After the Pandemic: Rethinking Developer Productivity (There’s more to it than you think)

After the Pandemic:
Rethinking Developer Productivity
(There’s more to it than you think)
Margaret-Anne Storey
May 18th
, 2021
@margaretstorey mstorey@uvic.ca

https://www.thepeoplespace.com/ideas/articl
es/what-work-short-history
@margaretstorey 2

From work from home, to work as a “place” and “time”
@margaretstorey 3

Work was shaped by social and cultural expectations
even before the modern office existed
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170818-the-ancient-roots-of-the-modern-office
@margaretstorey 4

https://www.theatlantic.com/t
echnology/archive/2015/12/w
hat-telecommuting-looked-lik
e-in-1973/418473/
@margaretstorey 5

Work from home studies (pre pandemic)
Bloom’s 2014 study of travel call center employees in China:
- 13% increase in performance (perhaps due to quieter environment)
- Increased work satisfaction, fewer breaks and sick days
Bloom, Nicholas, James Liang, John Roberts, and Zhichun Jenny Ying. “Does Working from Home Work? Evidence from a
Chinese Experiment*.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 165–218.
@margaretstorey 6

But what is developer productivity?
7

8
“Accidental vs. Essential Complexity”
Brooks
@margaretstorey

2020
2010
2000
1990
1980
1970
1968
Importance of tools in software engineering
@margaretstorey 9

Developer “workspaces”, where proximity increases interactions,
facilitates leadership and enables collaboration and communication
@margaretstorey 10

What factors influence developer productivity and satisfaction?
Storey MA, Zimmermann T, Bird C, Czerwonka J, Murphy B, Kalliamvakou E. Towards a theory of software
developer job satisfaction and perceived productivity. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 2019.
@margaretstorey 12

Engineering system
Hardware
Engineering
processes
Collaboration tools
Engineering
tools
Work environment
Physical
environment
Interruptions
# people in workspace
Private
oﬀice
Impactful work
Learning skills for future
Work
vision
Work type
Can achieve
goals
Impact of work
Work culture
Manager Autonomy
Team
culture
Collaborative team
Organization
culture
Important contributor
Skills are well used
Important team member
After hierarchical clustering…
@margaretstorey 15

Linear regression models with standardized coefficients
show how different factors influence overall job satisfaction
@margaretstorey 16

Linear regression models with standardized coefficients
show how different factors influence perceived productivity
@margaretstorey 17

Developer
Satisfaction
Perceived
Productivity
Impactful work
Important contributor
Appreciation
Work culture
Work-life balance
Autonomy
Can complete tasks
Engineering system
Technical skills
Work environment
Developer satisfaction and productivity theory
Storey MA, Zimmermann T, Bird C, Czerwonka J, Murphy B, Kalliamvakou E. Towards a theory of software
developer job satisfaction and perceived productivity. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 2019 Sep 27.
@margaretstorey 19

WFH impact on developer productivity?
@margaretstorey 20

Working from Home: A Tale of Two Cities
“We’re doing very well, we’re barely hanging in there.”
— Shane O’Flynn
Ford D, Storey MA, Zimmermann T, Bird C, Jaffe S, Maddila C, Butler JL, Houck B, Nagappan N. A tale of two cities:
Software developers working from home during the covid-19 pandemic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.11147. 2020 Aug.
@margaretstorey 21

March
2020
May
2020
“We’re doing very well, we’re barely hanging in there.”
— Shane O’Flynn
@margaretstorey 22

Less distraction from others, especially coming
from an open office scenario.
Teams meetings for some meetings where very little
participation is required lets you continue to work
while “attending” and listening in, which is better
than being idle in a conference room.
Interruptions and concentration as I
can [only] be reached on Teams and
by email vs someone walking over for
a question. Harder to keep tabs on
direct reports.
Dichotomous variables:
focus time, work-life balance, childcare needs...
@margaretstorey 23

@margaretstorey 24

Team productivity during work from home
I think we spend a lot more time
trying to coordinate with each
other and driving for clarity and
shared understanding is harder.
This means more time solidifying
what we need to be doing and less
time doing/building it.
Miller C, Rodeghero P, Storey MA, Ford D, Zimmermann T. " How Was Your Weekend?" Software
Development Teams Working From Home During COVID-19. To appear, ICSE 2021.
@margaretstorey 25

Productivity: there’s more to it
than you think
Nicole Forsgren, Margaret-Anne Storey, Chandra Maddila,
Thomas Zimmermann, Brian Houck, and Jenna Butler.
The SPACE of Developer Productivity,
ACM Queue 19, 1, January-February 2021.
@margaretstorey 27

S – Satisfaction & Well-Being
P – Performance
A – Activity
C – Collaboration & Communication
E – Efficiency & Flow
@margaretstorey 28

Bao, Lingfeng, Tao Li, Xin Xia, Kaiyu Zhu, Hui Li, and Xiaohu Yang. “How Does Working from Home Affect Developer Productivity? -- A Case Study of Baidu During COVID-19 Pandemic.” March 25, 2021.
http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13167.
Butler, Jenna, and Sonia Jaffe. “Challenges and Gratitude: A Diary Study of Software Engineers Working From Home During Covid-19 Pandemic.” In 2021 IEEE/ACM 43rd International Conference on
Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP), 362–63. Madrid, Spain: IEEE, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEIP52600.2021.00047.
Camara, Rafael da, Marcelo Marinho, Suzana Sampaio, and Saulo Cadete. “How Do Agile Software Startups Deal with Uncertainties by Covid-19 Pandemic?” International Journal of Software
Engineering & Applications 11, no. 4 (July 31, 2020): 15–34. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijsea.2020.11402.
Ford, Denae, Margaret-Anne Storey, Thomas Zimmermann, Christian Bird, Sonia Jaffe, Chandra Maddila, Jenna L. Butler, Brian Houck, and Nachiappan Nagappan. “A Tale of Two Cities: Software
Developers Working from Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” ArXiv:2008.11147 [Cs], August 25, 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.11147.
Machado, Leticia S., Clara Caldeira, Marcelo Gattermann Perin, and Cleidson R.B. de Souza. “Gendered Experiences of Software Engineers During the COVID-19 Crisis.” IEEE Software 38, no. 2
(March 2021): 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2020.3040135.
Miller, Courtney, Paige Rodeghero, Margaret-Anne Storey, Denae Ford, and Thomas Zimmermann. “‘How Was Your Weekend?’ Software Development Teams Working From Home During COVID-19.”
ArXiv:2101.05877 [Cs], February 11, 2021. http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.05877.
Neto, Paulo Anselmo da Mota Silveira, Umme Ayda Mannan, Eduardo Santana de Almeida, Nachiappan Nagappan, David Lo, Pavneet Singh Kochhar, Cuiyun Gao, and Iftekhar Ahmed. “A Deep Dive on
the Impact of COVID-19 in Software Development.” ArXiv:2008.07048 [Cs], August 16, 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.07048.
Forsgren, Nicole, The GitHub Blog. “Octoverse Spotlight: An Analysis of Developer Productivity, Work Cadence, and Collaboration in the Early Days of COVID-19,” May 6, 2020.
https://github.blog/2020-05-06-octoverse-spotlight-an-analysis-of-developer-productivity-work-cadence-and-collaboration-in-the-early-days-of-covid-19/.
Ralph, Paul, Sebastian Baltes, Gianisa Adisaputri, Richard Torkar, Vladimir Kovalenko, Marcos Kalinowski, Nicole Novielli, et al. “Pandemic Programming.” Empirical Software Engineering 25, no. 6
(November 1, 2020): 4927–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-020-09875-y.
Rodeghero, Paige, Thomas Zimmermann, Brian Houck, and Denae Ford. “Please Turn Your Cameras On: Remote Onboarding of Software Developers during a Pandemic.” ArXiv:2011.08130 [Cs], March
6, 2021. http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.08130.
Russo, Daniel, Paul H P Hanel, Seraphina Altnickel, and Niels van Berkel. “Predictors of Well-Being and Productivity of Software Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic – A Longitudinal Study,”
Russo, Daniel, Paul H. P. Hanel, Seraphina Altnickel, and Niels van Berkel. “The Daily Life of Software Engineers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” In 2021 IEEE/ACM 43rd International Conference on
Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP), 364–73. Madrid, Spain: IEEE, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEIP52600.2021.00048.
Schrage, Zacharias. “How Can Software Development Teams Be Controlled During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” In Digital Responses to Covid-19: Digital Innovation, Transformation, and Entrepreneurship
During Pandemic Outbreaks, 87–103. SpringerBriefs in Information Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66611-8_7.
Smite, Darja. “From Force WFH to WFA - Darja Smite et al Under Review
Wang, Yun, Ying Liu, Weiwei Cui, John Tang, Haidong Zhang, Doug Walston, and Dongmei Zhang. “Returning to the Office During the COVID-19 Pandemic Recovery: Early Indicators from China.” In
Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–6. Yokohama Japan: ACM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451685.
Yang, Longqi, Sonia Jaffe, David Holtz, Siddharth Suri, Shilpi Sinha, Jeffrey Weston, Connor Joyce, et al. “How Work From Home Affects Collaboration: A Large-Scale Study of Information Workers in a
Natural Experiment During COVID-19.” ArXiv:2007.15584 [Cs], July 30, 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.15584.
Applying SPACE to developer WFH studies!
29

Satisfaction Performance Activity Collaboration/Communication Efficiency and Flow
Work life balance
[Bao, Ford, Neto, Russo,
Smite, Yang]
More free
time [Ford,
Smite]
Fewer bugs
[Camara, Miller,
Neto]
Bug fixing
time ↓
[Camara, Russo]
Communication
friction [Ford, Butler,
Smite, Machado, Miller]
Better/more use of
Communication tools*
[Camara, Wang]
Distractions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo]
Focus time ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo, Smite,
Yang]
Physical health
[Ford, Smite]
Healthier
food/ activity
[Ford]
LOC ↑
[Smite]
Collaboration ↓
[Miller, Yang]
Open source
collaboration ↑ [Forsgren]
Work
interruptions ↑
[Ford]
More hours
[Forsgren, Smite]
Flexible
hours [Butler,
Ford, Smite]
Commits (↑)
[Bao, Forsgren,
Neto, Yang]
Team
cohesion ↓
[Miller, Smite]
Benefits for global distrib.
teams [Smite, Wang]
Family
interruptions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Machado]
Childcare*
[Bao, Ford, Neto]
Family closer
[Ford]
Merges (↑)
[ Forsgren, Smite]
Social connections ↓
[Ford, Miller]
New social activities ↑
[Butler, Camara, Smite]
Impactful
work ↓ [Miller]
Impactful
work↑ [Miller]
More time on docs/specs/testing
[Russo]
# Messages ↑
[Miller, Yang]
# Emails ↓
[Russo]
Ergonomics* [Ford,
Ralph, Russo, Smite]
More money
[Ford]
Same activities
as WFH [Russo]
# Meetings ↑/
quality ↓ [Miller, Smite]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo. Yang]
Loneliness
[Russo, Smite]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo]
Onboarding
[Neto, Rodeghero]
Knowledge externalization
↑ [Russo, Smite]
Burnout
[Forsgren, Smite]
Awareness ↓
[Ford, Miller]
Fewer breaks
[Butler, Ford, Russo]
Problem solving
/Brainstorming ↓
[Ford, Butler, Smite,
Machado, Miller]
Pairing ↓ [Smite]
@margaretstorey
30

Work life balance
[Bao, Ford, Neto, Russo,
Smite, Yang]
More free
time [Ford,
Smite]
Fewer bugs
[Camara, Miller,
Neto]
Bug fixing
time ↓
[Camara, Russo]
Communication
Better/more use of
[Camara, Wang]
Distractions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo]
Focus time ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo, Smite,
Yang]
Physical health
[Ford, Smite]
Healthier
food/ activity
[Ford]
LOC ↑
[Smite]
Collaboration ↓
[Miller, Yang]
Open source
Work
Interruptions ↑
[Ford]
More hours
[Forsgren, Smite]
Flexible
hours [Butler,
Ford, Smite]
Commits (↑)
[Bao, Forsgren,
Neto, Yang]
Team
cohesion ↓
[Miller, Smite]
teams [Smite, Wang]
Family
Interruptions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Machado]
Childcare*
[Bao, Ford, Neto]
Family closer
[Ford]
[Russo]
[Ford, Miller]
Impactful
work ↓ [Miller]
Impactful
work↑ [Miller]
Same activities
as WFH [Russo]
# Messages ↑
[Yang]
# Emails ↓
[Russo]
Ergonomics* [Ford,
Ralph, Russo, Smite]
More money
[Ford]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo]
# Meetings ↑/
quality ↓ [Smite]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo. Yang]
Loneliness
[Russo, Smite]
Onboarding
[Neto, Rodeghero]
↑ [Russo, Smite]
Burnout
[Forsgren, Smite]
Awareness ↓
[Ford, Miller]
Fewer breaks
Problem solving
/Brainstorming ↓
Machado, Miller]
Pairing ↓ [Smite]
Many findings from the WFH studies
relate to developer satisfaction and well-being
@margaretstorey
31

Work life
balance [Ford]
More free time
[Ford, Smite]
Fewer bugs
[Camara, Miller,
Neto]
Bug fixing
time ↓
[Camara, Russo]
Communication
Better/more use of
[Camara, Wang]
Distractions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo]
Focus time ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo, Smite,
Yang]
Physical Health
[Ford, Smite]
Healthier food/
activity [Ford]
LOC ↑
[Smite]
Collaboration ↓
[Miller, Yang]
Open source
Work
Interruptions ↑
[Ford]
More hours
[Forsgren, Smite]
Flexible hours
[Butler, Ford, Smite]
Commits (↑)
[Bao, Forsgren,
Neto, Yang]
Team
cohesion ↓
[Miller, Smite]
teams [Smite, Wang]
Family
Interruptions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Machado]
Childcare*
[Bao, Ford, Neto]
Family closer
[Ford]
Merges (↑)
[ Forsgren, Smite]
[Ford, Miller]
Impactful
work ↓ [Miller]
Impactful work↑
[Miller]
[Russo]
# Messages ↑
[Yang]
# Emails ↓
[Russo]
Ergonomics*
[Ford, Russo, Smite]
More money
[Ford]
Same activities
as WFH [Russo]
# Meetings ↑/
quality ↓ [Smite]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo. Yang]
Loneliness
[Russo, Smite]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo]
Onboarding
[Neto, Rodeghero]
↑ [Russo, Smite]
Burnout
[Forsgren, Smite]
Awareness ↓
[Ford, Miller]
Fewer Breaks
Problem solving
/Brainstorming ↓
Machado, Miller]
Pairing ↓ [Smite]
Not many WFH studies report on performance,
a few show stable or increased activities
@margaretstorey 32

Work life
balance [Ford]
More free time
[Ford, Smite]
Fewer bugs
[Camara, Miller,
Neto]
Bug fixing
time ↓
[Camara, Russo]
Communication
Better/more use of
[Camara, Wang]
Distractions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo]
Focus time ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo, Smite,
Yang]
Physical Health
[Ford, Smite]
Healthier food/
activity [Ford]
LOC ↑
[Smite]
Collaboration ↓
[Miller, Yang]
Open source
Work
Interruptions ↑
[Ford]
More hours
[Forsgren, Smite]
Flexible hours
Commits (↑)
[Bao, Forsgren,
Neto, Yang]
Team
cohesion ↓
[Miller, Smite]
teams [Smite, Wang]
Family
Interruptions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Machado]
Childcare*
[Bao, Ford, Neto]
Family closer
[Ford]
[Russo]
[Ford, Miller]
Impactful
work ↓ [Miller]
Impactful work↑
[Miller]
Same activities
as WFH [Russo]
# Messages ↑
[Yang]
# Emails ↓
[Russo]
Ergonomics*
More money
[Ford]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo]
# Meetings ↑/
quality ↓ [Smite]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo. Yang]
Loneliness
[Russo, Smite]
Onboarding
[Neto, Rodeghero]
↑ [Russo, Smite]
Burnout
[Forsgren, Smite]
Awareness ↓
[Ford, Miller]
Fewer Breaks
Problem solving
/Brainstorming ↓
Machado, Miller]
Pairing ↓ [Smite]
Many (mixed) findings about collaboration
and communication across WFH studies
@margaretstorey 33

Work life
balance [Ford]
More free time
[Ford, Smite]
Fewer bugs
[Camara, Miller,
Neto]
Bug fixing
time ↓
[Camara, Russo]
Communication
Better/more use of
[Camara, Wang]
Distractions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo]
Focus time ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Russo, Smite,
Yang]
Physical Health
[Ford, Smite]
Healthier food/
activity [Ford]
LOC ↑
[Smite]
Collaboration ↓
[Miller, Yang]
Open source
Work
interruptions ↑
[Ford]
More hours
[Forsgren, Smite]
Flexible hours
Commits (↑)
[Bao, Forsgren,
Neto, Yang]
Team
cohesion ↓
[Miller, Smite]
teams [Smite, Wang]
Family
interruptions ↑
[Butler, Ford,
Machado]
Childcare*
[Bao, Ford, Neto]
Family closer
[Ford]
[Russo]
[Ford, Miller]
Impactful
work ↓ [Miller]
Impactful work↑
[Miller]
Same activities
as WFH [Russo]
# Messages ↑
[Yang]
# Emails ↓
[Russo]
Ergonomics*
More money
[Ford]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo]
# Meetings ↑/
quality ↓ [Smite]
# Meetings ↓
[Russo. Yang]
Loneliness
[Russo, Smite]
Onboarding
[Neto, Rodeghero]
↑ [Russo, Smite]
Burnout
[Forsgren, Smite]
Awareness ↓
[Ford, Miller]
Fewer Breaks
Problem solving
/Brainstorming ↓
Machado, Miller]
Pairing ↓ [Smite]
Mixed findings about efficiency and flow
from the WFH studies
(depends on home context and collaboration needs)
@margaretstorey 34

Charting a new course after the pandemic
@margaretstorey 36

Future of developer work: why go hybrid?
More flexibility with time and place
More importance on personal well-being and “purpose”
More emphasis on personal health, social and team health
Positive changes in office and workspace design, climate
Innovative tools and how they are used
“I do not think permanent work-from-home will work, but I believe the hybrid
working may be an optimal solution for the future. It can provide us much flexibility
to leverage benefits from both remote work and office work.” [Wang et al.]
@margaretstorey 37

Expect some squalls
Confusion about who is remote/at office, when and where
Reduced or lower quality collaboration
More stress for developers and managers
More fragmentation in documentation and communication tools
Ineffective knowledge sharing
Retention challenges (more remote options)
Less cohesive teams
38

Some recommendations from WFH studies
Hybrid should be a choice [Ford, Bao, Wang]
Pandemic WFH not the same as WFH [Yang], many adapt [Russo]
Project characteristics may have an impact [Bao]
Seek out interventions to support developer well-being [Butler, Ford, Ralph]
Diaries for reflecting on challenges and gratitudes improves well-being, reveals insights [Butler]
Take actions to define communication tools and processes [da Camara]
Need for more effective drawing tools [Wang, MicrosoftWFH*]
Coordinate schedules [Wang]
Plan for future pandemics [Russo]
"The action of defining a communication tool
showed the importance to concentrate all the
information exchanged about the projects in one
environment, aiming to replace the old exchanges
of information in the co-located environment…”
[da Camara]
* https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/uploads/prod/2021/01/NewFutureOfWorkReport.pdf
@margaretstorey 39

Use SPACE to define metrics ( >=2 dimensions!)
to gain insights into WFX
but
Metrics are incomplete signals, they
neither explain nor
recommend changes
@margaretstorey 40

Some guiding (and evaluation) theories
Self-determination theory [Deci et al.]
Autonomy, competence, social-relatedness
Two-factor model [Herzberg]
Hygiene factors and motivating factors
Regulation theory* for developer productivity (tools)
Task tracking, coordination, awareness, communication
Guidelines from remote companies [GitLab]
Proxemic theory, media richness theory [Clark]
Control theory [Schrage]
*Arciniegas-Mendez, Maryi & Zagalsky, Alexey & Storey, Margaret-Anne & Hadwin, Allyson.
Regulation as an Enabler for Collaborative Software Development, CSCW 2015.
@margaretstorey 41

Margaret-Anne Storey
@margaretstorey
mstorey@uvic.ca
Takeaway: Consider the full space of developer productivity
when we return to work from wherever and however
Acknowledgements: Darja Smite, Jacek Czerwonka, Tom Zimmermann, Brendan Murphy,
Chris Bird, Eirini Kalliamvakou, Brian Houck, Denae Ford, Courtney Miller,
Paige Rodeghero, Nicole Forsgren, Chandra Maddila, Cassandra Petrachenko 42

Activity Async Communication
Weekly announcements Engineering Management creates weekly announcement video and slides to be viewed async
New team member introduction New team member creates 2-min video introduction, introducing themselves to the team shared in meetings / Slack
Backlog refinement / planning poker Team collaborates via a GitLab issue tagging appropriate parties with specific requests. Use Highlights section
Capacity planning Team updates a shared Google Sheet monthly
Team members who are unable to attend
sync meetings
Meeting organizers should affix a Google Doc agenda to each meeting invite prior to sending. Team members
should update the meeting agenda, prerecord videos
Quarterly team results recaps Corporate Marketing creates a Google Doc or Slides for team members to add results async, shares celebration video
Project sprints and milestones Growth Marketing uses Geekbot Slack app to poll team members: 1) Which project are you currently focusing on?
2) What went live/was completed since Tuesday? 3) What is this week's top 3 priorities? 4) Do you need help?
Broadening coverage during PTO Team members may assign a Channel instead of a Co-worker to cover for them when planning paid time off
Weekly team kickoff/standup sessions Geekbot for weekly async standups: 1) How do you feel today? Red/Yellow/Green 2) What did you do this weekend?
3) What are the priorities this week? 4) Anything blocking progress? 5) Any upcoming paid time off?
Missed deliverable retrospective Engineering Package Group utilizes async deliverable retrospectives through GitLab issues
Blocked calendars/ non-linear workdays Block calendar so that family and friends come first, forcing a non-linear workday and asynchronous comm.
Asynch. engineering standup meetings Standup meetings keep all team members appraised of recent work, planned work and if they need help
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/asynchronous/ 45

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