Akraino Ike Alisson 6G Architecture Themes Sensing Netw Core RAN Conv CF Cell Free Netw Rev PA10

6G selected Architecture Themes
Sensing Networks through 3GPP PIoT
(PINs), ETSI SAREF eHAWs, 3GPP Core
RAN Synergy (& Cell Free Solution)
to
LF Edge Akraino TSC
Ike Alisson
LF Edge Akraino Documentation
Sub-committee TSC Chair
2021-06-29
Rev PA10

Table of Contents
1. Overview of the Presentation sections
2. 6G overview
3. Sensing Networks through 3GPP PIoTs/PINs & ETSI SAREF eHAW
4. 6G RAN Core Convergence
5. Cell Free Solution overview
2

European 6G Vision
Ref. 5G IA, Europan Vision for the 6G Network Ecosystem, June 2021: 9

4
Ref., Nokia, Communications in the 6G Era, WP, Aug., 2020:15
6G Architecture Themes
1

5
2
1

6
3 2
1

European 6G Vision
Ref. 5G IA, Europan Vision for the 6G Network Ecosystem, June 2021: 13, 14

Ref Sensors, 6G Enabled Smart Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: Opportunities, Challenges,
& Research Roadmap, March 2021: 7-8

5G and 6G KPIs Comparison
Ref Sensors, 6G Enabled Smart Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: Opportunities, Challenges, & Research Roadmap, March 2021: 11

Ref Sensors, 6G Enabled Smart Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: Opportunities, Challenges, & Research Roadmap, March 2021: 12
Trends towards 6G

Samsung's 6G Vision
13
Ref. Samsung 6G Vision July 2020: 9 - 10
Today’s exponential growth of advanced Technologies such as AI, Robotics, & Automation will usher in unprecedented
paradigm shifts in the Wireless Communication.
These circumstances lead to four (4) major Megatrends advancing toward 6G:
1. Connected Machines,
2. Use of AI for the Wireless Communication,
3. Openness of Mobile Communications, and
4. Increased contribution for achieving Social Goals.

14
Ref. Samsung 6G Vision July 2020: 24

15
Evolution of Duplex Technology (DSS)
The main challenge of the Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) is avoiding (or minimizing) collision of spectrum usage among different entities
while allowing them to access spectrum in a dynamic manner. Theoretically, to prevent such collisions, network operators could exchange all
relevant spectrum access information. In practice, however, this would not be possible because acquiring all required information for every
entity in real time would impose an enormous communication overhead. AI could avoid collisions by predicting the spectrum usage of other
entities with a limited amount of information exchanged, as illustrated in Figure 18.

16
Ref. Samsung 6G Vision July 2020: 32
Comprehensive AI
AI receives much attention as a tool to solve problems that were previously deemed intractable due to their tremendous
Complexity or the Lack of the necessary Model and Algorithm.
A comprehensive AI System to optimize the overall System Performance and Network Operation.
An overall Network Architecture consists of four (4) Tiers of Entities:
1. UE,
2. BS (BTS)
3. Core Network (CN), and
4. Application Server (AS).
Application of AI can be categorized into three (3) Levels (Fig. 19):
1) Local AI,
2) Joint AI,
3) E2E AI
There are ongoing efforts to introduce support for AI in standards.
The 3GPP) has standardized Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF)
for Data Collection & Analytics in Automated Cellular Networks.
In addition to 3GPP, the O-RAN Alliance ushers in an open & efficient RAN leveraging AI Technologies.
This effort, as we progress towards 6G, will result in Native Support of a Comprehensive AI System to realize more efficient,
more reliable, & low cost communication systems.

17
Split Computing
Future applications, such as truly immersive XR, mobile holograms, and digital replica, require extensive computation capabilities to deliver
real-time immersive user experience. However, it would be challenging to meet such computational requirements solely with mobile devices,
especially, given that many of future mobile devices will tend to become thinner and lighter. For example, AR glasses should be as light, thin,
and small as regular glasses to meet the user’s expectations.

18
Ref. Samsung & UCSB Demonstrate 6G THz Wireless Comm. Prototype June 16, 2021
6G Terahertz Wireless Communication Prototype - Samsung Electronics &UCB Demonstrate

19
Ref. Ericsson, "Hexa X-The Joint European Initiative to shape 6G", Vetter P., Nokia & Frodigh, M, Ericsson, June 2021,
EU's Horizon 2020 ICT - 52 Program Hexa-X project for 6G Technical areas to be studied

Ericsson 6G Vision - 1
Ref. 5G++ Summit in Drezden, Magnus Frodigh Keynotes, May 2021

Ericsson 6G Vision - 2
Ref. 5G++ Summit in Drezden, Magnus Frodigh Keynotes, May 2021

Sensing Networks, EHAW, BANs, PIoT/PINs

23
Ref. Ericsson, 10 Hot Consumer Trends 2030, Dec 2019

24

25
Methodology
The Quantitative Results referred to in the Report are based on
an Online Survey of Residents in Bangkok, Delhi,
Jakarta, Johannesburg, London, Mexico City, Moscow, New York,
San Francisco, São Paulo, Shanghai, Singapore, Stockholm,
Sydney and Tokyo, carried out in October 2019.
The Sample consists of at least 500 Respondents from
each city (12,590 respondents were contacted in
total, out of whom 7,608 qualified), aged 15–69, who
currently are either regular users of augmented
reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) or virtual
assistants, or who intend to use these technologies in the
future.
Correspondingly, they represent only 46 million citizens out of
248 million living in the metropolitan areas surveyed, and this,
in turn, is just a small fraction of consumers globally. However,
we believe their early adopter profile makes them important
when exploring expectations on technology for the next decade.

3.1 5GS Study on Personal Internet of Things (PIoT) Networks - 1
3GPP TR 22 859 Study on Personal Internet of Things (PIoT) NetworksTR 22 859 , March 2021: 1

ETSI Smart M2M SAREF extension 8 eHealth Ageing well - 1
27
Ref ETSI Smart M2M SAREF ext 8 TS 103 410-8 July 2020:

3.1 3GPP 5GS Study on Personal Internet of Things (PIoT) Networks - 2

3.1 5GS PIoTs - Personal IoT Networks - 3

Residential Gateway (RG):
The Residential Gateway (RG) is
a Device providing, e.g.
- Voice,
- Data,
- Broadcast Video,
- Video on Demand,
to other Devices in Customer
Premises.

The ATSSS feature enables a Multi-Access (MA) PDU Connectivity Service, which can exchange PDUs between the UE and a Data Network
(DN) by simultaneously using one (1) 3GPP Access Network and one (1) non-3GPP Access Network and two (2) independent N3/N9 tunnels
between the PSA and RAN/AN.
The Multi-Access PDU Connectivity Service is realized by establishing a Multi-Access PDU (MA PDU) Session, i. e. a PDU Session that may
have User-Plane (UP) Rsource on two(2) Access Networks (ANs).
5G System Architecture Rel. 16 Access Traffic Steering, Switch and Splitting (ATSSS)

PDU Session Attributes
3GPP TS 23 501 System Architecture for 5G System, June 2021: 115

Genomics and Epigenetics
How to read the Genome and build a Human Being by Riccardo Sabatini
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6rJLXq1Re0

Akraino Ike Alisson 6G Architecture Themes Sensing Netw Core RAN Conv CF Cell Free Netw Rev PA10

Mapping NGSI - LD cross domain Ontology to SAREF

47
Ref ETSI Smart M2M SAREF ext 8 TS 103 410-8 July 2020:

48
Ref ETSI Smart M2M SAREF ext 8 TS 103 410-8 July 2020: 9

49

50

51

52

5.2 Mapping between SAREF and oneM2M Base Ontology
Figure 12 shows the mapping between SAREF and the oneM2M Base Ontology.
Annex 4 - 3GPP 5G SCEF/SCS for IoT Platform integrated with IoT SL across 10 UCs - 3

Fig. B. 1: Mapping NGSI - LD Meta - model and Cross-Domain Ontology to oneM2M Base Ontology
CIM NGSI-LD API - Context Information Management Next Generation System Interface Linked Data API

3GPP and ETSI Smart M2M SAREF extensions 1 - 10 - 1

60
2
3

5GS Specifications there is a Set of New Functionalities that serves as Enablers
for Edge Computing.
4. 5G CN Local Area Data Network (LADN) Support
- LADN in a certain Service Area (SA) where the Applications are deployed.
- Access to a LADN is only available in a specific LADN SA (Service
Area), defined as a Set of Tracking Areas (TAs) in the serving PLMN
- LADN is a Service provided by the serving PLMN of the UE.

3GPP Support for LADN (Local Area Data Network)
3GPP TS 23 501 System Architecure for 5G System, June 2021: 122

Use of 5G LADN (Local Area Data Network)
Edge Computing Services can be provided via Edge-dedicated Data Networks (EDNs) deployed as LADNs.
With this option, the PLMN supports Edge Computing Services in the EDN SAs which is equal to the LADN SA.
The LADN Service is the service that the Edge Computing is supported. Each individual EAS in the LADN can support
the same or smaller SA than the LADN.
3GPP TS 23 558 Arch for Edge Appl., April 2021: 142 - 143

3GPP TS 23 501 System Architecure for 5G SystemJune 2021: 209

Ericsson 6G Vision
Ref. 5G++ Summit in Drezden, Keynotes, May 2021

69
Ref NGMN Cloud Native Enabling Future Telco Platforms, May 2021: 37
3GPP RAN gNB DU and CU Functional Split:
3GPP has also defined a functional split [13] inside the
gNB with 2 components: the DU (Distributed Unit) and
the CU (Centralized Unit), communicating via a standard
interface F1.
The CU can also be split in 2 entities: a CU-C for
CP and a CU-U for UP.
This architecture allows for the RAN to be more
and more virtualized and a number of functions to
run in the Cloud, either close to the Antenna on
Edge Location if low latency is being required, or
further down in more Centralized Data Centre with
different Split Options between Central unit (CU)
and Distributed Unit (DU).

70
Ref 3GPP TS 38 401 NG-RAN Architecture, rel 16, April 2021:12 - 13
3GPP NG-RAN
3GPP has defined the Architecture of the 5G Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) with a Reference Architecture as
described below with 2 keys Components:
- A gNB may consist of a gNB-CU and 1 or more gNB-DU(s). A gNB-CU and a gNB-DU is connected via F1
interface.
One gNB-DU is connected to only one gNB-CU.
- gNB, providing 5G NR User Plane (UP) and Control Plane (CP) protocol terminations towards the UE
5GC
NG NG
Xn-C
NG-RAN
gNB
gNB-DU gNB-DU
gNB-CU
gNB
F1
F1
Figure 6.1-1: NG RAN Overall architecture
E1
gNB-DU
gNB-CU-CP
F1-C F1-U
gNB
gNB-CU-UP
gNB-DU
Figure 6.1.2-1. Overall architecture for separation of gNB-CU-CP and gNB-CU-UP

71
Ref NGMN Cloud Native Enabling Future Telco Platforms, May 2021: 39 - 40
O-RAN ALLIANCE
O-RAN Specifications are built based on the 3GPP
Specifications by defining Interface Profiles, Additional New
Open Interfaces, and New Nodes, in three (3) RAN Areas:
Disaggregation, Automation, and Virtualization.
One of the Key New Interfaces standardized
by O-RAN is Open Interface of Fronthaul
(FH), connection between RU (Radio Unit)
and DU (Distributed Unit).
Figure 15: RAN Split Option
Figure 16: Logical architecture of O-RAN

O-RAN Alliance Control Loops: Non/Near/Real-time Control Loops
72
O-RAN Alliance WG1 , O-RAN Architecture Description v.03.00 Jan 2021:15

RAN Latency and Distance in FH, MH, BH
73
Source: Altran (Aricent)

74
3 2
1

75
Ref. IEEE , Cell-Free Massive MIMO versus Small Cells, 2015

76
Ref. IEEE , Cell-Free Massive MIMO versus Small Cells, 2015

Beyond the Cellular Paradigm: Cell - free Architecture with Radio Stripes
Ref. Assoc. Prof. Emil Björnson, Pres, Beyond the Cellular Paradigm: Cell-free Architectures with Radio Stripes April, 2020: 20

Ericsson Cell Free Radio Stripes
Ref. Digital Trends, Ericsson 5G Radio Stripe Network MWC 2019&
Linköpings Universitet, Wireless communication by the metre, Dec. 2019

Ericsson Cell Free Radio Stripes Use Cases (UCs) - 1
Ref. Ericsson, Radio Stripes: Re-Thinking Mobile Networks, Feb., 2019

Ref. Ericsson, Radio Stripes: Re-Thinking Mobile Networks, Feb., 2019

Ref. Giovanni Interdonato
Data Coverage: Left: Cellular Network. Right: Cell-Free Massive MIMO Network.
SE achieved by UEs at different locations in an Area covered by nine (9) APs that are deployed on a regular grid.
Note that 8 bit/s/Hz was selected as the maximal SE, which corresponds to uncoded 256-QAM.
Ericsson Cell Free Radio Stripes

Beyond the Cellular Paradigm: Cell-free Architecture with Radio Stripes

97
Ref. Samsung 6G Vision July 2020: 27-28
Evolution of Duplex Technology (TDD, FDD, DSS)
In conventional communication systems, downlink and uplink transmissions occur in a mutually exclusive manner either in time domain (i.e.,
TDD) or in frequency domain (i.e., FDD). Typically, the downlink and uplink receive fixed allocations of time-frequency resources in practical
systems. In 5G NR, dynamic TDD was introduced to improve the duplex flexibility, thus making it possible to adjust the ratio between downlink
and uplink time slots depending on traffic demand. While this is an improvement over earlier generations, there is still active research [29][30][31]
into how to remove the restriction that downlink and uplink must use mutually exclusive time-frequency resources. We refer to this restriction as
the “mutually exclusive” principle hereafter.
Allowing overlap between DownLink and UpLink over the entire time-frequency resource (a.k.a. “Full Duplex”) can increase system capacity by
two (2) times, in theory. The main obstacles encountered upon deviating from the “mutually exclusive” principle include Self-Interference and
Cross-link Interference. Self-Interference experienced by a BS Receiver is illustrated in Figure 14(a). The BS Transmits DownLink signal using
the same Time-Frequency Resource as used for the UpLink Signal from UEs. Since the BS’s transmit and receive antennas are located in close
proximity, self-interference is much stronger than the desired signals from the UEs. Therefore, to evolve duplex technology by departing from the
“mutually exclusive” principle, it is crucial to be able to remove self-interference. There has been relevant research on self-interference
cancellation (SIC) techniques, which typically require both analog and digital domain cancellation [32][33].

1. KDN Knowledge Defined Network (KP)
99
TM Forum Knowledge Plane (KP) TM Forum, Levy, Graham, July 2017: 2-3

1. KDN Knowledge Defined Network (KP)
10
TM Forum, IG 1167, ODA Functional Architecture, Jan 2021: 44
Distributed / Local / Fast decision-making element or “d_DE” (per ODA Function Block) Design Principle
This Distributed Decision-making Logic with less complex Analytics for Autonomics / AI (Cognitive) Algorithms is realized
by fast control loops located in each of the three ODA Function Bloc. This is reflected at the left-hand-side of Figure 7.7.
To be understood and used by any company, elco or not, and become a Standard, the ODA Framework must only describe invariant that are
common to everybody. That is what this Functional Architecture provides.

10
ODA Knowledge Plane Federated model
The Three (3) ODA Knowledge Planes KPs) are at the same level.
The Federation needs defining "East-West" Reference Points /
Interfaces between those ODA Knowledge Planes

10
Factory Model - Orange
This Scenario represents the way Orange is setting up their
Production area with their Factory Concepts.
Most Factories are Autonomous and have their own
Operational Domain(s) that exposes "Capabilities" as
Customer Facing Services (CFS).
Most factories are exposing CFS.
Exception is for Devices and Physical goods, where Products
cannot be restriction of CFS, so these Factories do not
expose CFS.
Therefore, Service Management is not required for "Supply
Chain" and "Device" factories.
Also, note the "Access Network" factory is separate from the
"SoftService" factory to have the Capability to deliver
Softservices without any dependency on Access.

10
TM Forum, IG 1167, ODA Functional Architecture, Jan 2021: 38 - 39
E2E Service Model – Telefonica
Telefonica continues to have a “Service Management”
Layer to handle the technical order through the different
domains, proving an end to end control of the different
processes (Fulfillment, Assurance and Planning)
Benefits of this proposed deployment approach:
• A single E2E view across all Resource Domains is maintained.
• Reduces Service Management activity duplication
• Implements a single point of Service design irrespective of
the Resource domain.
• Service is agnostic of the underlying Resources

10
NaaS Model – Telstra with Operational Domain
Management (ODMs)
Telstra Networks expose Network as Services (NaaS) grouped by
similar functions and/or by organizational level.
Every Operational Domain Management (ODM) would be
responsible for the entire lifecycle of the services it exposes
including the management of resources.
Some ODM may be responsible for services that are coordinated
across other ODMs and hence would not manage the resources
directly.
NaaS API component suite is used as the contract of operational
functions supported between the Core Commerce Management
Block and ODMs as well as between ODM to ODM.
Benefits of this proposed deployment approach
• Expose the network as a service.
• Reduce network management complexity

1. "5G Network Mobility at "Cell" & "Cloud" Edge - NGMN WP Feb 2015 - 12

Akraino Ike Alisson 6G Architecture Themes Sensing Netw Core RAN Conv CF Cell Free Netw Rev PA10

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