Albert einstein ppt

ALBERT
EINSTEIN
(1879 – 1955)
By: JESICA D. MENDOZA

CHILDHOOD
• Born on March 14, 1879 in
Ulm, Württemberg, Germany
• Although Jewish, Albert Einstein
attended a Catholic School.
• His parents are Hermann
Einstein and former Pauline
Koch
• He had one sister, Maria (who
went by the name Maja)

CHILDHOOD
• There were two “wonders” that deeply
affected Einstein’s early years
• First, his encounter with a compass at age of
five
• The compass convinced him that there had
to be "something behind things, something
deeply hidden."
• The second wonder came at age 12 when he
discovered a book of geometry, which he
devoured, calling it his “sacred little
geometry book.”

CHILDHOOD
• Einstein became deeply religious at age of 12,
even composing several songs in praise of God
and chanting religious songs on the way to school.
• This began to change, however, after he
read science books that contradicted his religious
beliefs.
• This challenge to established authority left a deep
and lasting impression.

Education
• Max Talmud (later Max Talmey)
• informal tutor to Einstein
• introduce him to a
higher mathematics and philosophy
• Talmud had earlier introduced him to a children’s
science series by Aaron
Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche
Volksbucher (1867–68; Popular Books on Physical
Science), in which the author imagined riding
alongside electricity that was traveling inside
a telegraph wire.
Einstein also wrote his first “scientific paper” at that time entitled
“The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields”.

Resident of Switzerland
• At the age of 16, Einstein
quit high school.
• Later entered the
Federal Institute of
Technology in Zurich.
• Einstein graduated from
Zurich Polytechnic in
1900.
• While in school, he met
and fell in love with
Mileva

Resident of Switzerland
• Einstein would recall that his years in
Zürich were some of the happiest
years of his life.
• He met many students who would
become loyal friends, such as Marcel
Grossmann, a mathematician, and
Besso, with whom he enjoyed lengthy
conversations about space and time.
• He also met his future wife, Mileva
Maric, a fellow physics student from
Serbia.

• After graduation in 1900, Einstein faced one of
the greatest crises in his life.
• Because he studied advanced subjects on his
own, he often cut classes; this earned him
the animosity of some professors, especially
Heinrich Weber.
• He later wrote, “I would have found [a job] long
ago if Weber had not played a dishonest game
with me.”
Heinrich Weber

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
• Married to Mileva Marić in
January 6, 1903.
• Before his marriage, they have a
daughter, Lieserl, who her ultimate
fate and whereabouts remain a mystery.
• They had two sons
• Hans Albert, becomes an engineer and
professor
• Eduard, had schizophrenia

1905: MIRACLE YEAR
He published four papers in the Annalen der
Physik, each of which would alter the course
of modern physics:
1. “Über einen die Erzeugung und
Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden
heuristischen Gesichtspunkt”
(“On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the
Production and Transformation of Light”),
"A storm broke loose in my mind."
Einstein applied the quantum
theory to light in order to
explain the photoelectric effect

1905: MIRACLE YEAR
2. “Über die von der
molekularkinetischen Theorie der
Wärme geforderte Bewegung von
in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten
suspendierten Teilchen”
(“On the Movement of Small Particles
Suspended in Stationary Liquids
Required by the Molecular-
Kinetic Theory of Heat”)
Einstein offered the first experimental proof
of the existence of atoms.

1905: MIRACLE YEAR
• 3 “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter
Körper” (“On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies”)
4. “Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem
Energieinhalt abhängig?” (“Does the Inertia
of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?”)
Einstein laid out the mathematical theory
of special relativity.
Einstein showed that relativity theory led to
the equation E = mc2

1905: MIRACLE YEAR
• In the 19th century there
were two pillars of physics:
Newton’s laws of motion
and Maxwell’s theory of
light.
• Einstein was alone in
realizing that they were in
contradiction and that one
of them must fall.

GENERAL RELATIVITY AND TEACHING
CAREER
• At first Einstein’s 1905 papers
were ignored by
the physics community.
• This began to change after he
received the attention of just
one physicist, perhaps the most
influential physicist of his
generation, Max Planck, the
founder of the quantum
theory.v

GENERAL RELATIVITY AND TEACHING
CAREER
• Einstein was invited to lecture at
international meetings, such as
the Solvay Conferences, and he rose
rapidly in the academic world.
• He was offered a series of positions at
increasingly prestigious institutions,
including the University of Zürich,
the University of Prague, the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, and
finally the University of Berlin, where
he served as director of the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute for Physics from 1913
to 1933

Einstein’s Second Wife
• In 1919, Einstein left his
wife and children and
married his distant cousin,
Elsa.
Elsa was a first cousin on his
mother’s side and a second
cousin on his father’s side

Einstein Continued his Genius in 1905
• In 1907, Einstein begins
to apply the laws of
gravity to his Special
Theory of Relativity.
• In 1911, he finally gets
a job as a Professor of
Physics at the German
University.

Einstein Continued his Genius in 1905
• In 1910, Einstein
addressed a basic
question: "Why is the sky
blue?" He approached the
problem by looking at the
effect of the scattering of
light by individual
molecules in the
atmosphere.
• In 1913, Einstein begins
work on his new Theory of
Gravity.

1915
• Einstein completes his
General Theory of Relativity.
• Einstein challenged the way
the world thought about
gravity – and Sir Isaac Newton
himself - by describing gravity
as the warping of space-time,
not a force acting at a
distance. In November 1915, Einstein finally
completed the general theory of relativity,
which he considered to be his masterpiece

Einstein’s new Theory of Gravity

Einstein’s new Theory of Gravity
• Einstein was convinced that general relativity was correct
because of its mathematical beauty and because it accurately
predicted the precession of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit
around the Sun.
• His theory also predicted a measurable deflection of light
around the Sun.
• As a consequence, he even offered to help fund an expedition to
measure the deflection of starlight during an eclipse of the Sun.

1919
• A solar eclipse proves Einstein
right, and he becomes an
overnight celebrity.
• An experiment had confirmed
that light rays from the sun were
deflected by the gravity of the
sun in just the amount Einstein
had predicted in his theory of
gravity, General Relativity.

WORLD REKNOWN
• Nobel laureate J.J. Thomson, president of the Royal Society,
stated:
This result is not an isolated one, it is a whole continent
of scientific ideas.…This is the most important result obtained
in connection with the theory of gravitation since Newton’s
day, and it is fitting that it should be announced at a meeting
of the Society so closely connected with him.
• The headline of The Times of London read, “Revolution in
Science—New Theory of the Universe—Newton’s Ideas
Overthrown—Momentous Pronouncement—Space ‘Warped.’”
Almost immediately, Einstein became a world-renowned
physicist, the successor to Isaac Newton.

NOBEL PRIZE
• During his acceptance speech, Einstein
startled the audience by speaking
about relativity instead of
the photoelectric effect.
1921
• Albert Einstein is awarded the Nobel Prize "for his services
to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of
the law of the photoelectric effect"

• Einstein also launched the new
science of cosmology. His
equations predicted that
the universe is dynamic—
expanding or contracting
• In 1930, in a visit to the Mount
Wilson Observatory near Los
Angeles, Einstein met with
Hubble and declared
the cosmological constant to be
his “greatest blunder.”
• Einstein’s “blunder” apparently
determines the ultimate fate of
the universe.

EINSTEIN’S RELIGIOUS VIEW
I’m not an atheist and I don’t think I can call myself a pantheist. We are in the
position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many different
languages.…The child dimly suspects a mysterious order in the arrangement of
the books but doesn’t know what it is. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of even
the most intelligent human being toward God.
His task, he believed,
was to formulate a
master theory that
would allow him to
“read the mind of
God.”
He would write

Nazi Backlash and Coming to America
1933
• Einstein and his wife,
Elsa, escape Nazi
Germany and set sail
for the United States.

Nazi Backlash and Coming to America
The Nazis enlisted other physicists, including
Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes
Stark, to denounce Einstein
One Hundred Authors Against Einstein was published in 1931
When asked to comment on this
denunciation of relativity by so many
scientists, Einstein replied that to defeat
relativity one did not need the word of 100
scientists, just one fact.

GOING TO AMERICA
• In December 1932, Einstein
decided to leave Germany
forever and he would never go
back. It became obvious to
Einstein that his life was in
danger.
• A Nazi organization published
a magazine with Einstein’s
picture and the caption “Not
Yet Hanged” on the cover.

• Einstein settled at the newly
formed Institute for Advanced
Study at Princeton, New
Jersey, which soon became a
mecca for physicists from
around the world.
• Newspaper articles declared
that the “pope of physics” had
left Germany and that
Princeton had become the
new Vatican.

PERSONAL SORROW
• The 1930s were hard years for Einstein.
• His son Eduard was diagnosed
with schizophrenia and suffered a mental
breakdown in 1930.
• Einstein’s close friend, physicist Paul Ehrenfest,
who helped in the development of general
relativity, committed suicide in 1933.
• Einstein’s beloved wife, Elsa, died in 1936.
• To his horror, during the late 1930s, physicists
began seriously to consider whether
his equation E = mc2 might make an atomic
bomb possible.

• In July 1939 physicist Leo
Szilard convinced Einstein that he
should send a letter to U.S.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Roosevelt wrote back on October
19, informing Einstein that he had
organized the Uranium Committee
to study the issue.
• urging him to develop an atomic
bomb.

Residency in the United States
• Einstein was granted
permanent residency
in the United States
in 1935 and became
an American citizen
in 1940, although he
chose to retain his
Swiss citizenship.

FIRST ATOMIC BOMBING
• Einstein was on vacation
when he heard the news
that an atomic bomb
had been dropped on
Japan. Almost
immediately he was part
of an international effort
to try to bring the
atomic bomb under
control, forming
the Emergency
Committee of Atomic
Scientists.

Einstein: The Pacifist
•Fearing use of the atomic bomb again, he used his
fame to speak out in support of worldwide peace

•For the last thirty
years of his life,
Einstein worked on
finding a unified field
theory.

FINAL YEARS AND LEGACY
• On April 17, 1955, while working on a
speech to honor Israel's seventh
anniversary, Einstein suffered an abdominal
aortic aneurysm.
• He was taken to the University Medical
Center at Princeton for treatment but
refused surgery, believing that he had lived
his life and was content to accept his fate.
"I want to go when I want," he stated at the
time. "It is tasteless to prolong life
artificially. I have done my share, it is time
to go. I will do it elegantly

EINSTEIN’S DEATH
•Einstein died at the
university medical
center early the next
morning—April 18,
1955—at the age of
76.

EINSTEIN’S BRAIN WAS STOLEN
• During the autopsy,
Thomas Stoltz Harvey
removed Einstein's
brain, reportedly
without the permission
of his family, for
preservation and
future study by doctors
of neuroscience.

•After decades of
study, Einstein's
brain is now
located at the
Princeton
University Medical
Center.

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