specific examples of hardware- and software based programmable platforms, namely a programmable low-power hardware platforms, as well as an application framework for programmable network control that allows application developers to create complex and application-specific network services. Part Two covers network-embedded applications that might leverage and benefit from such enabling platforms, ranging from the determination of where to optimally place management control functions inside a network, then discussing how multi-core hardware processors can be leveraged for traffic filtering applications, finally concluding with an application of delay-tolerant networks in the context of the One Laptop Per Child Program. We hope that you will enjoy these proceedings and find the presented ideas stimulating and thought-provoking. We would like to thank the authors of the papers without whom the program would not have been possible, the members of the NEMA Technical Program Committees who provided high-quality reviews that enabled us to make the final paper selection from the submissions that were received, and the organizers of CNSM who were hosting NEMA and allowed us to use their conference facilities. In particular, we would like to thank the team at Springer, first and foremost Brett Kurzman, without whom these proceedings would not have been possible and who in many ways got the ball rolling in the first place. August 2010 Alexander Clemm and Ralf Wolter Preface vi
- 13. Table of Contents Preface ……………………………………………………………………………. v Part One: Enablers Chapter 1 Challenges and Experiences in Transitioning Management Instrumentation Sean McGuiness, Jung Tjong, Prakash Bettadapur Chapter 2 Environment ………………………………………………………………………... 19 Pál Varga, István Moldován, Dániel Horváth, Sándor Plósz Chapter 3 Application Framework for Programmable Network Control …………………...… 37 Rudolf Strijkers, Mihai Cristea, Cees de Laat, Robert Meijer Part Two: Applications Chapter 4 Facilitating Adaptive Placement of Management and Control Functions in Converged ICT Systems ………...…………………………………………………. 53 Dominique Dudkowski, Marcus Brunner Chapter 5 Wire-Speed Hardware-Assisted Traffic Filtering with Mainstream Network Adapters ……………………………………………………………………………. 71 Luca Deri, Joseph Gasparakis, Peter Waskiewicz Jr, Francesco Fusco Chapter 6 Embedded Rule-based Management for Content-based DTNs………….…….…… 87 Jorge Visca, Guillermo Apollonia, Matias Richart, Javier Baliosian, í Eduardo Gramp n í from Command-Oriented to Model-Driven ………………..………………………. 1 A Low Power, Programmable Networking Platform and Development
- 14. Contributors Guillermo Apollonia, University of the Republic, Uruguay Javier Baliosian, University of the Republic, Uruguay Prakash Bettadapur, Cisco, USA Marcus Brunner, NEC, Germany Mihai Cristea, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Luca Deri, ntop, Italy Dominique Dudkowski, NEC, Germany Francesco Fusco, IBM Research and ETH Zurich, Switzerland Joseph Gasparakis, Intel, Ireland Eduardo Grampin, University of the Republic, Uruguay Dániel Horváth, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Hungary Cees de Laat, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sean McGuiness, Cisco, San Jose/CA, USA Robert Meijer, TNO and Univ of Amsterdam, The Netherlands István Moldován , Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Hungary Sándor Plósz , Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Hungary Matias Richart, University of the Republic, Uruguay Rudolf Strijkers, TNO and Univ of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jung Tjong, Cisco, San Jose/CA, USA Pál Varga, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Hungary Jorge Visca, University of the Republic, Uruguay Peter Waskiewicz Jr, Intel, USA
- 15. Reviewers and NEMA Program Committee Members Raouf Boutaba, University of Waterloo, Canada Marcus Brunner, NEC Europe Ltd, Germany Alexander Clemm, Cisco, USA Waltenegus Dargie, Technical University of Dresden, Germany Metin Feridun, IBM Research, Switzerland Olivier Festor, INRIA Nancy, France Silvia Figueira, Santa Clara University, USA Luciano Paschoal Gaspary, UFRGS, Brazil Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville, UFRGS, Brazil Sven Graupner, HP Laboratories, USA Masum Hasan, Cisco, USA Bruno Klauser, Cisco, Germany Jean-Philippe Martin-Flatin, Consultant, Switzerland John McDowall, Cisco, USA Aiko Pras, University of Twente, The Netherlands Danny Raz, Technion, Israel Jennifer Rexford, Princeton University, USA Gabi Dreo Rodosek, Univ. of Federal Armed Forces, Munich, Germany Volker Sander, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Germany Akhil Sahai, VMware Inc, USA Joan Serrat, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain Rolf Stadler, KTH, Sweden Radu State, Luxembourg University, Luxembourg Burkhard Stiller, University of Zurich, Switzerland Carl Sutton, F5 Networks, USA Ralf Wolter, Cisco, USA Xiaoyun Zhu, WMware Inc, USA
- 17. Chapter 1 Challenges and Experiences in Transitioning Management Instrumentation from Command-Oriented to Model-Driven Sean McGuiness, Jung Tjong, Prakash Bettadapur Cisco Systems Inc, 170 West Tasman Drive, San Jose, CA 95134-1706, USA {smcguine, jtjong, pbettada}@cisco.com Abstract. The popularity of model-driven development has grown significantly in recent years pushing its rapid adoption in the management instrumentation space. While standards and tooling have been created for virgin management instrumentation applications, little has been done to address the challenges of transitioning existing applications into the model-driven arena. With management interfaces constructed with divergent stovepipe implementations to meet their differing requirements and data characteristics, moving the entire system to a model-driven environment is an expensive and impractical proposition. Discussed are the design challenges and implementation experiences encountered during the successful transition of a legacy management instrumentation system to a model-driven system, including major design choices and the rationale behind them. oriented, design, development, CLI, SNMP, MIB, legacy, transition 1 Introduction around command-oriented interfaces. As Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) has gained popularity in the management instrumentation community, designers are looking to transition existing command-oriented management where targeted commands have been constructed to directly manipulate or 1 instrumentation applications to MDE-based designs. Transitioning systems Keywords: Management, instrumentation, modeling, command- A. Clemm and R. Wolter (eds.), Advances in Network-Embedded Management and Applications, Historically, much of network management instrumentation has revolved DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7753-3_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
- 18. 2 NEMA Proceedings obtain hard-coded reports of configuration and operational data from specific instrumented features is a challenging proposition. While seemingly model- friendly data-oriented interfaces such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) exist, these interfaces tend to be confined to data monitoring rather than configuration, provide less functional coverage and are frequently developed as distinctly separate and parallel instrumentation paths from their command-oriented counterparts. Over time, this parallelism degrades the quality, reliability and consistency of the system and complicates transitions to a model-driven design. Inconsistencies across interfaces are demonstrated when data and functions are exposed in one management interface path but not others, like Command Line Interfaces (CLI) providing instrumentation in one form while the same instrumentation is supplied in an SNMP management interface in a different form - or perhaps not at all. Different and multiply redundant instrumentation results in different and redundant request processing, inconsistent request handling, and duplicate configuration synchronization and maintenance requirements. The handling of a CLI instrumentation request, for example, involves certain parameter and system state validation coupled with a specific response however; duplicate constraint validation and default processing can result in inconsistent handling and duplicate maintenance requirements. CLI has one instrumentation data access method while SNMP has another. With duplicated instrumentation access, in order to ensure consistency, quality and reliability, changes to instrumentation data and data constraints, must be applied and tested in all interfaces that access instrumentation. This burden is compounded as instrumentation and management interfaces grow. The introduction of modeling concepts into a system constructed around a command-oriented paradigm will be met with difficulty, as there is a significant impedance mismatch between them. Command-oriented instrumentation uses specific management interface commands tailored for particular features that access data and services directly. Conversely model- driven instrumentation focuses on access to feature data and services through a common abstract interface shared by all management interfaces. Modeled instrumentation describes data and services for all management interfaces. The primary transition problem to overcome is determining the origin of the instrumentation model. One may utilize the characteristics of data and services embedded within the command-oriented implementations; one may create a model based on need and map implementation data and services to it. The choice is hindered by the inherent impedance mismatch introduced by multiple and inconsistent implementations of the command-oriented system
- 19. Transitioning Management Instrumentation 3 and differences between the implicit and imposed models. A model-driven system requires an underlying implementation in order to access instrumentation data and services. This cannot be easily leveraged from the command-oriented implementation due to its parallel nature. Retrofitting model-driven instrumentation on a legacy application constructed with a hard-coded command-oriented instrumentation is difficult. Defining an accurate model based on the actual implementation is the most pressing problem. Designers are faced with the choice of whether to use existing implementations preserving their inconsistencies and redundancies or to address these problems by creating a new streamlined model-driven implementation from their domain knowledge and experience. In this paper the understanding of how management instrumentation system designs are impacted by this transition is discussed. Challenges and experiences will be examined through the prism of a real-world development effort of transitioning a command-oriented management instrumentation system to a model-driven management instrumentation system. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides some background on the existing command-oriented instrumentation methodology. Section 3 covers the design considerations for model-driven instrumentation derived from command-oriented instrumentation systems while Section 4 describes key transition implementation experiences. Section 5 covers work in related areas of interest and Section 6 concludes the paper. 2 Background Prior to discussing the transition challenges and experiences, for a better understanding of the problem domain, a brief overview of command-oriented instrumentation methodology is provided. Management Instrumentation interfaces constructed around command- orientation do not typically adhere to crisp layered interface and object- oriented data-hiding principles. Management instrumentation systems often begin with the simplest management method and grow as requirements grow, starting with support of feature-based commands targeted for particular command-line driven instrumentation needs. These CLI interfaces involve the parsing of a user-entered command that link to a monolithic action function. These action functions perform validation of system and feature state and either configure some data or display a hard-coded report describing
- 20. 4 NEMA Proceedings instrumented feature. These action functions are intimately linked with the parse result of their associated command line and the instrumentation they access. The action function for all CLIs that manipulate data and services of a management instrumentation component provide the component’s implicit management model. Transitioning to a model-driven system, designers define and impose a model outside of the command-oriented framework and based on instrumentation domain knowledge and management requirements. They ultimately face the issue of adapting their defined model to the implicit model of the CLI implementation. Difficulties arise when the actual instrumentation capabilities of the implicit model are not reflected in the defined model they are imposing and vice-versa. A similar example of this impedance mismatch can be seen in today’s management instrumentation environment in the area of SNMP MIB support. An SNMP MIB is a model specified outside of the domain of any specific instrumentation implementation. A MIB can specify access to management data and service capabilities that may or may not be reflected in the system instrumentation. Implementers of SNMP MIB interfaces must provide mapping between the imposed model of data and services requested by the MIB and the model implicit in the implementation. Resolving this impedance mismatch – the differences between the implicit and imposed management instrumentation models is perhaps the largest and most complex challenge of the command-oriented to model-driven transition. 3 Design Considerations Model-driven management instrumentation designs are approached from a practical inverse of command-oriented designs due to their focal differences. A command-oriented design focuses on particular management interface commands and their associated instrumentation with respect to a particular feature. Conversely, a model-driven design focuses on the feature instrumentation to be made available for all management interfaces. This section discusses key design considerations when transitioning from a command-oriented to a model-driven design. Figures 1 and 2 below provide a comparison of command-oriented and model-driven architectures. The command-oriented architecture depends upon access to feature instrumentation data being tightly coupled with the management interface. In comparison, the management interfaces of the
- 21. Transitioning Management Instrumentation 5 model-driven architecture utilize a loosely coupled common abstract interface to access feature instrumentation. Fig. 1. Command-oriented architecture showing management interfaces directly manipulating feature data and services. Highlighted is the duplication and coverage between management interfaces. The CLI showing complete coverage, while others less so. Fig. 2. Illustrates how the model-driven architecture abstracts access to instrumentation data and services through a common interface and normalizes data and services availability to all management interfaces. Models in the upper layer describe the management interfaces, while the models in the lower layer provide definitions of the instrumentation they manage. Together, these models describe the management instrumentation of the system in an end-to-end manner. The general architecture of model-driven instrumentation has five primary
- 22. 6 NEMA Proceedings characteristics that should be considered when designing a model-driven architecture based on a command-oriented system. 3.1 Defining the Instrumentation Model The instrumentation model may be defined using either of two distinctly different methods. It may be derived from legacy source code or it may be explicitly constructed based on domain knowledge. Derivation from Source Code In an effort to minimize the impedance mismatch between the imposed model and the implicit model, deriving the instrumentation model from the management instrumentation implementation is often considered by designers. Since the CLI management interface often contains the most complete implementation it is frequently seen as the canonical source for model derivation; however, this task can be wrought with difficulty. Achieving this objective requires correct and complete interpretation of implementation source code sufficient to extract instrumentation configuration data elements, operational data elements, and services. Model element extraction alone is not enough to meet objectives, as the interpretation of the semantic relationship of features, data, and services is also required in the modeled system. Without a perfect interpretation, gaps and model generation errors will require exhaustive human interaction and domain experience to correct. Moreover, it should be carefully considered if the implicit instrumentation model in-fact meets the needs of the target model- driven system. Designing from Domain Knowledge Designing an instrumentation model relies heavily on the designer’s knowledge of the instrumentation domain space. They must understand the configuration data, operational data and services offered by the instrumentation and the relationships between them. If modeling an existing system, it should be accepted that regardless of modeling choices, there is going to be some level of unavoidable impedance mismatch with legacy systems; however, when modeling new instrumentation in the model-driven system, this is not the case. Designers creating models for brand new instrumentation can ensure models have a 100% match to data and services. When constructing model architectures, designers should avoid sacrificing model extensibility by designs that are too rigidly tied to legacy structures.
- 23. Transitioning Management Instrumentation 7 3.2 Model Inheritance When management instrumentation is considered as a collection of models describing the system’s instrumentation, common elements emerge. These common elements may be collected into model libraries for leveraging across instrumentation models. This reduces duplication, streamlines maintenance and helps to promote consistency across instrumentation modeling. Constructed models that leverage a model library may implement or extend it. Derived child models may themselves be model libraries, further extending a reusable model hierarchy. 3.3 Dynamic versus Static Models There are two types of methods for model use in the management instrumentation system – Static and Dynamic. Static models are used at build time to generate source code or other compile-time entities that are fixed in the run-time image. Dynamic models are interpreted at run-time at occasions determined by the management system. If a design is to employ both static and dynamic models, designers must consider what will occur if the model fails dynamic interpretation. How will the model’s availability, as well as its possible dependent libraries be guaranteed? How will version control be enforced? Consider that dynamic models need not only be validated against their dependent libraries, but also against any static libraries used to build the runtime system in which they are being loaded. Designers must take into account the effects of the system’s ability to successfully dynamically load a model in order to function and what affects this may have on system reliability and availability. 3.4 Model Versioning Designs that include models that can implement or extend a model library must also consider management and enforcement of model versioning to ensure compatibility between parent and child models. Defined models must include a mechanism the model interpreter/compiler may use to determine if two models are compatible. In a system that utilizes dynamic models, pre- compiled models must also support version information for system validation during dynamic interpretation. 3.5 Model-Generated Instrumentation APIs Modeled management interfaces obtain and manipulate instrumented features
- 24. 8 NEMA Proceedings through a common abstract interface design. This abstract middleware interface directs instrumentation access requests to appropriate instrumentation for manipulation of data and services through their instrumentation API. The instrumentation API is collection of functions that independently access specific instrumentation data and services. The framework of functions may be generated from information in the instrumentation model, but not the particular code to access the actual data or service of the instrumentation – that must be supplied by the instrumentation developer. When implementing APIs for modeled legacy instrumentation, there are two potential sources for instrumentation API implementation source code: 1) port it from the legacy implementation, 2) write it from scratch. It is important to consider which method is the most accurate, reliable, and most reusable. Frequently, only fragments of command-oriented instrumentation source code may be leveraged in a model-driven design. A careful evaluation of the effort required to port existing code or to write new and perhaps more efficient instrumentation code should be carefully considered. Creating model-driven instrumentation can be more challenging than command-oriented instrumentation development if model-imposed restrictions are to be used. Command-oriented development allows direct and freeform access to feature instrumentation at anytime, from virtually anywhere, with no interface definition requirements. In contrast, because of crisply defined constructs, modeled instrumentation has the capability to ensure rigorous data validation and consistent instrumentation interfaces between clients and available instrumentation data and services. While this makes API definition somewhat more challenging than the freeform method, this is one of the premier benefits of model-driven systems and results in improved reliability and quality. 4 Implementation Experiences This section will explore the challenges and experiences gained through the prism of a real-world development effort where an established command- oriented management instrumentation system was transitioned to a model- driven management instrumentation system. It will discuss design choices and the reasoning behind them. The most design-influential aspect of the transition was resolving the
- 25. Transitioning Management Instrumentation 9 architectural differences between the existing command-oriented system and the target model-driven system. Viewed by many as an inside out to outside in transformation, there were two primary areas that stood out as the biggest hurdles to overcome – instrumentation API development and Instrumentation Modeling. There was considerable effort devoted to developing automated tooling that could minimize the development effort by leveraging existing command- oriented source code to generate candidate instrumentation models and create a basic instrumentation API implementation. In order to perform such a task, the tooling was required to scan and interpret existing source code, derive APIs and candidate models from embedded domain knowledge. These efforts were unsuccessful. Resolution of run-time defined abstract function calls and model semantics proved impractical due to interface complexities and inconsistencies. The end solution was to not transition the command-oriented code and functionality but instead to build a framework that utilized the existing system for existing feature command requests while directing requests for newly implemented functionality to the model-driven framework. This allowed the management instrumentation system to maintain it’s backwards compatibility while at the same time allowing its functionality to grow within the new model-driven paradigm. This coexistence allows existing feature and functionality to be transitioned from the legacy component to the model-driven framework on a piecemeal basis if desired. Maintaining legacy functionality as a coexisting component within the model- driven framework was found to be considerably more efficient, reliable and practical than attempting a manual transition of its entire functional feature set. The second highest design hurdle was the construction and composition of the Model Framework’s APIs. There are two APIs to consider: 1. Middleware Interface API – communicates with management interfaces such as the CLI, SNMP, Syslog and so forth. 2. Instrumentation API – Handles communication between the instrumentation data/services and the Middleware Interface. These APIs must be well considered in order to ensure they satisfy the needs of their users. The Middleware Interface API communicates with management interfaces to supply access to managed instrumentation data and services without tight coupling to the particular kind of feature, instrumentation, data or service being manipulated. A Create Read Update Delete and eXecute (CRUDx) interface was selected to best satisfy the
- 26. Other documents randomly have different content
- 27. followed, Harry getting another tap on his cutwater, and, in the end, falling on his seat of honour. 29.— Harry’s phiz was changing its appearance every round. It was now much out of shape in every way. Still, he persevered against hope. He went in feinting and dodging, whereupon Paddock went to him, but Harry retreated, and, as Tom rushed after him, nailed him with his right on the ribs, and then with both mawleys, the left open-handed, on the side of the nut, and Tom slipped down. 30.— Harry rushed in to a close, and after a sharp but short struggle, they fell side by side. (Another claim of “foul,” on the ground that Broome had hit his man when down. Not allowed. Time, 40 minutes.) 31.— Tom went in with ardour, dropped his left on the nozzle, and, after some wild exchanges, fell. 32.— Tom again rushed in, and missing his delivery, Broome closed, and Paddock got down to avoid the fall. 33.— Paddock still on the rushing suit, went in without judgment. Harry closed, and some more sharp fibbing took place. It was all in favour of Paddock, however, who was evidently the more powerful man, and punished poor Harry’s dial severely. In return he got a few touches on the ribs, and that was all. After a severe struggle they rolled over, and a claim was made that Paddock had kicked Broome while on the ground. This claim, like those on the other side, was justly declared by the referee to be groundless, and the mill proceeded. 34.— Tom feinted, and Harry bolted, pursued by his opponent, who let go both hands with quickness on the left ear, from which blood was drawn, and on the mazzard, and Harry fell through the ropes.
- 28. 35.— Broome once more tried a lead, and got well on Paddock’s jaw with his right; he then closed, and, after a long struggle, in which he could get no good hold, both again fell together. 36.— Tom essayed a rush, and Harry, in getting away, caught his heel and fell. 37.— Paddock went to Harry almost in his own corner, and, after one or two feints some sharp exchanges took place, each getting it on the chin. Paddock slipped on his knees, and while in that position Harry gave him a severe crack on the smeller, drawing a tidy supply of the small still. (A claim of “foul” was once more made, which was overruled by the referee, who considered that Broome’s hand had started on its journey before Tom reached the ground.) 38.— Tom came up bleeding from his sneezer, and dashed fiercely in; he planted his left heavily on the throat, closed, and fibbed his adversary with his left hand, while he held him with his right; he then neatly changed him over into the other arm, and gave him a dose with his right daddle on the nose and mouth, and Harry was eventually down, the main being on at the high service from both taps. Harry now laid himself on his stomach, in the hope of easing his distressed bellows, and was very slow to time; and no wonder either, seeing the quickness with which they had fought. 39.— Tom dashed in, when Harry instantly closed, but Tom gave him no peace; he pegged away with both hands, administering heavy pepper on the ribs without a return; he then nailed poor Harry on the proboscis and mouth very heavily, and Harry fell. (Cries of “take him away,” but Harry would not hear of it.) 40.— Tom came up smiling, and scarcely marked; he at once went to work, and followed Broome all over the ring, giving him no breathing time. He got a little one on the nose
- 29. without a return, and Broome got down, blowing like a grampus. (51 minutes had now elapsed.) 41.— Harry made a feint, but it was long out of distance, and Paddock quickly returned on the left optic. Broome now put in a little one on the mouth; after some merry little exchanges, they closed. At infighting Paddock got it heavily on the throat, and in the end he slipped down. 42.— Paddock let fly his left, but was short, when Broome returned open-handed on the nose, and immediately closed. Paddock fibbed him heavily and effectually, prevented his obtaining any hold, and in the end, after Paddock had received a rattler from the left on the side of his nut, he slipped down. 43.— Paddock, bent on finishing his job offhand, dashed in, got heavily on Harry’s ribs with his left, and Broome fell. 44.— Tom once more dashed in, let go his left on the beak, and on getting to close quarters some heavy fibbing ensued, and another struggle for the fall, which neither got, and they fell together. 45.— Tom went at his man with determination, delivered his left on the side of the nut, when Broome closed, but Tom proving much the stronger man, Harry got down. 46.— Harry attempted a rush, but it was only an attempt. Tom came to meet him, delivered his one, two, with quickness on the front of the dial, and Harry fell, again lying on his back in the hope of recovering his wind. 47.— Tom dodged his adversary, and then popped in a rib- bender with his right; Harry missed his return, and Paddock then made another visitation on Harry’s temple, and the latter fell.
- 30. 48.— The left side of Harry’s nut was terribly swollen, and his left peeper all but closed, while Paddock had still two good eyes, and was as strong and active as ever. Harry was extremely weak, and it was perceptible to all that nothing but an accident could give him a chance. He came up boldly, however, and stopped Tom’s first lead. A second time he was not so successful, and received a smasher on the whistler and fell. 49.— Tom led off, but Harry cross-countered him on the proboscis rather heavily, Harry then closed, but was fibbed very severely on the left ear until he fell. (One hour had now elapsed.) 50.— Harry came up bleeding from his left ear, nose, and mouth. Tom rattled in, dashed a heavy hit with his left on the nose, and then his right on the mouth. Harry seemed to wake up a little at this, and some heavy jobbing hits were exchanged, but in the end Harry fell, extremely weak. His brother (Fred) wished him to give in, but he seemed bent on another round. 51 and last.— Harry, very slow to the call of time, came up unsteady and tottering; he made a blow at Paddock, but missed, and Tom let fly a vicious right-hander at the side of his nut— it missed its destination and alighted on Harry’s chest, where it left a tremendous bruise. It was a settler, however; it floored the gallant Harry, who, on time being called, got up, but instantly sank exhausted on his second’s knee, and Tass Parker, seeing that it was all over, threw up the sponge, Paddock being proclaimed the winner, after a bustling affair of one hour and three minutes. An attempt was made by some few outsiders to bring the affair to a wrangle. They declared the sponge had not been thrown up by Tass Parker, and that Paddock, who had left the ring immediately after that act, had forfeited by so doing before a decision had been come to. This attempt was, of course, scouted by all the
- 31. respectable spectators, and was especially discountenanced by Harry Broome himself, who owned that he had been fairly vanquished, and that Tom Paddock was now at any rate a better man than himself. The proceedings over, the company at once betook themselves to a station, about a mile distant, whither the special had been removed, and whither they were followed by Tom Paddock, who, with the exception of a few very trifling bruises, appeared unscathed. Harry Broome was too much exhausted to walk the distance, and, therefore, in company with Nat Langham, Jem Burn, and a few others, awaited the arrival of the train at the field of battle. These invalids were quickly embarked, and nothing now prevented the expedition from returning with all speed to the Metropolis. The word was therefore given, and good way being made, Shoreditch was gained by half-past six. Here the excitement was infinitely greater than it had been in the morning, and there was a general rush of the crowd to ascertain the result of the tournay. The news of the easy victory of Tom Paddock was received with universal astonishment; and though the general feeling appeared to be one of pleasure, still, even the largest winners could not help expressing their pity for the downfall of Harry Broome. Harry arrived at home about seven, and was at once put to bed. He did not appear to suffer so much from bodily pain as from mental affliction. His defeat was as unexpected as it was easy, and, of course, convinced Broome that his day had gone by for figuring in the P.R. Tom Paddock proceeded in triumph to the house of his kind friend, Alec Keene, “Three Tuns,” Moor Street, Soho, where he was received with enthusiasm, and where he remained until far into the small hours, receiving the hearty congratulations of his backers and friends. Remarks.— Our readers, doubtless, have, ere this, drawn their own conclusions as to the conduct and issue of this eventful battle, and it is at the risk of being thought tedious that we venture to offer our own comments thereupon. Harry
- 32. Broome is no longer the man he was, and this remark applies not merely to his inability to train, but also to his falling off in that quickness and judgment for which heretofore he had distinguished himself. He admits that he cannot train, that he feels his own weakness, and that on Monday all his fighting qualities appeared to have left him directly he held up his hands. It certainly did seem extraordinary to see a well-known good general at the very outset rattle in and lead off at the body, throwing open his head to the attack of his adversary; and when it was seen afterwards that he could neither stop nor hit with anything like vigour, there was a general exclamation of astonishment. Some persons said he did not intend fighting; but any one with half an eye could see that this was not the case, and that all his mistakes were the result of physical incapability. Even his wrestling powers appeared to have left him; but then, it must be remembered that the way in which all his attempts for the fall were met by Paddock, viz., by fibbing at his nut until he loosed his hold, was well calculated to distract even a more powerful man. The only thing that reminded us of the Harry Broome of old appeared to be the gift of occasionally delivering a straight hit with his left; but even this power was taken from him by the accident to that hand early in the fight, which entirely deprived him of its use, as might be seen by his continually hitting open- handed. The want of vigour in his right hand was sufficiently obvious from the almost entire immunity from punishment of the winner. Harry still resorted occasionally to his old trick of turning round and running from his opponent— a plan of fighting which, in our opinion, is neither commendable as a method of escaping punishment, or judicious as a means of drawing an adversary off his guard. Of game and determination Harry displayed no lack, and it was not until perfectly exhausted and incapable of renewing hostilities that he consented to be taken away. Of Tom Paddock we do not feel that we are called upon to say much, but the little we do must be all in the highest terms. At first he was evidently
- 33. cautious, and a little thrown off his guard by the extraordinary tactics of Broome, thinking, as he did, that the latter was merely “kidding him,” in order to induce him to throw away a chance. Tom however, was steady, and bided his time. He was now and then a little wild, and lost his precision; but this cannot be wondered at, seeing the pace at which they fought — not one round lasting above a minute. He took what little punishment he received, as he always does, without a murmur; and we must do him the justice to say, that he fought throughout with great good temper. In point of science and coolness, we consider that he has improved every time we have seen him enter the P.R., and on this, his last appearance, his advance in the noble art was more than ever perceptible. He hit straight and heavily with each hand. When at close quarters, he fought as one possessing a clear head, and a just appreciation of what was best to be done, and occasionally displayed a presence of mind which was most astonishing, being quite unexpected from his reputed “hasty” character. The performance of changing Broome over from one hand to the other, and giving him a dose from each pepper-box, described above, was one of the best instances of this presence of mind. Tom is now within one of the goal of his wishes, and we doubt not will find plenty of friends to back him against the veteran Tipton Slasher, who, although he vanquished our hero five or six years ago, will, in the event of their again meeting, find that he has cut out for himself a task the satisfactory completion of which will be easier imagined than completed. Tom has now the ball at his foot; every one wishes him well, and by steadiness and good conduct he has every chance of obtaining a position which will render him comfortable for the remainder of his days. We cannot conclude these remarks without paying a compliment to the seconds for the careful manner in which they nursed their men. Alec Keene’s excellent judgment no doubt proved of considerable utility to Tom Paddock, and the herculean strength of the “stunted Lifeguardsman,” as he bore his
- 34. charge in his single arms to his corner, elicited the applause, and, we may say, the astonishment, of the surrounding throng. Tom Sayers and Tass Parker did their duty most ably by Harry Broome, and by their careful nursing enabled him to prolong the encounter quite as long as was consistent with humanity or prudence. The battle money, £400, was paid over to Paddock, at Alec Keene’s, on the Friday of the following week. After some deserved complimentary remarks on the conduct of the winner, the Stakeholder expressed his condolence with the defeated man, to which Paddock immediately responded, amidst some applause, by placing a £10 note in our hands towards the collection already made for the losing man; to this two gentlemen present added the like amount, and the collection for the losing man was announced to be £62 14s., a sum subsequently increased. Broome, in a neat speech, expressed his grateful sense of the support he had met with from friends, and the kindness of those who had opposed him. He further declared his intention to “stick to business,” and never again tempt fortune in the Prize Ring, for which he felt his day was past. The evening thereafter passed in harmony and good fellowship. The Tipton Slasher, whose match with Aaron Jones had gone off in the interval preceding the event just narrated, now came again to the front, and, Harry
- 35. Broome having retired from the “the tented field,” made proposals to Paddock. Tom was now certainly another man from the time when he was knocking about two or three years previously. Meeting on Worcester Race-course, at the July races, Paddock being now in a sort of partnership with his late opponent, Harry Broome, as booth-keepers and purveyors, the “Old Tipton” being also in the same line, the “two-of-a-trade” proverb was verified, and a couple of “fivers” were popped down for the old opponents to face each other for £200 a side, and meet at Alec Keene’s in the next week, and settle particulars. Great was the muster on Tuesday, July 15th, at the “Three Tuns,” when the articles were drawn, and another £20, in addition to the first £10, provisionally placed in the hands of Alec, and the remainder of the deposits dated and settled. Not a little surprise, however, was occasioned by the fact that Harry Broome appeared as the backer, friend, and adviser of the Slasher, and declared himself responsible for his training expenses, colours, &c.; the date fixed being November 15th. At the second deposit, however, which was appointed for the succeeding Tuesday, at the Slasher’s own house, “The Champion” Inn, Spon Lane, Tipton, “a scare” was occasioned; neither Paddock nor any representative was present, and the Tipton claimed forfeit. Inquiry proved that the seldom-failing post
- 36. office was the innocent cause of the non-delivery; Paddock’s £10 having been duly forwarded from Brighton two days before, but returned to the post office, marked “Address not known;” “Spon Lane,” being written thereon, but the important word “Tipton” accidentally omitted. All which was explained, and the envelope produced, at the next deposit, at Jem Burn’s, “Rising Sun,” in Air Street. From this time things went on regularly until £80 were down, when, to the general disappointment of all parties, Tom presented himself at the appointed place— Jem Ward’s “Champion Stores,” Oxford Street — and quietly stated that, owing to “want of friends,” and his own losses “at racing,” he “must submit to a forfeit.” Hereupon Broome declared that Slasher should fight for £50, rather than there should be “no fight;” to which there was no response, and the whole of the money was handed over in due time to the lucky Tipton Slasher, at a “Champion’s” dinner, at “The Coal-hole,” presided over by the facetious Chief Baron Nicholson. How this short-lived Championship was “done for,” in 10 rounds, by little Tom Sayers, on the 16th of June, 1857, at the Isle of Grain, must be read in the Life of Tom Sayers, hereafter. In the month of February in the following year, after Sayers’ second defeat of the unlucky Aaron Jones, we could not help remarking that the little
- 37. Champion had mentioned to us privately, though certainly not under the seal of secrecy, that he thought his next venture would be either Tom Paddock or the Tipton. It proved to be the latter. Tom, chafing at the delay, called on the Editor of Bell’s Life, on the 17th of June, the day after the battle between Sayers and “The Tipton,” and on the 21st we read:— “Tom Paddock again in the Field.— Paddock is by no means satisfied that Tom Sayers should wear the Champion’s belt undisputed. He has, therefore, called upon us to state that he can be backed against Sayers for any sum from £100 up to £500. To fight within five or six months at Sayers’ option. He will be at Alec Keene’s, Moor Street, Soho, on Wednesday next.” A comical episode intervened. “Big Ben” actually left £10 with “the Editor” to make a match with Sayers, who, thereupon, promptly covered it, informing Paddock that if his “engagement” with Ben went off he should have the preference. The “little game” of the Big One was next week displayed most transparently. Caunt declared it “to be understood that the articles were to be drawn up, and further deposits made, at his house;” and “he should expect
- 38. Sayers to attend there,” &c., &c.; adding, that “of course the date must be beyond my affair with Langham,” (nearly two months later!) Tom was not “drawn” by or to the “Coach and Horses,” and the negotiations were suspended. In the same paper we find the subjoined letter from Alec Keene, relating to Sayers’ reply to Paddock:— “Three Tuns, Moor Street, Soho, July 9, 1857. “Mr. Editor,— I have very strictly observed the results of Tom Sayers’ recent career, and certainly did expect (taking into consideration the many warm interviews between Sayers and Paddock on former occasions), that the first-named gentleman would have been only too glad to accommodate Paddock with a ‘merry meeting.’ I cannot understand why Sayers does not accept Paddock’s offer, for should Sayers be permitted, there is just a possibility of abortive matches being continually made, forfeits taken, ultimately the prescribed time for legitimate possession or the belt elapse, and then Sayers becomes its lawful possessor. Let it be distinctly understood, sir, that I do not say such will be the case; but matches like Caunt’s (that personage being preoccupied with Langham) must necessarily occupy needless time; and gentlemen connected with the P.R. have lately become so learned that it behoves me (as Paddock’s deputy) to regard every move in the camp of the enemy with jealous watchfulness. I see no other person really capable to fight Paddock, therefore it will be useless for the opposite party to dissemble; we must meet, and I hope Sayers will think with me, that the sooner we conclude terms the more satisfactory to the public, as it is but just that Tom should be accepted after being so long ‘an expectant.’ I nearly omitted to mention that Sayers never meets Paddock without distributing a
- 39. quantity of that chaff for which he is famous. We do not want this, we wish business; and I conclude by earnestly hoping your kind insertion of this will assist us. “Yours, &c., “ALEC KEENE.” There is, indeed, “many a slip ’twixt the cup and the lip.” The very week in which Alec Keene penned his friendly note, Paddock was laid prostrate by a severe attack of rheumatic fever, his state being declared dangerous when admitted to the Westminster Hospital, on the recommendation of the medical man called in. And here we must interpose what a parsonic biographer would call a “refreshing” incident, showing that there is that “touch of nature which makes the whole world kin” even in the hearts of “those degraded wretches who engage in brutal prize-fights” (as we heard a very Reverend Dean, the Vicar of Cheltenham, charitably characterise this very pugilist and his confrères). Tom Sayers called in Norfolk Street, in the next week, to accept Paddock’s challenge and cover his deposit, when he was informed of his namesake’s illness. He was himself that very day going North, and he not only expressed his earnest sympathy with his adversary’s affliction, but at once left £5 for his use, with a promise to use his best endeavours to collect a fund among his friends for the same purpose; and he did so. We find
- 40. no such practical Christian charity among the “refreshing” passages in “the Memoirs” of the vice- suppressing clergyman. In the October following, Paddock, recovering from his long and painful illness, looked up his friends, and wrote from Brighton (inclosing £10) to say that he was “ready to meet the winner of the fight between Tom Sayers and Bill Benjamin for £200 a side; to come off within four months after the 5th January, 1858,” the fixture for that fight. The disposal, by the “coming man,” in 1856, of Harry Poulson, in February, 1857, of Aaron Jones, of the Tipton Slasher in June of the same year, and of Bill Benjamin (Bainge), in January, 1856, seemed to have failed to convince “the knowing ones” of even the probability of a 10½ stone beating 12 or 13 stone; so the anti-Sayerites readily backed Paddock to do battle with the “little” champion. Sayers, on hearing that Paddock had a difficulty (he had quarrelled with Alec Keene, his money-finder) in raising the £200 required, showed his accommodating temper by lowering the stake to £150, thus making the total £300 instead of £400. The 15th of June, 1858, was appointed for the battle. The public interest was intense, and the crowd at London Bridge station on the eventful morning was
- 41. immense. Paddock never looked better; he was red as a beetroot, and as strong and healthy as if he never had witnessed the sight of “turning off the gas.” He was credited, on the authority of his trainer, with doing fifty miles of walking a day at one period of his training, and weighed exactly 12 stone, at which he was supposed to be at his best. How all these qualifications, backed by perfect confidence unflinching game, and desperate courage, failed in the trial, and he struck his flag to the victorious “Champion,” who, on this day, proved himself the stronger though the lighter man, will be found in the first chapter of the next “Period” of our History. Once more, and for the last time, our hero appeared in the P.R. This was in combat with the gigantic Sam Hurst, who, in 1860, put forth a claim to the Championship. Hurst, who weighed 15st., and stood 6ft. 2½in., was renowned as a wrestler. Hurst, of whom the reader may know more by a reference to the Memoir of Jem Mace, in a future chapter of the present volume, was, of course, formidable from his strength, weight, and bulk; his boxing pretensions were of a mediocre quality. Paddock lost the battle by a chance blow from the Colossus, in the fifth round, at the end of nine and a half minutes; and thus closed an active, chequered, but not inglorious Ring career as a defeated man.
- 42. From this time Paddock no further occupied a position of prominence in pugilistic circles. He had but few of the qualifications necessary to impart the principles or demonstrate the practice of boxing to learners, and except an occasional appearance with the gloves, he was unheard of by the public, until his demise, from a somewhat lingering illness, on the 30th June, 1863.
- 43. CHAPTER IX. HARRY BROOME (CHAMPION). 1843–1856. Harry Broome, a younger brother of the renowned Johnny, was born in the “hardware town,” which has given so many of its best pugilists to the modern Ring, that Birmingham early rivalled, and afterwards eclipsed, the fame of Bristol as the birthplace of boxers. The subject of this memoir, who first saw the light in 1826, was a mere boy at the time when his elder brother had fought his way to “the topmost round of fortune’s ladder”— Broome’s ultimate victory, that over Bungaree, the Australian, being achieved in April, 1842, when Harry had not yet counted sixteen summers. At that time Johnny had already married, and settled as host of a well-accustomed tavern— to wit, “The Rising Sun,” in Air Street, Piccadilly, where his shrewdness, activity, and enterprise had transformed the short avenue from Piccadilly to Regent Street into a “high change” of sporting; a
- 44. very Rialto of the Ring, where patrons and practitioners of the Noble Art “most did congregate.” The sparring saloon at “The Rising Sun,” at this period, was the arena for the display of the best fistic talent of the Metropolis; and here, at the age of sixteen, we first saw the aspiring youngster— a lithe, smooth-skinned, active stripling, very boyish in look, standing 5 feet 8 inches, and weighing 9 st. 7 lbs.— put on the mittens, and make a most creditable “private trial” with the well-known Byng Stocks, of Westminster. Stocks, despite his 11 stone and experience, by no means had the best of the mimic mill, though once or twice urged by the delighted “Johnny” “Not to spare the young ’un because he was his brother.” This promising début was followed by several favourable public displays; and within a few months not a few of the best judges were of opinion that, barring all question of breed and blood, a new and formidable aspirant for the middle-weight Championship would be found in Young Broome, when a year or two should have hardened the gristle into bone, and manhood had consolidated the muscle and set the frame of the future gladiator. And so some months rolled on; a glove-fight, in which Harry disposed of Mitchell, a 10-stone outsider, for a £5 note, being a mere coup d’essai, got up by a few
- 45. aristocratic visitors of “The Rising Sun,” of which Harry was the rising star. HARRY BROOME (Champion). From a Print by Moore.
- 46. As we have already said, Johnny Broome at this time filled a large space in the eye of the sporting world, and young Harry, emulous of the fistic fame of his elder brother, with a strong family instinct for fighting, was most importunate with Johnny to let him try his “prentice han’” in combat with some suitable antagonist. Johnny, however, did not choose to lower the dignity of the name of Broome by allowing Harry to strip for “a purse” with any novice; nor would he hear of a match with any “commoner” or “outsider,” for a five, ten, or twenty-five pound stake. He would back Harry for £50, or not at all. At this time there was a strong jealousy, not to say envy, of the position earned by Johnny in Ring affairs, and more than once did we hear a wish expressed by East-enders and others, that “somebody” would “take the shine out of these upstart Brums.” Accordingly, when it was made known, in September, 1843, that “Young Harry” was ready for a “customer” for £50, they put on their considering caps, and Fred Mason (the Bulldog), standing idle in the market-place, was asked what he thought of the young “ten-stunner?” Mason, who had, among others, twice beaten Bill Jones, after desperate battles, in which he earned his formidable nickname, received a sort of certificate
- 47. from Johnny Walker (by whom he had been beaten) that he was just the man to achieve the desired object, if he could raise the half-hundred. At a council held at “The Grapes,” in Aylesbury Street, Clerkenwell, it was decided that the “needful” should be posted, and the cartel accepted. The articles proposed Tuesday, the 10th of October 1843, but subsequently Broome objected to this, as on that day the Cesarewitch would be run, at Newmarket, and several of Harry’s best friends, who were anxious to see his “first appearance,” would be unable to be present. It was accordingly postponed to Wednesday, the 11th. By mutual agreement “The Nymph” steamer was engaged by the two Johnnies (Broome and Walker) for the mutual advantage of the men, and to disburse their training and other expenses. All went smoothly. “The Nymph,” at the appointed hour of eight, got under weigh from Hungerford Market, with a goodly freight of West-enders; then she took in a large company at Old Swan Stairs, London Bridge, while the “Sages of the East” came on board at Brunswick Pier, Blackwall, in increased numbers. Thence she steamed down stream with pleasant speed (with the unwelcome convoy of a trio of crowded tugs), until she came to Long Reach, where, between Dartford and Northfleet, in a meadow distant from all human habitation, it was determined
- 48. to land. This operation was performed amidst an aqueous downpour, which drenched all the row-boats and their occupants, except those who were clad in waterproof garments. The Commissary lost no time in forming the lists, immediately within the sea wall, upon an excellent piece of turf, and, despite the rattling shower, which increased rather than diminished, accomplished his task in a workmanlike manner. The stools and benches of the steamer were, as usual, transferred to the shore for the accommodation of the “Corinthians,” of whom there were many present, and a most acceptable save-all they proved; nevertheless the great majority had to grin the storm out of countenance; and amidst a perfect deluge, at twelve o’clock the combatants and their seconds made their salaams— the Bulldog under the care of Jem Turner and Jemmy Shaw; Broome waited upon by Levi Eckersley and Tom Maley. Little time was lost in encircling the stakes with their fogles— white and blue spot for the Bulldog, and blue and white spot for Broome. Both were as cheerful as if pirouetting in the Lowther Rooms. Happily, before business commenced the storm somewhat abated, and the weather became comparatively fine, although occasional slantindicular visitations from the upper regions proved that the only thing settled was the unsettled state of the
- 49. weather. Young Harry’s “first appearance” was prepossessing. He entered the ring, after dropping in his cap, with a modest bow, and a smile or nod of recognition to several acquaintances, and at once steadily proceeded to divest himself of his upper clothing. “He is a fine young fellow,” says a contemporary report, “only eighteen years of age, standing 5 feet 9 inches, and weighing 10st. 2lbs. (he was limited by virtue of the articles to 9st. 3lbs.), and evidently in first-rate condition, not an ounce of superfluous flesh being visible, and his form as active, alert, and springy as a greyhound.” Of his milling qualifications of course no one had as yet any opportunity of judging, so that he was scanned with all the curiosity with which men examine a “dark horse.” The “Bulldog” also looked in robust health, but he struck us as being too fleshy; and, added to this, it could not but be felt that he was rather stale, not only from the free life he had led, but from his repeated battles, in which he sustained no small quantum of punishment, and especially in his fight with Johnny Walker, who, however, expressed the greatest confidence in his powers. His weight, we should say, was at least 9st. 10lbs., and in length he was full two inches shorter than Broome. His rushing and fearless character of fighting gained for him the
- 50. sobriquet of “Bulldog,” and his courage further entitled him to this canine distinction. The officials being nominated, offers were made to take 7 to 4, 6 to 4, and ultimately 5 to 4; but the Broomites were cautious, although, taking youth, length, and weight into consideration, he was certainly entitled to be backed at odds. Doubts as to his qualities were, however, still to be satisfied, and the speculators were shy of investing. THE FIGHT. Round 1.— Precisely at twelve minutes to twelve the men were delivered at the scratch, neither displaying the slightest nervousness, and both looking jolly and determined on mischief. No time was lost; Broome led off with his left, but the Bulldog stopped and got away quickly. Bulldog now advanced to the charge left and right, and got home on Broome’s nose and left eyebrow. Broome, not idle, returned prettily, when the Bull rushed in, closed, and, after slight fibbing, finding Broome too strong, got down, amidst the vociferous cheers of his friends. 2.— Broome, nothing daunted, was quick to the scratch, and led off left and right, the Bulldog hitting with him; a sharp rally, and heavy hits exchanged, in which Broome had it on the smeller, and his cork was drawn. (First blood for “Bully.”) A close at the ropes, in which Broome tried for the fall, but Mason held his legs too wide apart, and the crook could not be got. Broome forced him on the ropes, and there held him as if in a vice— his own nose dropping the crimson fluid. Bully struggled to get loose, but Broome grappled him closer. Mutual attempts at fibbing— when, after an ineffectual
- 51. trial on the part of Broome for the fall, Mason got down besmeared with his opponent’s claret, and pinked on his left cheek. Broome showed a slight cut on the left eyebrow as well as the tap on the snout. 3.— Broome opened the ball without hesitation, and caught Bully on the mouth, lifting the bark from his nether lip. A short pause, when Broome again went to work left and right, but Mason got away; Mason hit out of distance. A rally, in which Broome followed his man to the ropes, hitting left and right; while at the ropes Broome let go his right, and catching Bully on the temple he dropped, but looked up smiling. 4.— Broome popped in his left slightly on Bully’s cheek; tried it again, but the blow passed over his shoulder. Mason rushed in left and right, closed, and tried to fib; Broome, however, proved the stronger man, grappled him against the stake, and, after some in-fighting, in which Mason got a crack over the larboard cheek, he contrived to pull Broome down. 5.— Mason displayed a mouse under each eye, and came slow to the scratch. Broome hit short with the left, and Bully did ditto. Exchanges left and right, and a close at the ropes. Broome hung on the neck of Mason, which lay across the ropes, but was unable to get the look for the fall; at last both were down, Broome having had the best of the round. 6.— Broome, as lively as a kitten, let fly his left, and caught Bully on the mug, repeating a smack on the body with the same hand. Mason tried his right, only tapping Broome’s shoulder. Counter-hits with the left, both napping it on the muzzle. A short rally, followed by a close, in which Broome slipped down. 7.— Broome tried his left and right, but was stopped; he was not, however to be denied; he again rattled in in the same style, nailed Mason with both hands, and gave him the
- 52. upper-cut with the right. Heavy exchanges, Mason fighting rather wild. In the close Bully down, having all the worst of the milling. 8.— Broome led off quickly with his left, and nailed his man on the cheek. A pause for wind, when Broome again commenced operations. Heavy counter-hitting left and right, and a spirited rally, in which the exchanges were severe. Broome closed for the fall, but Mason dropped on his knees. 9.— Hits left and right attempted, but both short. Bully’s left neatly stopped, when Broome delivered a rattler with his right on the body, and on the cheek with his left. Good counter- hitting with the left; a close at the ropes, and Mason caught Broome round the neck over the ropes, but the latter slipped down. 10.— Mason, short with his left, retreated, and sparred for wind. Slow fighting on both sides. They at length got to work left and right, and heavy muggers were exchanged. A close for the throw, but Mason got down, Broome on him. 11.— The Young’un popped in his left prettily on Bully’s muzzle. Mason fought wildly and hit short. Broome rushed to him and closed, but Bully was not to be had at that game, and fell. 12.— Good outfighting on both sides, left and right, and heavy exchanges. Broome popped in his right heavily, and as Mason was staggering hit him beautifully down with his right. In the counter-hits Broome had received a nasty crack on his smeller, which bled profusely. (First knock-down for Broome.) 13.— Harry, as usual, led off left and right; Mason rushed to a close, and they reached the ropes, where Broome, with his arm round Mason’s neck, hung on him, till at last Mason got back and fell, Broome over him.
- 53. 14.— Broome popped in left and right in splendid style, repeating the dose with the left on the head, and the right on the body. Mason closed, but, finding Broome too strong for him, dropped on one knee with both hands up. Broome, although entitled to hit, left him. (Applause.) 15.— Broome again led off with his left. Mason short and wild in his returns. Broome steady, and again delivered his left, drawing additional claret. A close at the ropes; more squeezing on the part of Broome, and Mason got down, apparently fagged. 16.— The Bulldog slow to the scratch; counter-hitting with the left, ditto with the right. In the close Mason down again on one knee, but Broome once more retired without taking advantage of the opportunity offered. 17.— A good weaving rally, in which the hitting was tremendous, and, after mutual compliments, in the close Mason dropped on his knees. (Mason’s seconds now called for brandy.) 18.— Mason slow in going to the scratch. Broome rattled to him left and right, catching him a severe nozzler. Bully made a desperate rush, and heavy counter-hits were exchanged. A lively rally followed, in which mutual compliments were paid, and the dripping claret proved that both had been heavily hit. In the close, after a severe struggle on the part of Broome to obtain the fall, Mason dropped on one knee, and Broome walked away, exhibiting heavy marks of punishment. Mason was likewise severely mauled, and his left eye was fast closing. 19.— Each regarded the other with mutual good will. Broome bleeding at the mouth and nose, but still steady and self-possessed. He led off with the left, but was prettily stopped. Counter-hits on each side missed, when Broome
- 54. closed, caught Mason round the neck, and hung on him at the ropes till he got down, amidst loud shouts of disapprobation from Bully’s friends. 20.— Broome led off with his left, and again nailed Mason on the left eye. Mason closed, when the Young’un suddenly disentangled himself, stepped back, gave Mason the upper cut with his right, followed by a neat slap with his left, when Master Fred slipped down. 21.— Broome led off left and right; closed, again caught Mason round the neck, hanging upon him across the ropes until he fell. 22.— Mason somewhat slow to the scratch, across which Broome stepped, and led off left and right. Bully let fly wildly left and right, when Broome once more closed, flung him across the ropes, and squeezed him as if his neck were in a vice, amidst repeated shouts of disapprobation. Jack Sheppard, urged by the impatience of some of Mason’s friends, ran with a knife to cut the ropes, but luckily his man slipped down, and thereby prevented an act which would have been highly imprudent, inasmuch as the ring would have thereby been destroyed; and however unseemly such a style of fighting might appear, it was not inconsistent with any fixed rule of the Ring. 23.— Broome delivered a heavy hit with his left on Mason’s body; Mason short in the return, and, after some wild exchanges, Bully dropped on his knees. 24.— Counter-hitting with the left; a close, and, after some slight fibbing, Mason again dropped on his knees. 25.— Mason stopped Broome’s left, rushed to in-fighting left and right, then, missing his upper cut, got down.
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