Ageing process it is the process in which age
- 1. Ageing process DR. KHWAIRAKPAM SHARMILA
- 2. TRADITION SPEAK… One who always serves and respects elderly is blessed with four things : Long Life, Wisdom, Fame and Power Manusmriti Chapter 2:121
- 3. DEFINITION OF AGING Old and aging depends on the age and experience of the speaker. • Chronological age - number of years lived • Physiologic age - age by body function • Psychological age- how old one feels, acts, and behave • Functional age - ability to contribute to society
- 4. Old Age Later adulthood or the period of old age begins at the age of sixty. Aging is a complex biological process in which changes at molecular, cellular, and organ levels result in a progressive, inevitable, and inescapable decrease in the body's ability to respond appropriately to internal and/or external stressors.
- 5. Chronological categories Young old (60-69 years) • Society expects in their 60s to have less energy, responsibility and dependence in adulthood. Middle-aged old (70-79 years) • Losses characterize this decade. • Health problems become a preoccupation and restrict activities Old-old (80-89 years) • People in this age bracket find it increasingly difficult to adapt to the effects of the advanced aging process • People in their 80s become more pronounced with their memories and interested in relating their past living experiences to others. • Health problems become more frequent and severe and of longer duration. Very old-old (90+ years) • fewer people in this age bracket, so very little accurate information • very limited physical and social activity
- 6. Proportion of Aged 60 and Over Population (in Per cent) 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 World 8.6 9.2 9.9 10.8 12.9 Developed 15.2 16.8 18.4 19.7 22.4 Developing 6.3 7 7.7 8.7 10.9 Africa 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.6 Latin America 6.5 7 7.7 8.8 11 Asia (excl. Japan) 6.5 7.4 8.5 9.8 12.8 China 7.4 9 10.5 12.4 16.6 India 6.5 7.3 8.4 9.9 12.6 United Nations,World Demographic Estimate and Projections
- 7. Elderly in India • India has around 104 million elderly; 53 million females and 51 million males (Census 2011). • As regards rural and urban areas, more then 73 million persons i.e. 71 percent of elderly population reside in rural areas while 31 million i.e. 29 per cent of elderly population are in urban areas (Census 2011). • The share of India’s population ages 60 and older is projected to climb from 9 percent in 2010 to 19 percent in 2050, according to the United Nations Population Division (UN 2011). • By 2050, life expectancy at birth is projected to reach 74 years. Fertility rates in India have declined to 2.45 children per women, less than one-half the early 1950s rate of 5.9 children per woman
- 8. Physical changes during old age
- 9. External Changes Graying hair Aging skin Shift in posture Development of wrinkles and other changes
- 10. Internal Changes Muscular and skeletal systems Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Digestive system Genitourinary system Brain and central nervous system
- 11. Changes in Muscular and skeletal systems • Muscle atrophy, reducing strength and restricting movement • Loss of elasticity in muscle tissue reduces flexibility, causing stiffness. • Osteoporosis (softening of bone tissue) leads to easier bone breakage, Kyphosis (“Humpback” posture) and Scoliosis (S-curved spinal column). • Arthritis and rheumatism are the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders among the elderly. Changes in Cardiovascular system • arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) becomes more pronounced causing higher blood pressure, extra stress on the hearth and related cardiovascular problems • slower heart rate of older people results in a decreased level of oxygen in the blood Respiratory system • lowered capacity of lungs for inhaling and exhaling air in late adulthood due to: • 1. change in collagen composition of the lungs causing them to become less elastic and thus less capable of expanding and contracting • 2. diaphragm and chest muscles that help expand and contract the chest weaken. • 3. Age related conditions such as scoliosis reduce chest capacity.
- 12. Digestive system • Constipation and hemorrhoids are frequent complaints of the elderly. Genitourinary system • urinary incontinence (the inability to retain urine in the bladder until voluntary released) • Men commonly experience enlargement of the prostate gland, which causes blockage of the urine flow. • Women have more urinary system problems than men throughout life. Brain and central nervous system • the speed of nerve cell transmission slows with age. • brain and nerve cells diminish in number.
- 13. Changes in Sensory Capacities
- 14. Vision Increase in the threshold of light needed to stimulate retina cells Decrease in acuity (sharpness of vision) due to changes in lens, pupil size and accommodation (focusing ability) Decrease in adaptation to dark and light environments.
- 15. Hearing The most significant sensory changes during late adulthood is hearing loss. These losses occur earlier in men than women, Many elderly people become deaf because of hardening of the bones and nerve damage to the structures of the inner ear that transmit sound waves to the brain.
- 16. Taste and smell Taste and smell perception decline in old age Loss of taste is attributed to a decrease in the number of taste buds and to the need for stronger stimulation to taste receptors in the mouth. People do not smell odors as well in late adulthood. This is because of a decrease in the number of nerve fibers in the nose.
- 18. • The social changes that come with life are change in life style, loss of other family members, neighbors and friends.
- 19. Social problems of old age Retirement Widowhood Loneliness Role Change Multiple Losses
- 20. 1-Retirement • A change in work role comes with retirement. • It changes the way time is managed and daily activities are carried out. • Retirement alters identity, status, financial problem, lack of self-satisfaction and self- esteem and sometimes friendships.
- 21. • A common event that alters family life for the aged is the death of a spouse. • The spousal role composed of many sub roles, such as companion, sexual partner, confidante, house-keeping, care provider, etc. • Loss of spouse is a highly stressful experience. Death of a spouse affects women more than men. 2- Widowhood
- 22. 3- Loneliness • Loneliness is the feeling of emotional isolation, being locked inside oneself and unable to obtain the warmth and comfort from others. • Any loss that creates a deficit in intimacy and inner personal relationships can lead to loneliness.
- 23. 4- Role change (role reversal) • Numerous role changes occur with the aging process, but the transitions expected by most elders are related to the work role and the role of spouse or partner.
- 24. 5- Multiple losses Aging is associated with major physical, psychological and sociologic losses as well as a reduced ability to adapt and compensate for stressors.
- 25. Examples of some losses • Loss of job (retirement) • Loss of status • Change role • Loss related to normal age-related changes • Decreased income • Increase expenditure on medical services • Loss of significant person • Loss of housing • Decreasing the ability to adapt and compensate for stressors • Limitations impose as a result of multiple chronic diseases
- 26. Awareness of Mortality • Widowhood, death of friends, and the recognition of declining functions make older person more aware of the reality of their own death. • Attitudes about death vary with aging. • The elderly tend to think and talk about death, but they find the prospect of death less frightening.
- 27. Theory Description of Adulthood • Social class, occupation, residence, and ethnic background influences how the social age clock works. Progress from one stage to the next in the life span is delayed as social class increases • Social age clocks are useful as guidelines indicating whether someone’s developmental progress is slow or fast in comparison with others of the same age. Social age clock
- 28. Psychosocial problems • Poor adjustment to role changes • Poor adjustment to lifestyle changes • Family relationship problems • Grief • Low self-esteem • Anxiety and depression • Aggressive behavior • Loneliness • Isolation • Problems with sexuality • Elderly abuse • Withdrawing and having a negative attitude toward life in general
- 30. • Most elderly people seems to be most vulnerable to psychological dysfunction when they experience change. • Affective function refers to the mood, emotions (such as happiness, sadness, fear, pain, anger, and confusion). • Cognitive function refers to memory, learning, and intelligence. • Cognitive and affective functioning affects the person’s self-esteem.
- 31. • It is influenced by the way an individual views the world and self. • A positive view of self and surrounding environment promotes positive expression of mood and emotions. • It has a major impact on – » SELF ESTEEM » PERSONALITY » DEPRESSION Affective functioning
- 32. 1- Self-esteem • It is the way a person views himself/herself. • A positive view of self promotes health and enables the person to cope better with the changes and challenges of growing older.
- 33. • Age related changes • losses that occur with aging • Chronic diseases • Increased dependency • Function impairment • Lack of control over the person’s environment Factors contributing to a decreased self-esteem
- 34. 2- Personality • The basic personality does not change as a result of aging process. • The personality will be consistent with that of earlier years.
- 35. 3- Depression • Depression occurs 16-65% of elders living in the community. • Depression including: sleep disturbance, lack of interest, feelings of guilt, lack of energy, decreased concentration and, loss of appetite. • Losses can lead to depression.
- 36. Cognitive functioning Intelligence, learning, attention and memory are all related to cognitive functioning and how well the mind is able to reason and make sound judgements.
- 37. 1- Intelligence • Intelligence is a mental alertness and includes the ability to learn new material, make wise decisions, and deal with stressful situation. • Intelligence does not become less with age. • IQ test performance of older adults may be hindered because of sensory deficits or the stress of being tested.
- 38. 2- Memory • Recent memory is defined as a recall of items learned more than a few minutes earlier, e.g. the day's new events, what was eaten for breakfast, the date. Recent memory generally declines with age. • Remote memory is defined as a recall of items learned many years earlier, e.g. the dates of wars, names of presidents, remote memory does not experience significant change with age.
- 39. 3- Learning • Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge or skills. • The ability of the mind to learn and retain new information remains unaltered, particularly when mind is stimulated through regular use. • The ability to solve complex problems decline with age. • Hearing and visual deficits related to aging process can affect learning.
- 40. 4- Attention span • There is decrease in vigilance performance. • Vigilance performance is the ability to retain attention longer than 45 minutes. • The elderly is more liable to distract (divert) attention by irrelevant information and stimuli. • Deficits in attention may affect learning and memory.
- 41. So… What has to be done for aging …successfully….
- 43. Developmental tasks needed for successful aging • Adjusting to declining health and physical strength. • Adjusting to retirement and reduce income • Adjusting to death of a spouse. • Establish associations with others in the same age. • Maintaining a satisfactory living arrangement. • Adapting to changes in social roles.
- 44. Adjusting to retirement It is easier if activities that will become prominent after retirement are begun during the working years. Therefore, adjustments to retirement are influenced by pre-retirement plan and engaging in other activities before withdrawing completely from their work.
- 45. Find a new role Such as a grandparent role. The grandparent role is generally one that brings great satisfaction and contentment.
- 46. Facilitating maximum independence • Make sure that the person has access to all necessary assistive devices and personal accessories. • Allow enough time for the person to perform tasks at her or his own place • Make sure that the environment has been adapted as much as possible to compensate for sensory losses and other functional impairments.
- 47. Intervention that promotes social support • Use interventions to deal with hearing impairments and other communication barriers. • Encourage participation in group activities. • For people in wheelchairs, especially those who cannot move independently, position the chairs in a way that promotes social interaction.
- 48. THANK YOU ….