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Title: The Chautauquan, Vol. 05, March 1885
Author: Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle
Chautauqua Institution
Editor: Theodore L. Flood
Release date: July 6, 2017 [eBook #55060]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Emmy, Juliet Sutherland and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE
CHAUTAUQUAN, VOL. 05, MARCH 1885 ***](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-25-320.jpg)
![Contents
Transcriber’s Note: This table of contents of this
periodical was created for the HTML version to aid
the reader.
REQUIRED READING FOR MARCH.
Temperance Teachings of Science; or, The Poison Problem
Chapter VI.—Subjective Remedies 311
Sunday Readings
[March 1] 314
[March 8] 315
[March 15] 315
[March 22] 315
[March 29] 316
Studies in Kitchen Science and Art
VI. Cabbages, Turnips, Carrots, Beets and Onions 316
The Circle of the Sciences 320
Home Studies in Chemistry and Physics
Fire—Physical Properties 323
The Mohammedan University of Cairo 327
As Seeing the Invisible 329
National Aid to Education 329
A Trip to the Land of Dreams 333
The Homelike House
Chapter III.—The Dining Room 335
Mexico 338
Two Seas 339
New Orleans World’s Exposition 340](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-28-320.jpg)
![TEMPERANCE TEACHINGS OF
SCIENCE;
Or, THE POISON PROBLEM.
PART VI.
BY FELIX L. OSWALD, M.D.
CHAPTER VI.—SUBJECTIVE REMEDIES.
“Deeprooted evils can not be abolished by striking at
the branches.”—Boerhave.[1]
The history of the temperance movement has demonstrated the
sad futility of palliative remedies. We have seen that the malady of
the poison vice is not a self-limited, but a necessarily progressive
evil. The half-way measures of “restrictive” legislation have resulted
only in furnishing additional proof that prevention is better, because
less impossible, than control.[A] The regulation of the poison traffic,
the redress of the unavoidably resulting mischief, the cure and
conversion of drunkards, in order to be effectual, would impose
intolerable and never ending burdens on the resources even of the
wealthiest communities, while the advocates of prohibition would
forestall the evils both of the remedy and the disease.
But we should not overlook the truth that, in our own country at
least, the poison plant of intemperance springs from a composite
root. In southern Spain, under the dominion of the Saracens,[2] the
poison vice was almost unknown during a series of centuries.[B] The
moral code and the religion of the inhabitants discountenanced](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-31-320.jpg)
![the organic creation. “Every vital process is a miracle,” says Lorenz
Oken,[3] “that is, in all essential respects an unexplained
phenomenon.” A last question will always remain unanswered
wherever the marvelous process of life is concerned, but our
ignorance, as well as our knowledge, of that phenomenon has its
limits, and in regard to the effects of alcoholic beverages it is
precisely the most knowable and most fully demonstrated part of the
truth which it behooves every child to know, but of which at present
nine tenths of the adults, even in the most civilized countries, remain
as ignorant as the natives of Kamtschatka who worship a divinity in
the form of a poisonous toadstool. A boy may be brought to
comprehend the folly of gambling even before he has mastered the
abstruse methods of combination and permutation employed in the
calculus of probable loss and gain. We need not study Bentham[4] to
demonstrate that honesty is an essential basis of commerce and
social intercourse. By the standard of usefulness, too, temperance
primers might well take precedence of many other text-books. Our
school boys hear all sorts of things about the perils encountered by
the explorers of African deserts and Arctic seas, but next to nothing
about the pitfalls in their own path—no room for the discussion of
such subjects in a curriculum that devotes years to the study of dead
languages. Is the difference between the archaic and pliocene form
of a Greek verb so much more important than the difference
between food and poison?
With such a text as the monster curse of intemperance and its
impressive practical lessons, a slight commentary would suffice to
turn thousands of young observers into zealous champions of our
cause, just as in Germany a few years of gymnastic training have
turned nearly every young man into an advocate of physical
education. The work begun in the school room should be continued
on the lecture platform, but we should not dissemble the truth that
in a crowded hall ninety per cent. of the visitors have generally come
to hear an orator rather than a teacher, and enjoy an eloquence that
stirs up their barrenest emotions as much as if it had fertilized the
soil of their intelligence, just as the unrepentant gamesters of a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-33-320.jpg)
![their fatherland than all historical text books, annals and chronicles
taken together, and we should not despise the aid of the novelist, if
he should possess the gift of making fiction the hand-maid of truth,
and the rarer talent of awakening the reflections as well as the
emotions of his readers, for all such appeals should prepare the way
for the products of the temperance press proper, by which we should
never cease to invoke the conscience and the reason of our
fellowmen.
2. Proscription.—That union is strength is a truth which asserts
itself even at the expense of public welfare, and in favor of those
who combine to thwart the purposes of the law or prevent the
progress of needed reforms. To the cabals of such adversaries,
against whom the influence of moral suasion would be powerless,
we should oppose weapons that would strike at the foundation of
their strength, namely, the most effectual means to diminish the
number of their allies. Many of those who are callous to the stings of
conscience would hesitate to defy the stigma of public opinion;
others who are proof against all other arguments would yield if we
could make it their commercial interest to withdraw their aid from
the enemies of mankind.
That the prescription of alcohol for remedial purposes will
ultimately be abandoned, like bleeding, blue-pill dosing and other
medical anachronisms, is as certain as that the Carpathian peasants
will cease to exorcise devils by burning cow dung, and we can
somewhat promote the advent of that time by patronizing reform
physicians in preference to “brandy-doctors,” as Benjamin Rush[5]
used to call them, and by classing alcoholic “bitters” with the
prohibited beverages. It is mere mockery to prohibit the sale of small
beer and permit quacks to sell their brandy as a “digestive tonic,”
and obviate the inconveniences of the Sunday law by consigning
their liquor to a drug-store. Does the new name or the admixture of
a handful of herbs change the effects of the poison? We might as
well prohibit gambling and permit musical lottery drawings under the
name of sacred concerts. Till we can do better we should permit](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-35-320.jpg)
![druggists to sell alcoholic bitters only on the certified prescription of
a responsible physician, all such prescriptions to be duly registered
and periodically reported to the Temperance Commissioner of a
Board of Health. Nostrum-mongers[6] will probably continue to
fleece the ignorant to the end of time, but they must cease to decoy
their victims by pandering to the alcohol vice.
3. Healthier Pastimes.—There is no doubt that a lack of better
pastimes often tends to promote intemperance. In thousands of our
country towns, equidistant from rural sports and the amusements of
the metropolis ennui rather than ignorance[C] or natural depravity
leads our young men to the dram shop, and in recognizing that fact
we should not delude ourselves with the hope that reading-rooms
alone could remedy the evil.[D] The craving after excitement, in
some form or other, is an instinct of human nature which may be
perverted, but can never be wholly suppressed, and in view of the
alternative we would find it cheaper—both morally and materially—
to gratify that craving in the comparatively harmless way of the
Languedoc[9] peasants (who devote the evening hours to singing
contests, trials of skill, round dances, etc.), or after the still better
plan of the ancient Greeks. Antiquity had its Olympic Games,
Nemean and Capitoline arenas, circenses, and local festivals. The
Middle Ages had their tournaments, May days, archery contests,
church festivals and guild feasts. The Latin nations still find leisure
for pastimes of that sort—though in modified, and not always
improved, forms; but in Great Britain, Canada and the United States,
with their six times twelve hours of monotonous factory work, and
Sunday laws against all kinds of recreations, the dreariness of
existence has reached a degree which for millions of workingmen
has made oblivion a blest refuge, and there is no doubt that many
dram-drinkers use alcohol as an anodyne—the most available
palliative against the misery of life-weariness. We would try in vain
to convert such men by reproofs or ostracism. Before we can
persuade them to renounce their excursions to the land of delirium
the realities of life must be made less unendurable. They know the
dangers of intemperance, but consider it a lesser evil.[E] They know](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-36-320.jpg)
![suggestion of the Chevalier Bunsen,[10] and amend the eight hour
law by a provision for a free Saturday afternoon. Half a day a week,
together with the evenings of the long summer days, would suffice
where the means of recreation are near at hand. Even the smallest
factory villages could afford a little pleasure ground of their own, a
public garden with a free gymnasium, a footrace track, ball ground,
a tennis-hall or nine-pin-alley, for the winter season, a free bath, and
a few zoölogical attractions. In larger towns we might add free
music, a restaurant managed on the plan of Susanna Dodds, M.D.,[F]
and perhaps a museum of miscellaneous curiosities. Such pleasure
resorts should be known as Temperance Gardens. They would
redeem as many drunkards as all our prisons and inebriate asylums
taken together; they would do more: they would prevent
drunkenness. And above all, they would accustom the working
classes to associate the name of Temperance with the conceptions
of liberality, manliness, cheerfulness, and recreation, instead of—
well, their present misconceptions. We might arrange monthly
excursions, and the happiest yearly festival would be a Deliverance
Feast; an anniversary of the day when the city or village decided to
free itself from the curse of the poison traffic. Like some of the
Turner halls[11] of the German gymnasts, temperance gardens could
be made more than self-supporting by charging a small admission
fee to the spectator-seats of the gymnasium, and selling special
refreshments at a moderate advance on the cost price. The surplus
might be invested in prizes to stimulate competition in such
gymnastics as wrestling, running, and hammer throwing (“putting
the club,” as the Scotch highlanders call it), with reserved days, or
arenas, for juvenile competitors. In winter we might vary the
program by archery, singing contests, and trials of skill in various
domestic fashions, with an occasional “spelling bee”—at least for
those who could be trusted to consider it a pastime, rather than a
task, for the purpose of recreation should not be sacrificed even to
considerations of utility. In regard to athletics, that apprehension
would be superfluous; the enthusiasm of gymnastic emulation has
exerted its power at all times and among all nations, and needs but
little encouragement to revive in its old might. It would make the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-38-320.jpg)
![Temperance Garden what the Village Green was to the archers of
Old England, what the palæstra was to the youth of ancient Greece.
It would supersede vicious pastimes; it would regenerate the
manhood of the tempted classes, and thus react on their personal
and social habits; they would satisfy their craving for excitement in
the arena, they would learn to prefer mechanical to chemical
stimulants.[G] Physical and moral vigor would go hand in hand.
The union of temperance and athletic education has, indeed,
been the ideal of many social reformers, from Pythagoras to Jean
Jacques Rousseau,[12] and the secret of their failure was a mistake
that has defeated more than one philanthropic project. They failed
to begin their reform at the basis of the social structure. He who
fears the hardships of such a beginning lacks, after all, true faith in
the destiny of his mission. Perseverance and uncompromising loyalty
to the tenets of our covenant is to us a duty, as well as the best
policy, for as a moral offense treason itself would not be more
unpardonable than doubt in the ultimate triumph of a cause like
ours. There is a secret which almost seems to have been better
known to the philosophers and patriots of antiquity than to this
unheroic age of our own, namely, that in the arena of moral contests
a clearly undeserved defeat is a step toward victory. In that warfare
the scales of fate are not biased by a preponderance of gold or iron.
Tyrants have reached the term of their power if they have made
deliverance more desirable than life; the persuasive power of Truth
is increased by oppression; and if the interests of a cause have
become an obvious obstacle in the road of progress and happiness
the promoters of that cause have to contend with a law that governs
the tendencies of the moral as well as the physical universe, and
inexorably dooms the unfit to perish.[H] The unmasked enemies of
mankind have no chance to prosper.
And even where their disguises still avail them amidst the
ignorance of their victims we should remember the consolation of
Jean Jacques Rousseau in his address to the Polish patriots: “They
have swallowed you, but you can prevent them from assimilating](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-39-320.jpg)
![FOOTNOTES
[A] “All past legislation has proved ineffectual to restrain the
habit of excess. Acts of Parliament intended to lessen, have
notoriously augmented the evil, and we must seek a remedy in
some new direction, if we are not prepared to abandon the
contest or contentedly to watch with folded arms the gradual
deterioration of the people. Restriction in the forms which it has
hitherto assumed, of shorter hours, more stringent regulation of
licensed houses and magisterial control of licenses, has been a
conspicuous failure. For a short time after the passing of Lord
Aberdare’s act, hopes were entertained of great results from the
provisions for early closing, and many chief constables testified to
the improved order of the streets under their charge; but it soon
appeared that the limitation, while it lessened the labor of the
police and advanced their duties an hour or so in the night, was
not sufficient to reduce materially the quantity of liquor
consumed, or the consequent amount of drunkenness.”—
Fortnightly Review.
[B] “The western Saracens abstained not only from wine, but
from all fermented and distilled drinks whatsoever, were as
innocent of coffee as of tea and tobacco, knew opium only as a
soporific medicine, and were inclined to abstemiousness in the
use of animal food. Yet six millions of these truest sons of
temperance held their own for seven centuries against great odds
of heavy-armed Giaours, excelled all christendom in astronomy,
medicine, agriculture, chemistry and linguistics, as well as in the
abstract sciences, and could boast of a whole galaxy of
philosophers and inspired poets.”—International Review,
December, 1880.
[C] “Education is the cure of ignorance,” says Judge Pitman,
“but ignorance is not the cause of intemperance. Men who drink
generally know better than others that the practice is foolish and
hurtful.” “It is not the most earnest and intelligent workers in the
sphere of public education that make their overestimate of it as a
specific for intemperance. While they are fully sensible of that
measure of indirect aid which intellectual culture brings to all
moral reforms, they feel how weak is this agency alone to
measure its strength against the powerful appetite for drink.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-41-320.jpg)
![[D] “In a primitive state of society field sports afford abundant
pastimes, our wealthy burghers find indoor amusements, and
scholars have ideal hunting grounds of their own; but the large
class of our fellow-citizens, to whom reading is a task rather than
a pleasure, are reduced to the hard choice between their
circenses[7] and their panes[8]. Even the slaves of ancient Rome
had their saturnalia, when their masters indulged them in the
enjoyment of their accumulated arrears of happiness; but our
laborers toil like machines, whose best recreation is a temporary
respite from work. Human hearts, however, will not renounce
their birthright to happiness; and if joy has departed this life they
pursue its shadow in the land of dreams, and try to spice the dry
bread of daily drudgery with the sweets of delirium.”—
International Review, December, 1880.
[E] “But beside their excitative influence, strong stimulants
induce a lethargic reaction; and it is for the sake of this after
effect that many unfortunates resort to intoxication. They drink in
order to get drunk; they are not tempted by the poison-fiend in
the guise of a good, familiar spirit, but deliberately invoke the
enemy which steals away their brains.”—International Review,
December, 1880.
[F] Author of “Health in the Household.”
[G] “I can not help thinking that most of our fashionable
diseases might be cured mechanically instead of chemically, by
climbing a bitter-wood tree, or chopping it down, if you like,
rather than swallowing a decoction of its disgusting leaves.”—
Boerhave.
[H] “The ultimate issue of the struggle is certain. If any one
doubts the general preponderance of good over evil in human
nature, he has only to study the history of moral crusades. The
enthusiastic energy and self-devotion with which a great moral
cause inspires its soldiers always have prevailed, and always will
prevail, over any amount of self-interest or material power
arrayed on the other side.”—Goldwin Smith.[13]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-42-320.jpg)
![SUNDAY READINGS.
SELECTED BY CHANCELLOR J. H. VINCENT, D.D.
[March 1.]
Repose now in thy glory, noble founder. Thy work is finished; thy
divinity is established. Fear no more to see the edifice of thy labors
fall by any fault. Henceforth beyond the reach of frailty, thou shalt
witness from the heights of divine peace, the infinite results of thy
acts. At the price of a few hours of suffering, which did not even
reach thy grand soul, thou hast bought the most complete
immortality. Banner of our contests, thou shalt be the standard
about which the hottest battle will be given. A thousand times more
alive, a thousand times more beloved since thy death than during
thy passage here below, thou shalt become the corner-stone of
humanity so entirely, that to tear thy name from this world would be
to rend it to its foundations. Between thee and God there will no
longer be any distinction. Complete conqueror of death, take
possession of thy kingdom, whither shall follow thee, by the royal
road which thou hast traced, ages of worshipers.
The essential work of Jesus was the creation around him of a
circle of disciples in whom he inspired a boundless attachment, and
in whose breast he implanted the germ of his doctrine. To have
made himself beloved “so much that after his death they did not
cease to love him,” this was the crowning work of Jesus, and that
which most impressed his contemporaries. His doctrine was so little
dogmatical that he never thought of writing it or having it written. A
man became his disciple, not by believing this or that, but by](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-43-320.jpg)
![Since Socrates and Aristotle, philosophy and science have made
immense progress; but all has been built upon the foundation which
they laid. And so, before Jesus, religious thought had passed
through many revolutions; since Jesus it has made great conquests;
nevertheless it has not departed, it will not depart from the essential
condition which Jesus created; he has fixed for eternity the idea of
pure worship. The religion of Jesus, in this sense, is not limited. The
church has had its epochs and its phases; it has shut itself up in
symbols which have had or will have their day; Jesus founded the
absolute religion, excluding nothing, determining nothing, save its
essence.…
Whatever may be the transformations of dogma, Jesus will
remain in religion the creator of its pure sentiment; the Sermon on
the Mount will never be surpassed. No resolution will lead us not to
join in religion the grand intellectual and moral line at the head of
which beams the name of Jesus.—Renan.[1]
[March 8.]
Were you ever made to see and admire the all sufficiency of
Christ’s righteousness, and excited by the spirit of God to hunger
and thirst after it? Could you ever say, my soul is athirst for Christ,
yea, even for the righteousness of Christ? Oh, when shall I come to
appear before the presence of my God in the righteousness of
Christ; oh, nothing but Christ! nothing but Christ! Give me Christ, O
God, and I am satisfied! My soul shall praise thee forever. Was this, I
say, ever the language of your hearts? And after these inward
conflicts, were you ever enabled to reach out the arm of faith and
embrace the blessed Jesus in your souls, so that you could say, My
beloved is mine, and I am his? If so, fear not, whoever you are—
hail, all hail, you happy souls! The Lord, the Lord Christ, the
everlasting God is your righteousness. Christ has justified you, who
is he that condemneth you? Christ has died for you, nay, rather is
risen again, and ever liveth to make intercession for you. Being now](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-45-320.jpg)
![justified by his grace, you have peace with God, and shall ere long
be with Jesus in glory, reaping everlasting and unspeakable
redemption both in body and soul. For there is no condemnation to
those that are really in Christ Jesus. Whether Paul or Apollos or life
or death, all is yours if you are Christ’s, for Christ is God’s! … Oh
think of the love of Christ in dying for you! If the Lord be your
righteousness, let the righteousness of your Lord be ever in your
mouth.… Think of the greatness of the gift, as well as of the giver!
Show to all the world in whom you have believed! Let all by your
fruits know that the Lord is your righteousness, and that you are
waiting for your Lord from heaven! Oh, study to be holy, even as he
who has called you, and washed you in his own blood, is holy! Let
not the righteousness of the Lord be evil spoken of through you. Let
not Jesus be wounded in the house of his friends; but grow in grace
and in the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ day by
day. Oh, think of his dying love! Let that love constrain you to
obedience! Having much forgiven, love much.—Whitefield.[2]
[March 15.]
But in proportion to the exaltation of the soul, and also in
proportion to its purity and spirituality—the very opposite extreme or
condition; in proportion to the impressibleness and moral sensibility
of a man’s spiritual nature, he has direct communion with God, as
friend with friend, face to face. “Blessed are the pure in heart, for
they shall see God.” There are thousands of instances—they occur in
every church where there are eminent Christians—of men and
women who come to such a state of spiritual purity and spiritual
openness that they talk with God as friend with friend. There is the
direct operation of the Spirit of God upon their soul. Not that they
less than any others are blessed by the spirit that applies the Word;
not that they less than any others are subject to the indirect
operations of nature and society; but there is, over and above these,
also, for those that are able to take it, this direct inspiration of God’s
soul. Whether it be by thought, I know not; or whether it be by](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-46-320.jpg)
![[March 22.]
Jesus Christ, in his dying discourse with his eleven disciples, in
the 14th, 15th, and 16th chapters of John (which was, as it were,
Christ’s last will and testament to his disciples, and to his whole
church), often declares his special and everlasting love to them, in
the plainest and most positive terms, and promises them a future
participation with him in his glory in the most absolute manner, and
tells them, at the same time, that he does so to the end that their
joy may be full. John xv:2: “These things have I spoken unto you
that my joy might remain in you, and that your joy might be full.”
See also, at the conclusion of the whole discourse, chapter xvi:33:
“These things have I spoken unto you, that in me ye might have
peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation; but be of good cheer; I
have overcome the world.” Christ was not afraid of speaking too
plainly and positively to them; he did not desire to hold them in the
least suspense. And he concluded that last discourse of his with a
prayer in their presence, wherein he speaks positively to his Father
of those eleven disciples, as having all of them savingly known him,
and believed in him, and received and kept his word; and that they
were not of the world; and that for their sakes he sanctified himself;
and that his will was that they should be with him in his glory; and
tells his Father that he spake these things in his prayer, to the end
that his joy might be fulfilled in them: verse 13. By these things it is
evident that it is agreeable to Christ’s designs, and the contrived
ordering and disposition Christ makes of things in his church, that
there should be sufficient and abundant provision made, that his
saints might have full assurance of their future glory.
The apostle Paul, through all his epistles, speaks in an assured
strain; ever speaking positively of his special relation to Christ, his
Lord, and Master, and Redeemer; and his interest in, and
expectation of, the future reward. It would be useless to take notice
of all places that might be enumerated. I shall mention but three or
four. Gal., ii:20: “Christ liveth in me; and the life which I now live in
the flesh, I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-48-320.jpg)
![gave himself for me.” Phil., i:21: “For to me to live is Christ, and to
die is gain.” II. Tim., i:12: “I know whom I have believed, and I am
persuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed unto
him against that day.” II. Tim., iv:7,8: “I have fought a good fight, I
have finished my course, I have kept the faith. Henceforth there is
laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the
righteous judge, will give me at that day.” … It further appears that
assurance is not only attainable in some very extraordinary cases,
but that all Christians are directed to use all diligence to make their
calling and election sure; and are told how they may do it. II. Peter,
i:5-8. And it is spoken of as a thing very unbecoming of Christians,
and an argument of something very blamable in them, not to know
whether Christ be in them or no. II. Cor., xiii:5: “Know ye not your
own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you except ye be
reprobates?” And it is implied that it is an argument of a very
blamable negligence in Christians, if they practice Christianity after
such a manner as to remain uncertain of the rewards, in I. Cor.,
ix:26: “I therefore so run, not as uncertainly.” And to add no more, it
is manifest that for Christians to know their interests in the saving
benefits of Christianity is a thing ordinarily attainable, because the
apostles tell us by what means Christians (and not only apostles and
martyrs) were wont to know this. I. Cor., ii:12: “Now we have
received, not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit which is of God,
that we might know the things which are fully given to us of God.”
And I. John, ii:3: “And hereby do we know that we know him if we
keep his commandments.” And verse 5: “Hereby know we that we
are in him.” Chapter iii:14: “We know that we have passed from
death unto life.” … Verse 19: “Hereby we know that we are of the
truth, and shall assure our hearts before him.” Verse 24: “Hereby we
know that he abideth in us, by the spirit which he hath given us.” So
chapter iv:13, and chapter v:29, and verse 19.—President Edwards.
[3]
[March 29.]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-49-320.jpg)
![Who has an understanding so exalted, so richly gifted, as to be
able to say what love is! Should I say it is a dew, I merely describe
its refreshing power. Should I say it is a star, I but describe its
loveliness. Should I say it is a storm, I but describe the impossibility
of restraining it. Should I say it is a ray of the sun, then I but
describe its hidden source. Should I say it is produced in the utmost
depths of the soul, when the breath of heaven unites with the
heart’s blood of the new man, that it is the breath of the soul, still I
should not have represented it, for I should but have said what it is
in itself, not what it is to others. Should I say it is the light of the
sun, that gives life and color to all creatures, still I should not have
truly set it forth, for I should but have said what it is for others, not
what it is in itself. Should I say it is a ray of the seven colors in a
pure drop of water, still I should not have described it, for it is not so
much a form as an odor, and a savor, in the depths of the human
heart. Who has such a lofty understanding, such deep thoughts, as
to be able to say what love truly is! The Scripture says—it is a flame
of the Lord.[I] Yes it is a flame, steady, bright, and pure; a flame
which lights up and warms, and shines through the heart into which
it has entered, and then falls on other hearts, and the more light and
warmth it gives to others, the brighter and stronger it burns in our
breast.
But love, says the apostle, is greater than faith and hope, for
beyond that limit where faith and hope depart, love still remains.…
For as the door in this poor temporal life was but a little gate that
did not always stand open, but was often shut by a strong gust of
wind; in eternity the poor little gate will become a mighty portal,
whose doors stand open night and day, which no storm-wind will
ever close, through which the soul will freely pass into the heart of
God and all his creatures. O, since in this life love has made us so
rich, though but a little brook, which, when the sun shone fiercely,
was almost dried up, how rich will it not make us when the little
brook has become the stream, yea, the ocean, when it flows forth
from the heart of God, in full spring-tide, and sin no more builds a
barrier in the heart of the creature, and there will be a free and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-50-320.jpg)
![sacred giving and receiving between heaven and earth, and among
all that is in heaven and upon earth! O, who has so exalted an
understanding that he can truly say what love is!—Tholuck.[4]
FOOTNOTES
[I] Canticles, viii:6, German version.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-51-320.jpg)
![STUDIES IN KITCHEN SCIENCE AND
ART.
VI. CABBAGES, TURNIPS, CARROTS, BEETS,
AND ONIONS.
BY BYRON D. HALSTED, SC. D.
The Cabbage is a native of Europe, and grows wild along the sea
coasts of England. The wild plant lives for two years, has fleshy
leaves, and is so different from the cabbages of the garden as not to
be recognized as their parent. Under cultivation this one species of
plant (Brassica oleracea[1]) has produced the Savoy, Brussels
sprouts, cauliflower, borecole,[2] etc. A more wonderful plant and a
more useful one is seldom found in the whole range of the vegetable
kingdom. The Romans did much to extend the culture of the
cabbage. In Scotland it was not generally known until the time of
Cromwell. Much improvement has been made in American sorts of
cabbages within the past fifty years. In the wild state the cabbage
has a hard, woody stalk, but the fine specimens in market have only
a small stem, bearing a large, compact head, of closely folded
leaves.
The first essential in the successful growing of cabbage is the
right kind of soil. It should be a sandy loam, with a gravelly, and not
a clayey subsoil. Soil that is naturally wet must be thoroughly
underdrained before being devoted to cabbage growing. The
importance of an abundance of well rotted manure can not be too
fully impressed upon the mind of any person contemplating the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/99347-250421074500-205f00a2/85/Agile-Software-Development-Trends-Challenges-and-Applications-1st-Edition-Susheela-Hooda-52-320.jpg)
Agile Software Development : Trends, Challenges and Applications 1st Edition Susheela Hooda
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- 7. Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)
- 8. Agile Software Development Trends, Challenges and Applications Edited by Susheela Hooda Vandana Mohindru Sood Yashwant Singh Sandeep Dalal and Manu Sood
- 9. This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Wiley Global Headquarters 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley prod- ucts visit us at www.wiley.com. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no rep resentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant- ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representa tives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further informa tion does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organiza tion, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1199639-5 Cover image: Pixabay.Com Cover design by Russell Richardson Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- 10. v Contents Preface xv 1 Agile Software Development in the Digital World – Trends and Challenges 1 Kapil Mehta and Vandana Mohindru Sood 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Organization of Chapter 4 1.2 Related Work 4 1.2.1 Teamwork Development 4 1.2.2 Project-Based Learning (PJBL) 5 1.2.3 Planning the Agile Software Development Methodologies 6 1.3 Agile Architecture Trends in the Digital World 9 1.3.1 Agile Implementation at Scale 11 1.4 Challenges Faced in the Digital World Through Agile Software Development 12 1.4.1 Challenges for Small to Mid-Scale and Large-Scale Agile Projects 13 1.4.2 Reported Challenges – Cause and Potential Solutions 15 1.5 Generic Guidelines to Improve the Agile Transformation in Digital World 18 1.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 18 References 19 2 Agile Framework Adaptation Issues in Various Sectors 23 Anita Sardana and Vidhu Kiran Sharma 2.1 Introduction 24 2.1.1 Human-Human Linkages 25 2.2 Agile Followers 27 2.3 Proposed Work 29 2.4 Resolution Matrix 32
- 11. vi Contents 2.5 Conclusion and Future Work 34 References 34 3 Vulnerability Assessment Tools for IoT: An Agile Approach 39 Pooja Anand and Yashwant Singh 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Agile Methodology: SCRUM 42 3.3 Scrum Agile Benefits for IoT 43 3.4 Critical Factors for Implementing Agile Methodology 46 3.5 Conclusion 47 References 48 4 Interoperable Agile IoT 51 Bharti Rana and Yashwant Singh 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Agile Software Development 53 4.2.1 Scrum Methodology 54 4.2.2 Extreme Programming (XP) 55 4.2.3 Adaptive Software Development (ASD) 56 4.2.4 Dynamic Software Development Method (DSDM) 57 4.2.5 Feature Driven Development (FDD) 58 4.2.6 Kanban Method 59 4.3 Internet of Things (IoT) 59 4.4 Agile–IoT Project for Interoperability 60 4.5 Agile–IoT Project for Smart Domains 62 4.6 INTER-IoT Framework for Interoperability 64 4.6.1 Interoperability Aspects 65 4.7 Conclusion 67 References 67 5 Functional and Non-Functional Requirements in Agile Software Development 71 S. Saroja and S. Haseena 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2 Agile Requirements Gathering 73 5.3 Types of Requirements 74 5.4 Functional Requirement Gathering 77 5.5 Non-Functional Requirement Gathering 79 5.6 Testing Functional and Non-Functional Requirements 82 5.7 Conclusion and Future Scope 82 References 83
- 12. Contents vii 6 Minimizing Cost, Effort, and Implementation Complexity for Adopting Security Requirements in an Agile Development Process for Cyber-Physical Systems 87 Zakir Ahmad Sheikh and Yashwant Singh 6.1 Introduction 88 6.2 Literature Review 91 6.3 Proposed Methodology 94 6.4 Conclusion 97 References 97 7 A Systematic Literature Review on Test Case Prioritization Techniques 101 Ajmer Singh, Anita Singhrova, Rajesh Bhatia and Dhavleesh Rattan 7.1 The Motivation for Systematic Review 102 7.1.1 Existing Literature Reviews on Test Case Prioritization 102 7.1.2 Resources Used for SLR 103 7.1.3 Search Criteria 103 7.1.4 Research Questions 104 7.2 Results 106 7.2.1 What is the Current Status of Test Case Prioritization? 106 7.2.2 How Various Test Case Prioritization Techniques are Classified? And What are Those Classifications? 107 7.2.2.1 Code Coverage-Based 109 7.2.2.2 Requirements-Based 112 7.2.2.3 Model-Based Prioritization 113 7.2.2.4 Time and Cost-Aware Prioritization 114 7.2.2.5 History-Based Prioritization 114 7.2.2.6 Risk Factor-Based Prioritization 115 7.2.2.7 Fault Localization-Based 115 7.2.2.8 Soft Computing Techniques-Based 116 7.2.2.9 Web-Based 121 7.2.2.10 Object Oriented Testing-Based 122 7.2.2.11 Similarity-Based 122 7.2.2.12 Combinatorial Interaction Testing-Based 123 7.2.2.13 Machine Learning-Based 124 7.2.2.14 Adaptive Random Testing (ART)-Based 124 7.2.2.15 Prioritization for Continuous Integration (CI) and Software Product Lines (SPL) 125
- 13. viii Contents 7.2.2.16 Hybrid Approaches 125 7.2.2.17 Comparative Studies 125 7.2.2.18 Surveys and Reviews 126 7.3 What Subject Systems Have Been Used to Evaluate Test Case Prioritization Techniques? What is the Type of Programming Platform for Subject Systems? 126 7.3.1 What is Research Status in Model-Based Test Case Prioritization? 128 7.3.2 What Evaluation Criterion Has Been Used to Evaluate Model-Based Prioritization and How are The Results Reported? 128 7.3.3 How Model-Based Test Case Prioritization Has Evolved Over the Years? Which Studies Have Discussed the Benefits of Model-Based Test Case Prioritization in Object-Oriented Systems? 132 7.3.4 What Subject Systems Are Used to Evaluate the Model-Based Test Case Prioritization? 133 7.3.5 What is the Research Status of Test Case Prioritization for Object-Oriented Testing? 133 7.3.6 What Specific Parameters of Object-Oriented Testing Have Been Highlighted by Various Studies? 134 7.3.7 What Studies Exist Based on Multi-Objective Algorithms for Test Case Prioritization in Object- Oriented Testing? 135 7.3.8 Whether Comparative Analysis of Multi-Objective Algorithms for Test Case Prioritization in Object- Oriented Testing Has Been Performed? And What are The Results? 135 7.4 Research Gaps 136 References 136 8 A Systematic Review of the Tools and Techniques in Distributed Agile Software Development 161 Dipti Jadhav, Jyoti Kundale, Sumedha Bhagwat and Jyoti Joshi 8.1 Introduction 162 8.1.1 Why Agile? 162 8.1.2 Distributed Agile Software Development (DASD) 162 8.1.3 Challenges of DASD 163 8.1.3.1 Documentation 163 8.1.3.2 Pair Programming 163 8.1.3.3 Different Working Hours 163
- 14. Contents ix 8.1.3.4 Training on Agile Practices 163 8.1.3.5 Distribution of Work 163 8.2 Literature Review 164 8.3 Techniques for DASD 164 8.3.1 Effective Communication 165 8.3.2 Face Visits or Contact Visits 165 8.3.3 Team Distribution 165 8.3.4 Distribution of Work 165 8.3.5 Documentation 165 8.4 Tools for DASD 166 8.4.1 Monday.com 166 8.4.1.1 Features 167 8.4.1.2 Pricing 167 8.4.2 nTask 167 8.4.2.1 Features 168 8.4.2.2 Pricing 168 8.4.3 Jira 168 8.4.3.1 Pricing 169 8.4.3.2 Version Control 169 8.4.3.3 Key Features 170 8.4.4 ActiveCollab 170 8.4.4.1 Pricing 170 8.4.4.2 Features 171 8.4.5 Pivotal Tracker 171 8.4.5.1 Features 171 8.4.5.2 Pricing 172 8.4.6 Clarizen 172 8.4.6.1 Software Features 173 8.4.7 Axosoft 173 8.4.7.1 Software Features 173 8.4.7.2 Pricing 173 8.4.8 MeisterTask 174 8.4.8.1 Software Features 174 8.4.8.2 Pricing 174 8.4.9 GitLab 174 8.4.9.1 Features 175 8.4.9.2 Pricing 176 8.4.10 Productboard 176 8.4.10.1 Features 176 8.4.11 ZohoSprints 178 8.4.11.1 Features 178
- 15. x Contents 8.4.11.2 Pricing 179 8.4.12 Taskworld 180 8.4.12.1 Features 180 8.4.12.2 Pricing 180 8.4.13 CoSchedule 180 8.4.13.1 Features 180 8.4.13.2 Pricing 181 8.4.14 Nostromo 181 8.4.14.1 Features 181 8.4.14.2 Pricing 182 8.4.15 Todo.vu 182 8.4.15.1 Features 183 8.4.15.2 Pricing 183 8.4.16 VersionOne 183 8.4.16.1 Pricing 184 8.4.16.2 Features 184 8.4.17 ProofHub 184 8.4.17.1 Features 184 8.4.17.2 Pricing 185 8.5 Conclusion 185 References 185 9 Distributed Agile Software Development (DASD) Process 187 Samli, Monisha Gupta, Abhishek Sharma, Susheela Hooda and Jaswinder Singh Bhatia 9.1 Introduction 188 9.2 Distributed Software Development 189 9.2.1 Factors Influencing Agile Distributed Software Development 190 9.3 Distributed Agile Software Development Team 192 9.3.1 Distributed Agile Development/Teams 194 9.3.1.1 Some Common Practices for Agile Teams are Specified as Below 195 9.4 Scrum in Global Software Development (GSD) 196 9.4.1 Aim and Objectives of Scrum Practices in GSD 198 9.4.2 Background 198 9.4.3 Scrum Practices in GSD 199 9.5 Tools and Techniques for Agile Distributed Development 199 9.6 Conclusion 201 References 202
- 16. Contents xi 10 Task Allocation in Agile-Based Distributed Project Development Environment 205 Madan Singh, Naresh Chauhan and Rashmi Popli 10.1 Introduction 206 10.1.1 Traditional Software Development 206 10.1.2 Agile Software Development (ASD) 207 10.1.3 Distributed Software Development 211 10.1.4 Motivation and Goal 213 10.2 Task Allocation 214 10.2.1 Traditional Task Allocation Methods 214 10.2.2 Need of Machine Learning in Task Allocation 214 10.3 Machine Learning-Based Task Allocation Model 215 10.4 Conclusion 216 References 217 11 Software Quality Management by Agile Testing 221 Sharanpreet Kaur, Susheela Hooda and Harsimrat Deo 11.1 Introduction 222 11.2 A Brief Introduction to JMeter 222 11.3 Review of Literature 223 11.4 Performance Testing Using JMeter 225 11.5 Proposed Work 225 11.6 Results and Discussions 227 11.7 Conclusion 231 References 232 12 A Deep Drive into Software Development Agile Methodologies for Software Quality Assurance 235 Mitali Chugh and Neeraj Chugh 12.1 Introduction 236 12.2 Background Work 237 12.2.1 Factors of Quality Assurance in Agility 239 12.3 Understanding Agile Software Methodologies 240 12.3.1 Need for Agile Software Methodology Framework 241 12.4 Agile Methodology Evaluation Framework 241 12.4.1 Extreme Programming (XP) 241 12.4.2 Scrum 243 12.4.3 Lean Development 243 12.4.4 Crystal Methodology 246 12.4.5 Kanban Methodology 247 12.4.6 Feature Driven Development (FDD) Methodology 247
- 17. xii Contents 12.4.7 Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) 250 12.5 Agile Software Development – Issues and Challenges 252 12.6 Conclusion 252 References 253 13 Factors and Techniques for Software Quality Assurance in Agile Software Development 257 Gagandeep Kaur, Inderpreet Kaur, Shilpi Harnal and Swati Malik 13.1 Introduction 258 13.1.1 Values of the Agile Manifesto 259 13.1.2 The Twelve Agile Manifesto Principles 260 13.1.3 Agile for Software Quality Assurance 261 13.2 Literature Review 262 13.3 Agile Factors in Quality Assurance 263 13.3.1 Success Factors 263 13.3.2 Failure Factors 263 13.4 Quality Assurance Techniques 263 13.5 Challenges and Limitations of Agile Technology 268 13.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 269 References 270 14 Classification of Risk Factors in Distributed Agile Software Development Based on User Story 273 Esha Khanna, Rashmi Popli and Naresh Chauhan 14.1 Introduction 274 14.2 Software Risk Management 274 14.2.1 Risk Assessment 275 14.3 Literature Review 278 14.3.1 Review 278 14.3.2 Risk Factors in Distributed Agile Software Development 279 14.3.3 Current Challenges 284 14.4 User Story-Based Classification of Risk Factors in Distributed Agile Software Development 285 14.4.1 User Stories 285 14.4.2 Classification of Risk Factors on the Basis of User Story 285 14.5 Future Scope 286 14.6 Conclusion 287 References 287
- 18. Contents xiii 15 Software Effort Estimation with Machine Learning – A Systematic Literature Review 291 Ritu and Pankaj Bhambri 15.1 Introduction 292 15.2 Method 292 15.2.1 Questionnaires for Research 293 15.2.2 Search Process 293 15.2.3 Criteria for Inclusion and Removal 294 15.2.4 Data Gathering 295 15.2.5 Analyzing Data 295 15.3 Result 296 15.3.1 Findings 296 15.4 Discussion 300 15.4.1 What Kinds of Research are Being Conducted? 301 15.4.2 Who is the Research Leader in SLR? 301 15.4.3 The Study’s Limitations 304 15.5 Conclusion 304 15.6 Future Scope 305 References 305 16 Improving the Quality of Open Source Software 309 Sharanpreet Kaur and Satwinder Singh 16.1 Introduction 310 16.2 Literature Review 311 16.3 Research Issues 313 16.4 Research Method and Data Collection 314 16.5 Results and Discussion 317 16.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 320 References 321 17 Artificial Intelligence Enables Agile Software Development Life Cycle 325 Sima Das, Ajay Kumar Balmiki and Nimay Chandra Giri 17.1 Introduction 326 17.2 Literature Survey 327 17.3 Proposed Work 328 17.3.1 Advantages and Limitations of Agile Software Development 331 17.4 Conclusion 340 References 341
- 19. xiv Contents 18 Machine Learning in ASD: An Intensive Study of Automated Disease Prediction System 345 Saindhab Chattaraj, Taniya Chakraborty, Chandan Koner and Subir Gupta 18.1 Introduction 346 18.2 Overview of ML 347 18.2.1 Types of Machine Learning 348 18.2.1.1 Supervised Machine Learning 348 18.2.1.2 Unsupervised Machine Learning 349 18.2.1.3 Reinforcement ML 350 18.2.2 Popular ML Algorithm 350 18.2.2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 350 18.2.2.2 K-Means Clustering Algorithm 351 18.2.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering 351 18.2.2.4 Linear Regression in Machine Learning 351 18.2.2.5 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 352 18.2.2.6 Decision Tree 352 18.2.2.7 Random Forests 352 18.2.2.8 Agile Software Development (ASD) 353 18.3 Case Study 355 18.3.1 Methodology 355 18.3.2 Result Analysis 357 18.4 Conclusion 358 References 360 Index 363
- 20. Another Random Scribd Document with Unrelated Content
- 24. The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Chautauquan, Vol. 05, March 1885
- 25. This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Chautauquan, Vol. 05, March 1885 Author: Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle Chautauqua Institution Editor: Theodore L. Flood Release date: July 6, 2017 [eBook #55060] Most recently updated: October 23, 2024 Language: English Credits: Produced by Emmy, Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHAUTAUQUAN, VOL. 05, MARCH 1885 ***
- 26. Transcriber’s Note: This cover has been created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain. The Chautauquan. A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE PROMOTION OF TRUE CULTURE. ORGAN OF THE CHAUTAUQUA LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CIRCLE. Vol. V. MARCH, 1885. No. 6.
- 27. Officers of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. President, Lewis Miller, Akron, Ohio. Chancellor, J. H. Vincent, D.D., New Haven, Conn. Counselors, The Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D., the Rev. J. M. Gibson, D.D.; Bishop H. W. Warren, D.D.; Prof. W. C. Wilkinson, D.D.; Edward Everett Hale. Office Secretary, Miss Kate F. Kimball, Plainfield, N. J. General Secretary, Albert M. Martin, Pittsburgh, Pa.
- 28. Contents Transcriber’s Note: This table of contents of this periodical was created for the HTML version to aid the reader. REQUIRED READING FOR MARCH. Temperance Teachings of Science; or, The Poison Problem Chapter VI.—Subjective Remedies 311 Sunday Readings [March 1] 314 [March 8] 315 [March 15] 315 [March 22] 315 [March 29] 316 Studies in Kitchen Science and Art VI. Cabbages, Turnips, Carrots, Beets and Onions 316 The Circle of the Sciences 320 Home Studies in Chemistry and Physics Fire—Physical Properties 323 The Mohammedan University of Cairo 327 As Seeing the Invisible 329 National Aid to Education 329 A Trip to the Land of Dreams 333 The Homelike House Chapter III.—The Dining Room 335 Mexico 338 Two Seas 339 New Orleans World’s Exposition 340
- 29. Geography of the Heavens for March 342 How to Win 343 Notes on Popular English 345 The Chautauqua School of Liberal Arts 348 Outline of Required Readings, March, 1885 350 Programs for Local Circle Work 350 Local Circles 351 The C. L. S. C. Classes 356 Questions and Answers 357 The Trustees Reorganize Chautauqua 358 Editor’s Outlook 360 Editor’s Note-Book 362 C. L. S. C. Notes on Required Readings for March 365 Notes on Required Readings in “The Chautauquan” 367 Talk About Books 369 Paragraphs from New Books 370 Special Notes 372
- 30. REQUIRED READING FOR MARCH.
- 31. TEMPERANCE TEACHINGS OF SCIENCE; Or, THE POISON PROBLEM. PART VI. BY FELIX L. OSWALD, M.D. CHAPTER VI.—SUBJECTIVE REMEDIES. “Deeprooted evils can not be abolished by striking at the branches.”—Boerhave.[1] The history of the temperance movement has demonstrated the sad futility of palliative remedies. We have seen that the malady of the poison vice is not a self-limited, but a necessarily progressive evil. The half-way measures of “restrictive” legislation have resulted only in furnishing additional proof that prevention is better, because less impossible, than control.[A] The regulation of the poison traffic, the redress of the unavoidably resulting mischief, the cure and conversion of drunkards, in order to be effectual, would impose intolerable and never ending burdens on the resources even of the wealthiest communities, while the advocates of prohibition would forestall the evils both of the remedy and the disease. But we should not overlook the truth that, in our own country at least, the poison plant of intemperance springs from a composite root. In southern Spain, under the dominion of the Saracens,[2] the poison vice was almost unknown during a series of centuries.[B] The moral code and the religion of the inhabitants discountenanced
- 32. intemperance. The virtue of dietetic purity ranked with chastity and cleanliness. An abundance of harmless amusements diverted from vicious pastimes. Under such circumstances the absence of direct temptations constituted a sufficient safeguard against the vice of the poison habit; but in a country like ours the efficacy of prohibition depends on the following supplementary remedies: 1. Instruction.—In the struggle against the powers of darkness light often proves a more effective weapon than might or right. Even the limited light of human reason might help us to avoid mistakes that have undoubtedly retarded the triumph of our cause. We must enlighten, as well as admonish our children, if we would save them from the snares of the tempter; among the victims of intemperance, even among those who can speak from experience and can not deny that their poison has proved the curse of their lives, only a small portion is at all able to comprehend the necessary connection of cause and result. They ascribe their ruin to the spite of fortune, to the machinations of an uncharitable world, to abnormally untoward circumstances, rather than to the normal effects of the insidious poison. Intoxication they admit to be an evil, but defend the moderate use of a liquor as infallibly injurious in the smallest as in the largest dose; they underrate the progressive tendency of their vice and overrate their power of resistance; they cling to the tradition that alcohol, discreetly enjoyed, may prove a blessing instead of a curse. We must banish that fatal delusion. We must reveal the true significance of the poison habit before we can hope to suppress it as a life blighting vice. Our text-books should be found in every college and every village school from Florida to Oregon. Every normal school should graduate teachers of temperance. The law of the State of New York providing for the introduction of primers on the effects of alcoholic beverages was attacked by one of our leading scientific periodicals, with more learning than insight, on the ground that the physiological action of alcohol is as yet obscure even to our ablest pathologists, and therefore not a fit subject for a common school text-book. The same objection might be urged against every other branch of physiology and the natural history of
- 33. the organic creation. “Every vital process is a miracle,” says Lorenz Oken,[3] “that is, in all essential respects an unexplained phenomenon.” A last question will always remain unanswered wherever the marvelous process of life is concerned, but our ignorance, as well as our knowledge, of that phenomenon has its limits, and in regard to the effects of alcoholic beverages it is precisely the most knowable and most fully demonstrated part of the truth which it behooves every child to know, but of which at present nine tenths of the adults, even in the most civilized countries, remain as ignorant as the natives of Kamtschatka who worship a divinity in the form of a poisonous toadstool. A boy may be brought to comprehend the folly of gambling even before he has mastered the abstruse methods of combination and permutation employed in the calculus of probable loss and gain. We need not study Bentham[4] to demonstrate that honesty is an essential basis of commerce and social intercourse. By the standard of usefulness, too, temperance primers might well take precedence of many other text-books. Our school boys hear all sorts of things about the perils encountered by the explorers of African deserts and Arctic seas, but next to nothing about the pitfalls in their own path—no room for the discussion of such subjects in a curriculum that devotes years to the study of dead languages. Is the difference between the archaic and pliocene form of a Greek verb so much more important than the difference between food and poison? With such a text as the monster curse of intemperance and its impressive practical lessons, a slight commentary would suffice to turn thousands of young observers into zealous champions of our cause, just as in Germany a few years of gymnastic training have turned nearly every young man into an advocate of physical education. The work begun in the school room should be continued on the lecture platform, but we should not dissemble the truth that in a crowded hall ninety per cent. of the visitors have generally come to hear an orator rather than a teacher, and enjoy an eloquence that stirs up their barrenest emotions as much as if it had fertilized the soil of their intelligence, just as the unrepentant gamesters of a
- 34. Swiss watering place used to applaud the sensational passages of a drama written expressly to set forth the evils of the gambling hell. Enthusiasm and impressiveness are valuable qualifications of a public speaker, but he should possess the talent of making those agencies the vehicles of instruction. The great mediæval reformers, as well as certain political agitators of a later age, owe their success to their natural or acquired skill in the act of stirring their hearers into an intellectual ferment that proved the leaven of a whole community—for that skill is a talent that can be developed on a basis of pure common sense and should be more assiduously cultivated for the purposes of our reform. A modern philanthropist could hardly confer a greater benefit on his fellow-citizens than by founding a professorship of temperance, or endowing a college with the special condition of a proviso for a weekly lecture on such topics as “The Stimulant Delusion,” “Alcoholism,” “The History of the Temperance Movement.” Pamphlets, too, may subserve an important didactic purpose, and in the methods of their distribution we might learn a useful lesson from our adversaries, the manufacturers of alcoholic nostrums, who introduce their advertisements into every household, by publishing them combined with almanacs, comic illustrations, note-books, etc., i. e., not only free, but winged with extra inducements to the recipient, and often by the special subvention of druggists and village postmasters—till quack annuals have almost superseded the old family calendars with their miscellanies of pious adages and useful recipes. Could we not retrieve the lost vantage ground by the publication of temperance year-books, compiled by a committee of our best tract societies and distributed by agents of the W. C. T. U.— with inspiring conviction to emulate the zeal stimulated by a bribe of gratuitous brandy bottles? Popular books must above all be interesting, and with a large plurality of readers that word is still a synonym of entertaining. A German bookseller estimates that the romances of Louisa Mühlbach have done more to familiarize her countrymen with the history of
- 35. their fatherland than all historical text books, annals and chronicles taken together, and we should not despise the aid of the novelist, if he should possess the gift of making fiction the hand-maid of truth, and the rarer talent of awakening the reflections as well as the emotions of his readers, for all such appeals should prepare the way for the products of the temperance press proper, by which we should never cease to invoke the conscience and the reason of our fellowmen. 2. Proscription.—That union is strength is a truth which asserts itself even at the expense of public welfare, and in favor of those who combine to thwart the purposes of the law or prevent the progress of needed reforms. To the cabals of such adversaries, against whom the influence of moral suasion would be powerless, we should oppose weapons that would strike at the foundation of their strength, namely, the most effectual means to diminish the number of their allies. Many of those who are callous to the stings of conscience would hesitate to defy the stigma of public opinion; others who are proof against all other arguments would yield if we could make it their commercial interest to withdraw their aid from the enemies of mankind. That the prescription of alcohol for remedial purposes will ultimately be abandoned, like bleeding, blue-pill dosing and other medical anachronisms, is as certain as that the Carpathian peasants will cease to exorcise devils by burning cow dung, and we can somewhat promote the advent of that time by patronizing reform physicians in preference to “brandy-doctors,” as Benjamin Rush[5] used to call them, and by classing alcoholic “bitters” with the prohibited beverages. It is mere mockery to prohibit the sale of small beer and permit quacks to sell their brandy as a “digestive tonic,” and obviate the inconveniences of the Sunday law by consigning their liquor to a drug-store. Does the new name or the admixture of a handful of herbs change the effects of the poison? We might as well prohibit gambling and permit musical lottery drawings under the name of sacred concerts. Till we can do better we should permit
- 36. druggists to sell alcoholic bitters only on the certified prescription of a responsible physician, all such prescriptions to be duly registered and periodically reported to the Temperance Commissioner of a Board of Health. Nostrum-mongers[6] will probably continue to fleece the ignorant to the end of time, but they must cease to decoy their victims by pandering to the alcohol vice. 3. Healthier Pastimes.—There is no doubt that a lack of better pastimes often tends to promote intemperance. In thousands of our country towns, equidistant from rural sports and the amusements of the metropolis ennui rather than ignorance[C] or natural depravity leads our young men to the dram shop, and in recognizing that fact we should not delude ourselves with the hope that reading-rooms alone could remedy the evil.[D] The craving after excitement, in some form or other, is an instinct of human nature which may be perverted, but can never be wholly suppressed, and in view of the alternative we would find it cheaper—both morally and materially— to gratify that craving in the comparatively harmless way of the Languedoc[9] peasants (who devote the evening hours to singing contests, trials of skill, round dances, etc.), or after the still better plan of the ancient Greeks. Antiquity had its Olympic Games, Nemean and Capitoline arenas, circenses, and local festivals. The Middle Ages had their tournaments, May days, archery contests, church festivals and guild feasts. The Latin nations still find leisure for pastimes of that sort—though in modified, and not always improved, forms; but in Great Britain, Canada and the United States, with their six times twelve hours of monotonous factory work, and Sunday laws against all kinds of recreations, the dreariness of existence has reached a degree which for millions of workingmen has made oblivion a blest refuge, and there is no doubt that many dram-drinkers use alcohol as an anodyne—the most available palliative against the misery of life-weariness. We would try in vain to convert such men by reproofs or ostracism. Before we can persuade them to renounce their excursions to the land of delirium the realities of life must be made less unendurable. They know the dangers of intemperance, but consider it a lesser evil.[E] They know
- 37. no other remedy. Hence their bitter hatred of those who would deprive them of that only solace. Shall we resign such madmen to their fate? I am afraid that their type is represented by a larger class than current conceptions might incline us to admit. Let those who would verify those conceptions visit a popular beer garden—not as emissaries of our propaganda, but as neutral observers. Let them use a suitable opportunity to turn the current of conversation upon a test topic: “Personal Liberty,” “The Sunday Question,” “Progress of the Prohibition Party.” Let the observer retain his mask of neutrality, and ascertain the views—the private views—of a few specimen topers. Do they deny the physiological tendencies of their practice? The correlation of alcohol and crime? They avoid such topics. No, nine out of ten will prefer an unanswerable or unanswered argument; the iniquity of interfering with the amusements of the poor, with the only available recreations of the less privileged classes. Take that away and what can a man do who has no better pastimes, and can not always stay at home? What shall he do with sixteen hours of leisure? The question then recurs: How shall we deal with such men? How reclaim them sufficiently even for the nobler purposes of the present life, not to speak of higher aims? How save them from the road that leads down to death? A change of heart may now and then work wonders, even the wonder of a permanent reform; but we have no right to rely on constant miracles, and for thousands in sorest need of help there is only one practical solution of the problem: Let us provide an opportunity of better pastimes—not as a concession to our enemies, but as the most effectual method to counteract the attraction of their snares and deprive them of the only plausible argument against the tendencies of our reform. We need not profane the Sabbath by bull-fights. We need not tempt the poor to spend their wages on railway excursions or the gambling tables of a popular summer resort. But we should recognize the necessity of giving them once a week a chance for outdoor amusements, and unless we should prefer the Swedish compromise plan of devoting the evening of the Sabbath to earthly purposes, we should adopt the
- 38. suggestion of the Chevalier Bunsen,[10] and amend the eight hour law by a provision for a free Saturday afternoon. Half a day a week, together with the evenings of the long summer days, would suffice where the means of recreation are near at hand. Even the smallest factory villages could afford a little pleasure ground of their own, a public garden with a free gymnasium, a footrace track, ball ground, a tennis-hall or nine-pin-alley, for the winter season, a free bath, and a few zoölogical attractions. In larger towns we might add free music, a restaurant managed on the plan of Susanna Dodds, M.D.,[F] and perhaps a museum of miscellaneous curiosities. Such pleasure resorts should be known as Temperance Gardens. They would redeem as many drunkards as all our prisons and inebriate asylums taken together; they would do more: they would prevent drunkenness. And above all, they would accustom the working classes to associate the name of Temperance with the conceptions of liberality, manliness, cheerfulness, and recreation, instead of— well, their present misconceptions. We might arrange monthly excursions, and the happiest yearly festival would be a Deliverance Feast; an anniversary of the day when the city or village decided to free itself from the curse of the poison traffic. Like some of the Turner halls[11] of the German gymnasts, temperance gardens could be made more than self-supporting by charging a small admission fee to the spectator-seats of the gymnasium, and selling special refreshments at a moderate advance on the cost price. The surplus might be invested in prizes to stimulate competition in such gymnastics as wrestling, running, and hammer throwing (“putting the club,” as the Scotch highlanders call it), with reserved days, or arenas, for juvenile competitors. In winter we might vary the program by archery, singing contests, and trials of skill in various domestic fashions, with an occasional “spelling bee”—at least for those who could be trusted to consider it a pastime, rather than a task, for the purpose of recreation should not be sacrificed even to considerations of utility. In regard to athletics, that apprehension would be superfluous; the enthusiasm of gymnastic emulation has exerted its power at all times and among all nations, and needs but little encouragement to revive in its old might. It would make the
- 39. Temperance Garden what the Village Green was to the archers of Old England, what the palæstra was to the youth of ancient Greece. It would supersede vicious pastimes; it would regenerate the manhood of the tempted classes, and thus react on their personal and social habits; they would satisfy their craving for excitement in the arena, they would learn to prefer mechanical to chemical stimulants.[G] Physical and moral vigor would go hand in hand. The union of temperance and athletic education has, indeed, been the ideal of many social reformers, from Pythagoras to Jean Jacques Rousseau,[12] and the secret of their failure was a mistake that has defeated more than one philanthropic project. They failed to begin their reform at the basis of the social structure. He who fears the hardships of such a beginning lacks, after all, true faith in the destiny of his mission. Perseverance and uncompromising loyalty to the tenets of our covenant is to us a duty, as well as the best policy, for as a moral offense treason itself would not be more unpardonable than doubt in the ultimate triumph of a cause like ours. There is a secret which almost seems to have been better known to the philosophers and patriots of antiquity than to this unheroic age of our own, namely, that in the arena of moral contests a clearly undeserved defeat is a step toward victory. In that warfare the scales of fate are not biased by a preponderance of gold or iron. Tyrants have reached the term of their power if they have made deliverance more desirable than life; the persuasive power of Truth is increased by oppression; and if the interests of a cause have become an obvious obstacle in the road of progress and happiness the promoters of that cause have to contend with a law that governs the tendencies of the moral as well as the physical universe, and inexorably dooms the unfit to perish.[H] The unmasked enemies of mankind have no chance to prosper. And even where their disguises still avail them amidst the ignorance of their victims we should remember the consolation of Jean Jacques Rousseau in his address to the Polish patriots: “They have swallowed you, but you can prevent them from assimilating
- 40. you.” Our enemies may prevent the recovery of their spoil; they may continue to devour the produce of our fields and of our labor, but we do not propose to let them enjoy their feast in peace; whatever their gastric capacity, it will be our own fault if we do not cause them an indigestion that will diminish their appetite. “All the vile elements of society are against us,” writes one of our lecturers, “but I have no fear of the event if we do not cease to agitate the subject,” and we would, indeed, not deserve success if we should relax our efforts before we have secured the coöperation of every friend of justice and true freedom. It is true, we invite our friends to a battle-field, but there are times when war is safer than peace, and leads to the truer peace of conscience. The highest development of altruism inspires a devotion to the welfare of mankind that rewards itself by a deliverance from the petty troubles and vexations of daily life; nay, all personal sorrows may thus be sunk out of sight, and those who seek release from grief for the inconstancy of fate, for the frustration of a cherished project, for the loss of a dear friend, may find a peace which fortune can neither give nor take away by devoting themselves to a cause of enduring promise, to the highest abiding interest of their fellowmen. At the dawn of history that highest aim would have been: security against the inroads of barbarism. In the night of the Middle Ages: salvation from the phantoms of superstition. To-day it should be: deliverance from the curse of the poison vice. That deliverance will more than compensate all sacrifices. Parties, like individuals, are sometimes destined to conquer without a struggle; but the day of triumph is brighter if the powers of darkness have been forced to yield step for step, and we need not regret our labors, our troubles, nor even the disappointment of some minor hopes, for in spite of the long night we have not lost our way, and the waning of the stars often heralds the morning.
- 41. FOOTNOTES [A] “All past legislation has proved ineffectual to restrain the habit of excess. Acts of Parliament intended to lessen, have notoriously augmented the evil, and we must seek a remedy in some new direction, if we are not prepared to abandon the contest or contentedly to watch with folded arms the gradual deterioration of the people. Restriction in the forms which it has hitherto assumed, of shorter hours, more stringent regulation of licensed houses and magisterial control of licenses, has been a conspicuous failure. For a short time after the passing of Lord Aberdare’s act, hopes were entertained of great results from the provisions for early closing, and many chief constables testified to the improved order of the streets under their charge; but it soon appeared that the limitation, while it lessened the labor of the police and advanced their duties an hour or so in the night, was not sufficient to reduce materially the quantity of liquor consumed, or the consequent amount of drunkenness.”— Fortnightly Review. [B] “The western Saracens abstained not only from wine, but from all fermented and distilled drinks whatsoever, were as innocent of coffee as of tea and tobacco, knew opium only as a soporific medicine, and were inclined to abstemiousness in the use of animal food. Yet six millions of these truest sons of temperance held their own for seven centuries against great odds of heavy-armed Giaours, excelled all christendom in astronomy, medicine, agriculture, chemistry and linguistics, as well as in the abstract sciences, and could boast of a whole galaxy of philosophers and inspired poets.”—International Review, December, 1880. [C] “Education is the cure of ignorance,” says Judge Pitman, “but ignorance is not the cause of intemperance. Men who drink generally know better than others that the practice is foolish and hurtful.” “It is not the most earnest and intelligent workers in the sphere of public education that make their overestimate of it as a specific for intemperance. While they are fully sensible of that measure of indirect aid which intellectual culture brings to all moral reforms, they feel how weak is this agency alone to measure its strength against the powerful appetite for drink.”
- 42. [D] “In a primitive state of society field sports afford abundant pastimes, our wealthy burghers find indoor amusements, and scholars have ideal hunting grounds of their own; but the large class of our fellow-citizens, to whom reading is a task rather than a pleasure, are reduced to the hard choice between their circenses[7] and their panes[8]. Even the slaves of ancient Rome had their saturnalia, when their masters indulged them in the enjoyment of their accumulated arrears of happiness; but our laborers toil like machines, whose best recreation is a temporary respite from work. Human hearts, however, will not renounce their birthright to happiness; and if joy has departed this life they pursue its shadow in the land of dreams, and try to spice the dry bread of daily drudgery with the sweets of delirium.”— International Review, December, 1880. [E] “But beside their excitative influence, strong stimulants induce a lethargic reaction; and it is for the sake of this after effect that many unfortunates resort to intoxication. They drink in order to get drunk; they are not tempted by the poison-fiend in the guise of a good, familiar spirit, but deliberately invoke the enemy which steals away their brains.”—International Review, December, 1880. [F] Author of “Health in the Household.” [G] “I can not help thinking that most of our fashionable diseases might be cured mechanically instead of chemically, by climbing a bitter-wood tree, or chopping it down, if you like, rather than swallowing a decoction of its disgusting leaves.”— Boerhave. [H] “The ultimate issue of the struggle is certain. If any one doubts the general preponderance of good over evil in human nature, he has only to study the history of moral crusades. The enthusiastic energy and self-devotion with which a great moral cause inspires its soldiers always have prevailed, and always will prevail, over any amount of self-interest or material power arrayed on the other side.”—Goldwin Smith.[13]
- 43. SUNDAY READINGS. SELECTED BY CHANCELLOR J. H. VINCENT, D.D. [March 1.] Repose now in thy glory, noble founder. Thy work is finished; thy divinity is established. Fear no more to see the edifice of thy labors fall by any fault. Henceforth beyond the reach of frailty, thou shalt witness from the heights of divine peace, the infinite results of thy acts. At the price of a few hours of suffering, which did not even reach thy grand soul, thou hast bought the most complete immortality. Banner of our contests, thou shalt be the standard about which the hottest battle will be given. A thousand times more alive, a thousand times more beloved since thy death than during thy passage here below, thou shalt become the corner-stone of humanity so entirely, that to tear thy name from this world would be to rend it to its foundations. Between thee and God there will no longer be any distinction. Complete conqueror of death, take possession of thy kingdom, whither shall follow thee, by the royal road which thou hast traced, ages of worshipers. The essential work of Jesus was the creation around him of a circle of disciples in whom he inspired a boundless attachment, and in whose breast he implanted the germ of his doctrine. To have made himself beloved “so much that after his death they did not cease to love him,” this was the crowning work of Jesus, and that which most impressed his contemporaries. His doctrine was so little dogmatical that he never thought of writing it or having it written. A man became his disciple, not by believing this or that, but by
- 44. following him and loving him. A few sentences treasured up in the memory, and above all, his moral type, and the impression which he had produced, were all that remained of him. Jesus is not a founder of dogmas, a maker of symbols; he is the world’s initiator into a new spirit.… To adhere to Jesus in view of the kingdom of God, was what it was originally to be a Christian. Thus we comprehend how, by an exceptional destiny, pure Christianity still presents itself, at the end of eighteen centuries, with the character of a universal and eternal religion. It is because in fact the religion of Jesus is in some respects the final religion. The fruit of a perfectly spontaneous movement of souls, free at its birth from every dogmatic constraint, having struggled three hundred years for liberty of conscience, Christianity, in spite of the fall which followed, still gathers the fruits of this surpassing origin. To renew itself it has only to turn to the Gospel. The kingdom of God, as we conceive it, is widely different from the supernatural apparition which the first Christians expected to see burst forth from the clouds. But the sentiment which Jesus introduced into the world is really ours. His perfect idealism is the highest rule of unworldly and virtuous life. He has created that heaven of free souls, in which is found what we ask in vain on earth, the perfect nobility of the children of God, absolute purity, total abstraction from the contamination of this world, that freedom, in short, which material society shuts out as an impossibility, and which finds all its amplitude only in the domain of thought. The great master of those who take refuge in this ideal kingdom of God is Jesus still. He first proclaimed the kingliness of the spirit; he first said, at least by his acts, “My kingdom is not of this world.” The foundation of the true religion is indeed his work. After him there is nothing more but to develop and fructify. “Christianity” has thus become almost synonymous with “religion.” All that may be done outside of this great and good Christian tradition will be sterile. Jesus founded religion on humanity, as Socrates founded philosophy, as Aristotle founded science. There had been philosophy before Socrates and science before Aristotle.
- 45. Since Socrates and Aristotle, philosophy and science have made immense progress; but all has been built upon the foundation which they laid. And so, before Jesus, religious thought had passed through many revolutions; since Jesus it has made great conquests; nevertheless it has not departed, it will not depart from the essential condition which Jesus created; he has fixed for eternity the idea of pure worship. The religion of Jesus, in this sense, is not limited. The church has had its epochs and its phases; it has shut itself up in symbols which have had or will have their day; Jesus founded the absolute religion, excluding nothing, determining nothing, save its essence.… Whatever may be the transformations of dogma, Jesus will remain in religion the creator of its pure sentiment; the Sermon on the Mount will never be surpassed. No resolution will lead us not to join in religion the grand intellectual and moral line at the head of which beams the name of Jesus.—Renan.[1] [March 8.] Were you ever made to see and admire the all sufficiency of Christ’s righteousness, and excited by the spirit of God to hunger and thirst after it? Could you ever say, my soul is athirst for Christ, yea, even for the righteousness of Christ? Oh, when shall I come to appear before the presence of my God in the righteousness of Christ; oh, nothing but Christ! nothing but Christ! Give me Christ, O God, and I am satisfied! My soul shall praise thee forever. Was this, I say, ever the language of your hearts? And after these inward conflicts, were you ever enabled to reach out the arm of faith and embrace the blessed Jesus in your souls, so that you could say, My beloved is mine, and I am his? If so, fear not, whoever you are— hail, all hail, you happy souls! The Lord, the Lord Christ, the everlasting God is your righteousness. Christ has justified you, who is he that condemneth you? Christ has died for you, nay, rather is risen again, and ever liveth to make intercession for you. Being now
- 46. justified by his grace, you have peace with God, and shall ere long be with Jesus in glory, reaping everlasting and unspeakable redemption both in body and soul. For there is no condemnation to those that are really in Christ Jesus. Whether Paul or Apollos or life or death, all is yours if you are Christ’s, for Christ is God’s! … Oh think of the love of Christ in dying for you! If the Lord be your righteousness, let the righteousness of your Lord be ever in your mouth.… Think of the greatness of the gift, as well as of the giver! Show to all the world in whom you have believed! Let all by your fruits know that the Lord is your righteousness, and that you are waiting for your Lord from heaven! Oh, study to be holy, even as he who has called you, and washed you in his own blood, is holy! Let not the righteousness of the Lord be evil spoken of through you. Let not Jesus be wounded in the house of his friends; but grow in grace and in the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ day by day. Oh, think of his dying love! Let that love constrain you to obedience! Having much forgiven, love much.—Whitefield.[2] [March 15.] But in proportion to the exaltation of the soul, and also in proportion to its purity and spirituality—the very opposite extreme or condition; in proportion to the impressibleness and moral sensibility of a man’s spiritual nature, he has direct communion with God, as friend with friend, face to face. “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.” There are thousands of instances—they occur in every church where there are eminent Christians—of men and women who come to such a state of spiritual purity and spiritual openness that they talk with God as friend with friend. There is the direct operation of the Spirit of God upon their soul. Not that they less than any others are blessed by the spirit that applies the Word; not that they less than any others are subject to the indirect operations of nature and society; but there is, over and above these, also, for those that are able to take it, this direct inspiration of God’s soul. Whether it be by thought, I know not; or whether it be by
- 47. moral feeling, I know not. “The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh and whither it goeth; so is every one that is born of the spirit.” I do not know the mode of divine agency; but of the fact that the human soul in its higher spiritual relations is open; that there is nothing between it and God, as it were; that it palpitates, as it were, under the conscious presence of God, and is lifted up to a faith and a truth that are not possible to it in its lower realms—of that fact I have no more doubt than I have of my own existence. There is such a thing yet as walking with God; there is such a thing yet as being under direct divine inspiration. I do not think there is such a thing yet as authoritative inspiration. Apostles are over and gone. Prophets have had their day. It is individual inspiration that exists now. It is authoritative only for the soul to which it comes, not lifting that soul up into authority, and enabling it to say “Thus saith the Lord” to any other soul. But I believe that still the divine Spirit works upon the individual heart, and teaches that individual heart as a father teaches a child. Blessed are they that need no argument; and blessed are they whose memories take them back to the glowing hours of experience, in which they have seen the transfigured Christ; in which to them the heavens have been opened; in which to them the angels of God not only have descended upon the ladder, but have brought the divine and sacred presence with them. Many a couch of poverty has been more gorgeous than a prince’s couch; many a hut and hovel has been scarcely less resplendent to the eye of angels than the very battlements of heaven. Many that the world has not known; who had no tongue to speak, and no hand to execute, but only a heart to love and to trust—many such ones have had the very firmament of God lifted above them, all radiant. There is this truth in the Spirit of God that works in the hearts of men directly, and in overpowering measure. Blessed be God, it is a living truth; and there are witnesses of it yet.—Beecher.
- 48. [March 22.] Jesus Christ, in his dying discourse with his eleven disciples, in the 14th, 15th, and 16th chapters of John (which was, as it were, Christ’s last will and testament to his disciples, and to his whole church), often declares his special and everlasting love to them, in the plainest and most positive terms, and promises them a future participation with him in his glory in the most absolute manner, and tells them, at the same time, that he does so to the end that their joy may be full. John xv:2: “These things have I spoken unto you that my joy might remain in you, and that your joy might be full.” See also, at the conclusion of the whole discourse, chapter xvi:33: “These things have I spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation; but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.” Christ was not afraid of speaking too plainly and positively to them; he did not desire to hold them in the least suspense. And he concluded that last discourse of his with a prayer in their presence, wherein he speaks positively to his Father of those eleven disciples, as having all of them savingly known him, and believed in him, and received and kept his word; and that they were not of the world; and that for their sakes he sanctified himself; and that his will was that they should be with him in his glory; and tells his Father that he spake these things in his prayer, to the end that his joy might be fulfilled in them: verse 13. By these things it is evident that it is agreeable to Christ’s designs, and the contrived ordering and disposition Christ makes of things in his church, that there should be sufficient and abundant provision made, that his saints might have full assurance of their future glory. The apostle Paul, through all his epistles, speaks in an assured strain; ever speaking positively of his special relation to Christ, his Lord, and Master, and Redeemer; and his interest in, and expectation of, the future reward. It would be useless to take notice of all places that might be enumerated. I shall mention but three or four. Gal., ii:20: “Christ liveth in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh, I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and
- 49. gave himself for me.” Phil., i:21: “For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.” II. Tim., i:12: “I know whom I have believed, and I am persuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed unto him against that day.” II. Tim., iv:7,8: “I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith. Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, will give me at that day.” … It further appears that assurance is not only attainable in some very extraordinary cases, but that all Christians are directed to use all diligence to make their calling and election sure; and are told how they may do it. II. Peter, i:5-8. And it is spoken of as a thing very unbecoming of Christians, and an argument of something very blamable in them, not to know whether Christ be in them or no. II. Cor., xiii:5: “Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you except ye be reprobates?” And it is implied that it is an argument of a very blamable negligence in Christians, if they practice Christianity after such a manner as to remain uncertain of the rewards, in I. Cor., ix:26: “I therefore so run, not as uncertainly.” And to add no more, it is manifest that for Christians to know their interests in the saving benefits of Christianity is a thing ordinarily attainable, because the apostles tell us by what means Christians (and not only apostles and martyrs) were wont to know this. I. Cor., ii:12: “Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit which is of God, that we might know the things which are fully given to us of God.” And I. John, ii:3: “And hereby do we know that we know him if we keep his commandments.” And verse 5: “Hereby know we that we are in him.” Chapter iii:14: “We know that we have passed from death unto life.” … Verse 19: “Hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him.” Verse 24: “Hereby we know that he abideth in us, by the spirit which he hath given us.” So chapter iv:13, and chapter v:29, and verse 19.—President Edwards. [3] [March 29.]
- 50. Who has an understanding so exalted, so richly gifted, as to be able to say what love is! Should I say it is a dew, I merely describe its refreshing power. Should I say it is a star, I but describe its loveliness. Should I say it is a storm, I but describe the impossibility of restraining it. Should I say it is a ray of the sun, then I but describe its hidden source. Should I say it is produced in the utmost depths of the soul, when the breath of heaven unites with the heart’s blood of the new man, that it is the breath of the soul, still I should not have represented it, for I should but have said what it is in itself, not what it is to others. Should I say it is the light of the sun, that gives life and color to all creatures, still I should not have truly set it forth, for I should but have said what it is for others, not what it is in itself. Should I say it is a ray of the seven colors in a pure drop of water, still I should not have described it, for it is not so much a form as an odor, and a savor, in the depths of the human heart. Who has such a lofty understanding, such deep thoughts, as to be able to say what love truly is! The Scripture says—it is a flame of the Lord.[I] Yes it is a flame, steady, bright, and pure; a flame which lights up and warms, and shines through the heart into which it has entered, and then falls on other hearts, and the more light and warmth it gives to others, the brighter and stronger it burns in our breast. But love, says the apostle, is greater than faith and hope, for beyond that limit where faith and hope depart, love still remains.… For as the door in this poor temporal life was but a little gate that did not always stand open, but was often shut by a strong gust of wind; in eternity the poor little gate will become a mighty portal, whose doors stand open night and day, which no storm-wind will ever close, through which the soul will freely pass into the heart of God and all his creatures. O, since in this life love has made us so rich, though but a little brook, which, when the sun shone fiercely, was almost dried up, how rich will it not make us when the little brook has become the stream, yea, the ocean, when it flows forth from the heart of God, in full spring-tide, and sin no more builds a barrier in the heart of the creature, and there will be a free and
- 51. sacred giving and receiving between heaven and earth, and among all that is in heaven and upon earth! O, who has so exalted an understanding that he can truly say what love is!—Tholuck.[4] FOOTNOTES [I] Canticles, viii:6, German version.
- 52. STUDIES IN KITCHEN SCIENCE AND ART. VI. CABBAGES, TURNIPS, CARROTS, BEETS, AND ONIONS. BY BYRON D. HALSTED, SC. D. The Cabbage is a native of Europe, and grows wild along the sea coasts of England. The wild plant lives for two years, has fleshy leaves, and is so different from the cabbages of the garden as not to be recognized as their parent. Under cultivation this one species of plant (Brassica oleracea[1]) has produced the Savoy, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, borecole,[2] etc. A more wonderful plant and a more useful one is seldom found in the whole range of the vegetable kingdom. The Romans did much to extend the culture of the cabbage. In Scotland it was not generally known until the time of Cromwell. Much improvement has been made in American sorts of cabbages within the past fifty years. In the wild state the cabbage has a hard, woody stalk, but the fine specimens in market have only a small stem, bearing a large, compact head, of closely folded leaves. The first essential in the successful growing of cabbage is the right kind of soil. It should be a sandy loam, with a gravelly, and not a clayey subsoil. Soil that is naturally wet must be thoroughly underdrained before being devoted to cabbage growing. The importance of an abundance of well rotted manure can not be too fully impressed upon the mind of any person contemplating the
- 53. production of excellent cabbages. Much that may be here said concerning the preparation of the soil for growing cabbages applies with equal force to the other vegetables treated in this article. Earliness is one of the leading points to be gained in raising most garden crops. It is the man with the first load of cabbages that gets the best price in the market. There is a great deal of stress to be placed upon the proper selection of seed, but seed is not all. The young plants of the earliest sorts must be fed, and they require this food at an early stage in their growth, when chemical changes are only slowly going on in the soil. In other words, early crops need a far larger amount of manure for their satisfactory growth than crops started in midsummer, when the soil is rapidly yielding up its food elements. Early crops need to grow in cool spring weather, and therefore should be abundantly supplied with food in an available form. Mr. Gregory says in his excellent pamphlet on “How to Grow Cabbages,” “If the farmer desires to make the utmost use of his manure for that season, it will be best to put most of it into the hill, particularly if his supply runs rather short; but if he desires to leave his land in good condition for next year’s crop, he had better use part of it broadcast. My own practice is to use all my rich compost broadcast, and depend on guano, phosphates, or hen manure in the hill.” This view of heavy manuring is confirmed by Mr. Henderson, in his “Farm and Garden Topics,” when he says: “For the early cabbage crop it should always be spread on broadcast, and in quantity not less than one hundred cart loads or seventy-five tons to the acre.… After plowing in the manure, and before the ground is harrowed, our best growers in the vicinity of New York sow from four to five hundred pounds of guano, or bone dust, and then harrow it deeply in.” The best sorts of cabbages for the early crop are: The Jersey Wakefield, which has a head of medium size, close, and of a deep green color; Early York, smaller, but quite early; Early Winningstadt, later, but an excellent sort. Among the best late kinds may be named: Large Flat Dutch, American Drumhead, Drumhead Savoy, and the Red Dutch. The last mentioned is largely used in pickling.
- 54. The young plants are obtained from seeds in various ways, determined by the numbers desired. When large quantities are needed for the early crop, the seed is sown in a hot-bed or green- house, about February 1st, for the latitude of New York City, and transplanted into other heated beds near March 1st. In this way fine plants may be obtained by the first of April. Many of the large cabbage growers prepare the soil, mark it in rows, and drop the seed in the hills where the plants are to grow. In this way much labor is saved, and there is the advantage of having several plants in each hill, to guard against losses from cut-worms. Cabbages quickly respond to good culture, and repay in large measure for every stirring of the soil, either with the hoe or the horse cultivator. The most troublesome insect enemy is probably the Cabbage- worm, which in some localities has destroyed the whole crop. The mature insect deposits its eggs upon the under side of the cabbage leaves. These eggs soon hatch, and the green caterpillars begin their destructive work. No poisonous substances can be applied without endangering the lives of those who may afterward eat the cabbage. Hot water (160 degrees) has proved effective in killing the worms, while not doing injury to the plants. Flea-beetles have done some damage, as also the Cabbage-bug. After the crop is grown the cabbages may be kept by burying them in trenches, heads down. Three facts need to be kept in mind: Repeated freezing and thawing cause rot; excessive moisture also induces decay; and a dry air withers the head and destroys the flavor. About a foot of earth is usually a sufficient covering. Cabbage in the many forms it is presented upon the table is a most wholesome and agreeable article of food. The farmer’s garden is not complete without a full crop of cabbages. Any heads that are not needed for the family table can be fed with profit to the farm live stock. Poultry in particular, need some green food daily through the winter season, and a cabbage now and then satisfies this natural craving.