Algebra unit 9.2
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This document provides instructions and examples for creating stem-and-leaf plots, frequency tables, histograms, and cumulative frequency tables from data sets. It includes step-by-step explanations and examples of how to organize and summarize data using these graphical representations. Key terms like stem, leaf, frequency, interval, and cumulative frequency are also defined. Quiz problems at the end ask the reader to apply the methods by creating a stem-and-leaf plot, frequency table, and histogram from sample data sets.
Algebra unit 9.2
- 2. Warm Up Identify the least and greatest value in each data set. 1. 34, 62, 45, 35, 75, 23, 35, 65, 23 2. 1.6, 3.4, 2.6, 4.8, 1.3, 3.5, 4.0 Order the data from least to greatest. 3. 2.4, 5.1, 3.7, 2.1, 3.6, 4.0, 2.9 4. 5, 5, 6, 8, 7, 4, 6, 5, 9, 3, 6, 6, 9 23, 75 1.3, 4.8 2.1, 2.4, 2.9, 3.6, 3.7, 4.0, 5.1 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9
- 3. Objectives Create stem-and-leaf plots. Create frequency tables and histograms.
- 4. Vocabulary stem-and-leaf plot frequency frequency table histogram cumulative frequency
- 5. A stem-and-leaf plot arranges data by dividing each data value into two parts. This allows you to see each data value. The last digit of a value is called a leaf. The digits other than the last digit of each value are called a stem. Key: 2|3 means 23 The key tells you how to read each value.
- 6. Example 1A: Making a Stem-and-Leaf Plot The numbers of defective widgets in batches of 1000 are given below. Use the data to make a stem-and-leaf plot. 14, 12, 8, 9, 13, 20, 15, 9, 21, 8, 13, 19 Number of Defective Widgets per Batch Stem Leaves 0 8 8 9 9 1 2 3 3 4 5 9 2 0 1 The tens digits are the stems. The ones digits are the leaves. List the leaves from least to greatest within each row. Title the graph and add a key. Key: 1|9 means 19
- 7. Example 1B: Making a Stem-and-Leaf Plot The season’s scores for the football teams going to the state championship are given below. Use the data to make a back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot. Team A: 65, 42, 56, 49, 58, 42, 61, 55, 45, 72 Team B: 57, 60, 48, 49, 52, 61, 58, 37, 63, 48
- 8. Example 1B Continued Team A: 65, 42, 56, 49, 58, 42, 61, 55, 45, 72 Team B: 57, 60, 48, 49, 52, 61, 58, 37, 63, 48 Football State Championship Scores Team A Team B 3 7 9 5 2 2 4 8 8 9 8 6 5 5 2 7 8 5 1 6 0 1 3 2 7 The tens digits are the stems. The ones digits are the leaves. Title the graph and add a key. Key: |4|8 means 48 2|4| means 42 Put Team A’s scores on the left side and Team B’s scores on the right.
- 9. Check It Out! Example 1 The temperature in degrees Celsius for two weeks are given below. Use the data to make a stem-and-leaf plot. 7, 32, 34, 31, 26, 27, 23, 19, 22, 29, 30, 36, 35, 31 Temperature in Degrees Celsius Key: 1|9 means 19 The tens digits are the stems. The ones digits are the leaves. List the leaves from least to greatest within each row. Title the graph and add a key. Stem Leaves 0 7 1 9 2 2 3 6 7 9 3 0 1 1 2 4 5 6
- 10. The frequency of a data value is the number of times it occurs. A frequency table shows the frequency of each data value. If the data is divided into intervals, the table shows the frequency of each interval.
- 11. Example 2: Making a Frequency Table The numbers of students enrolled in Western Civilization classes at a university are given below. Use the data to make a frequency table with intervals. 12, 22, 18, 9, 25, 31, 28, 19, 22, 27, 32, 14 Step 1 Identify the least and greatest values. The least value is 9. The greatest value is 32.
- 12. Example 2 Continued Step 2 Divide the data into equal intervals. For this data set, use an interval of 10. Enrollment in Western Civilization Classes Number Enrolled Frequency 1 – 10 1 11 – 20 4 21 – 30 5 31 – 40 2 Step 3 List the intervals in the first column of the table. Count the number of data values in each interval and list the count in the last column. Give the table a title.
- 13. Check It Out! Example 2 The number of days of Maria’s last 15 vacations are listed below. Use the data to make a frequency table with intervals. 4, 8, 6, 7, 5, 4, 10, 6, 7, 14, 12, 8, 10, 15, 12 Step 1 Identify the least and greatest values. The least value is 4. The greatest value is 15. Step 2 Divide the data into equal intervals. For this data set use an interval of 3.
- 14. Check It Out! Example 2 Continued Step 3 List the intervals in the first column of the table. Count the number of data values in each interval and list the count in the last column. Give the table a title. Number of Vacation Days Interval Frequency 4 – 6 5 7 – 9 4 10 – 12 4 13 – 15 2
- 15. A histogram is a bar graph used to display the frequency of data divided into equal intervals. The bars must be of equal width and should touch, but not overlap.
- 16. Example 3: Making a Histogram Use the frequency table in Example 2 to make a histogram. Step 1 Use the scale and interval from the frequency table. Step 2 Draw a bar for the number of classes in each interval. Enrollment in Western Civilization Classes Number Enrolled Frequency 1 – 10 1 11 – 20 4 21 – 30 5 31 – 40 2 All bars should be the same width. The bars should touch, but not overlap.
- 17. Example 3 Continued Step 3 Title the graph and label the horizontal and vertical scales.
- 18. Check It Out! Example 3 Make a histogram for the number of days of Maria’s last 15 vacations. 4, 8, 6, 7, 5, 4, 10, 6, 7, 14, 12, 8, 10, 15, 12 Step 1 Use the scale and interval from the frequency table. Number of Vacation Days Interval Frequency 4 – 6 5 7 – 9 4 10 – 12 4 13 – 15 2
- 19. Check It Out! Example 3 Continued Step 2 Draw a bar for the number of scores in each interval. All bars should be the Vacations same width. The bars should touch, but not overlap. Step 3 Title the graph and label the horizontal and vertical scales.
- 20. Cumulative frequency shows the frequency of all data values less than or equal to a given value. You could just count the number of values, but if the data set has many values, you might lose track. Recording the data in a cumulative frequency table can help you keep track of the data values as you count.
- 21. Example 4: Making a Cumulative Frequency Table The weights (in ounces) of packages of pork chops are given below. 19, 20, 26, 18, 25, 29, 18, 18, 22, 24, 27, 26, 24, 21, 29, 19 a. Use the data to make a cumulative frequency table. Step 1 Choose intervals for the first column of the table. Step 2 Record the frequency values in each interval for the second column.
- 22. Example 4 Continued Step 3 Add the frequency of each interval to the frequencies of all the intervals before it. Put that number in the third column of the table. Step 4 Title the table. Weight (oz) Pork Chops Frequency Cumulative Frequency 18-20 6 6 21-23 2 8 24-26 5 13 27-29 3 16
- 23. Example 4 Continued b. How many packages weigh less than 24 ounces. All packages less than 24 oz are displayed in the first Pork Chops two rows of the Weight Frequency Cumulative table, so look at the (oz) Frequency cumulative frequency 18-20 6 6 shown in the second 21-23 2 8 row. There are 8 packages 24-26 5 13 with weights under 27-29 3 16 24 oz.
- 24. Check It Out! Example 4 The number of vowels in each sentence of a short essay are listed below. 33, 36, 39, 37, 34, 35, 43, 35, 28, 32, 36, 35, 29, 40, 33, 41, 37 a. Use the data to make a cumulative frequency table. Step 1 Choose intervals for the first column of the table. Step 2 Record the frequency values in each interval for the second column.
- 25. Check It Out! Example 4 Continued Step 3 Add the frequency of each interval to the frequencies of all the intervals before it. Put that number in the third column of the table. Step 4 Title the Vowels in Sentences table. Number Frequency Cumulative Frequency 28-31 2 2 32-35 7 9 36-39 5 14 40-43 3 17
- 26. Check It Out! Example 4 Continued b. How many sentences contain 35 vowels or fewer? Vowels in Sentences Number Frequency Cumulative Frequency 28-31 2 2 32-35 7 9 36-39 5 14 40-43 3 17 All sentences with less than 35 vowels. are displayed in the first two rows of the table, so look at the cumulative frequency shown in the second row. There are 9 sentences with fewer than 35 vowels.
- 27. Lesson Quiz: Part I 1. The number of miles on the new cars in a car lot are given below. Use the data to make a stem-and-leaf plot. 35, 21, 15, 51, 39, 41, 46, 22, 28, 16, 12, 40, 34, 56, 25, 14
- 28. Lesson Quiz: Part II 2. The numbers of pounds of laundry in the washers at a laundromat are given below. Use the data to make a cumulative frequency table. 2, 12, 4, 8, 5, 8, 11, 3, 6, 9, 8
- 29. Lesson Quiz: Part III 3. Use the frequency table from Problem 2 to make a histogram.
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