Alkyl Halides
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The document contains information about 5 students' matric numbers and a passage discussing alkyl halides. It defines alkyl halides and describes their classification, nomenclature, physical properties, synthesis from alcohols and alkenes, and reactions including nucleophilic substitution and elimination. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts and reaction mechanisms.
![NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
BIMOLECULAR REACTION, SN2
• Single step mechanism on 1° carbon.
• No intermediates, only transition state.
• Rate of reaction : k x [RX] x [Nu:]
• Inversion of configuration.
• Eg :](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alkylhalides-121116070228-phpapp01/85/Alkyl-Halides-34-320.jpg)
![N UCLEOPHILIC S UBSTITUTION
U NIMOLECULAR R EACTION (S N 1)
"SN" stands for nucleophilic substitution and the "1" represents the
fact that the rate-determining step is unimolecular
The reaction show a second-order kinetics, with the rate law:
Rate: k x[RX]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alkylhalides-121116070228-phpapp01/85/Alkyl-Halides-41-320.jpg)
![Unimolecular
nucleophilic
substitution
Rate
determining step
involves only 1
reactant.
SN1 Two steps in
mechanism.
Rate = k [RX]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alkylhalides-121116070228-phpapp01/85/Alkyl-Halides-47-320.jpg)
![COMPARISON BETWEEN SN1
AND SN2 REACTION
PARAMETER SN1 SN2
KINETIC First order k[RX] Second order
k[RX][Nu:]
ALKYL HALIDE 3>2>1 CH3X > 1 > 2
LEAVING GROUP Need good leaving Need good leaving
group group
NUCLEOPHILE Weak nucleophile Strong nucleophile](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alkylhalides-121116070228-phpapp01/85/Alkyl-Halides-53-320.jpg)
![Alkyl halide treated with strong Second order kinetics
base Rate = k [RX]
E2
Occur with periplanar geometry Possible geometry
(1 hydrogen atom, 2 carbon atom, - Syn planar geometry
leaving group) - Anti planar geometry
B: X B:
H
H
X
ANTI PERIPLANAR SYN PERIPLANAR](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alkylhalides-121116070228-phpapp01/85/Alkyl-Halides-56-320.jpg)
![E1
Begin with loss Followed by loss of a First order
-
-
of leaving group proton H+ from kinetics
to generate carbocation to form Rate = k[RX]
carbocation double bond
intermediate
H C C H C C+ +
X X
B: H C C+ B + C C
H](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alkylhalides-121116070228-phpapp01/85/Alkyl-Halides-57-320.jpg)
Alkyl Halides
- 2. NAME MATRIC NO CHANG PEI XIAN D20101037455 NORHAFIZAH BT NORDIN D20101037456 NURSYAHIRA AYUNI BT AHMAD ZAMRI D20101037457 AIN NABILA BT ABD. MALEK D20101037463 SITI RUKAIYAH BT. ABD FATAH D20101037479
- 3. Introduction to Alkyl Halides • Alkyl halides are organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom. • Carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halides is polarized. • Alkyl halides are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), depending on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon with the halogen atom. • The halogen atom in halides is often denoted by the symbol “X”.
- 4. Types of organic halides Vinyl halides Allylic halides have a halogen atom (X) bonded Benzylic have X to a C=C double halides bonded to the bond. Aryl halides carbon atom adjacent to a have X bonded C=C double to the carbon have a bond. atom adjacent to halogen atom bonded to a a benzene ring. benzene ring.
- 5. Examples of 1 , 2 , and 3 alkyl halides: Four types of organic halides (RX) having X near a π bond:
- 7. Nomenclature: Common names are often used for simple alkyl halides. To assign a common name: Name all the carbon atoms of the molecule as a single alkyl group. Name the halogen bonded to the alkyl group. Combine the names of the alkyl group and halide, separating the words with a space.
- 8. Physical Properties: • Alkyl halides are weak polar molecules. They exhibit dipole- dipole interactions because of their polar C—X bond, but because the rest of the molecule contains only C—C and C—H bonds, they are incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. • Density correspond to the molecular weight. F < Cl < Br < I
- 10. Synthesis of Alkyl Halides Halogenation of Halogenation of Conversion of Alcohol Alkanes Alkenes to Alkyl Halides Involve free Addition of Addition of Hydrogen Using of: radical Halogen to mechanism Halides to Alkenes Alkenes Hydrogen Phosphorus Halides Tribromide Allylic Halogenation Thionyl Chloride
- 11. A)HALOGENATION OF ALKANES 1. Initiation Splitting of a chlorine molecule to form two chlorine atoms, initiated by ultraviolet radiation or sunlight. A chlorine atom has an unpaired electron and acts as a free radical.
- 12. 2. Chain propagation (two steps): A hydrogen atom is pulled off from methane leaving a 1˚ methyl radical. The methyl radical then pulls a Cl· from Cl2.
- 13. 3. Chain termination: recombination of two free radicals:
- 14. The net reaction :
- 15. B) HALOGENATION OF ALKENES There is 3 types of halogenation of alkenes which are: I. Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes II. Addition of Halogen to Alkenes III. Allylic Halogenation
- 16. 1)A DDITION OF H YDROGEN H ALIDES TO A LKENES All alkenes undergo addition reactions with the hydrogen halides. Reactions are controlled by Markonikov rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the H atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen, and a halogen atom to the other. Anti Markonikov rule: with the presence of Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, the halogen atom will be added to the carbon atom of the double bond that has the greater number of hydrogen.
- 17. E XAMPLE OF ADDITION OF H YDROGEN H ALIDES TO A LKENES Examples: H H H Br C C + HBr H C C H H H H H H H H Cl C C + HCl H C C H H CH3 H CH3 CH3 CH3 + HI I H H H
- 18. M ECHANISM OF H ALOGENATION Halogenation takes place in two steps In the first step, H+ is transferred from HBr to the alkene to form a carbocation and bromide ion Second, Br- reacts with the carbocation to form a bromoalkane Example: H H H H C C + H Br H C C + Br H CH3 H CH3 H H H Br H C C + Br H C C H H CH3 H CH3
- 19. 2)A DDITION OF H ALOGEN TO A LKENES This type of reaction is called halogenation and an electrophilic addition. The general chemical formula of the halogen addition reaction is: C=C + X2 X-C-C-X (X represents the halogens bromide or chlorine, and in this case, a solvent could be CH2CI2 or CCI4). The product is a vicinal alkyl halides.
- 20. Examples: H H Br H C C + Br2 H C C H H H H Br Br + Br2 Br Br Br H C C CH3 + 2Br2 H C C CH3 Br Br
- 21. M ECHANISM OF B ROMINATION OF E THENE First, a Br+ is transferred from Br2 to the alkene to form a bromonium ion and a bromide ion Next, the bromide ion reacts with the bromonium ion to form the product H H Br H H C C + Br Br C C + Br H H H H Br Br H H H C C + Br H C C H H H H Br
- 22. 3) A LLYLIC H ALOGENATION Alkenes can be directly halogenated in the allylic position. High temperature and lower concentration of halogen used to prevent reaction at double bond. Example:N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) selectively brominates allylic positions.
- 23. B) CONVERSION OF ALCOHOL Hydrogen halides(HCl, HBr, Hl) Phosphorus tribomide(PBr3) Thionyl chloride(SOCl2)
- 24. Alcohol react with a variety of reagents to yield alkyl halides. The most commonly used reagent are: a) Hydrogen Halides (HCI, HBr, HI) Only tertiary alcohol actively react with hydrogen halide. Reactivity followed the sequences: tertiary > secondary > primary alcohol R-OH HX , H2SO4 R-X + H2O
- 25. Reaction of tertiary C-OH with HX is fast and effective. Add HCI or HBr gas into ether solution of tertiary alcohol. Primary and secondary alcohols react very slowly and often rearrange, so alternative methods are used.
- 26. Primary and secondary alkyl halides are normally prepared from alcohols using either b) Thionyl chloride (SOCI2) SOCl2 : ROH RCl c) Phosphorus Tribromide (PBr3) PBr3 : ROH RBr
- 28. Test yourself : How would you prepare the following alkyl halides from the corresponding alcohol?
- 29. -nucleophile -leaving group Nucleophilic substitution reaction -types : > SN 2 Reaction of alkyl halides > SN 1 E1 Elimination Reaction E2 Grignard Reagents Organohalides Reaction Reduction of Alkyl Halides
- 30. Nucleophile • Species with lone pairs(fully or slightly negative). • Strongly attracted to a region of positive charge(nucleus). • Weak nucleophile does not contain negative charge. Eg : H2o, and undergo SN1 pathway. • Strong nucleophile contain negative charge(when in ionic form). Eg : I- and undergo SN2. • Due to heterolysis of carbon-halogen bond, nucleophile form new bond with carbon atom(replace halogen). • Examples of nucleophiles are: H2O, NH3, OH-, Cl-, Br-, CN-.
- 31. Examples of nucleophiles : OH- CN- H2 O NH3
- 32. Leaving group • Substituent that leave substrate. • Good substituent • Leave in stable condition • Weak molecule • Example(s) : • F(strong base) • Br • Cl (weak base) • I
- 33. Nucleophile Leaving group
- 34. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION BIMOLECULAR REACTION, SN2 • Single step mechanism on 1° carbon. • No intermediates, only transition state. • Rate of reaction : k x [RX] x [Nu:] • Inversion of configuration. • Eg :
- 35. FACTOR THAT EFFECT S N 2 REACTION SN2 Stereochemistry Steric Effect Nucleophile Solvent Effect Leaving Group
- 36. S N 2 S TEREOCHEMISTRY Changes in the configuration of the carbon atom of target molecules. Causes the inversion of configuration at a stereocenter. - R or S configuration - cis or trans configuration
- 37. S TERIC E FFECT Reactivity order in SN2 : CH3 > 1 > 2 > 3 Steric hindrance to attack by the nucleophile slows the rate n-Br > iso-Br > sec-Br > tert-Br
- 38. N UCLEOPHILE Negative charge is a stronger nucleophile than an analogous neutral species (OH- > H2O) & (NH2- > NH3) Nucleophilicity increase from left to right across the periodic chart (OH- > F-) Nucleophilicity increase down the periodic table (I- > Br-> Cl->F-)
- 39. S OLVENT E FFECT Protic solvent (–OH or NH groups ) - decrease the rate of SN2 reaction Protic solvent Aprotic solvent Aprotic solvent ( H3COCH3, CH3CN , (CH3)2NCHO ) - increase the rate of SN2 reaction
- 40. L EAVING G ROUP The weakest bases (from strong acid) is the best leaving group ANION RELATIVE REACTIVITY OH-, NH2- << 1 F- 1 Cl- 200 Br- 10,000 I- 30,000
- 41. N UCLEOPHILIC S UBSTITUTION U NIMOLECULAR R EACTION (S N 1) "SN" stands for nucleophilic substitution and the "1" represents the fact that the rate-determining step is unimolecular The reaction show a second-order kinetics, with the rate law: Rate: k x[RX]
- 42. STEPS OF S N 1 REACTION Formation of carbocation Nucleophilic attack Deprotonation * Only occur if nucleophili is neutral molecule
- 43. EXAMPLE The hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide with water forming tert- butyl alcohol
- 44. F ORMATION OF A TERT- BUTYL CARBOCATION Separation of a leaving group (a bromide anion) from the carbon atom Slow reaction
- 45. N UCLEOPHILIC ATTACK The carbocation reacts with the nucleophile When the solvent is water, the intermediate is an oxonium ion Fast reaction
- 46. D EPROTONATION Removal of a proton of the protonated nucleophile by water acting as a base forming the alcohol and a hydronium ion Fast reaction
- 47. Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution Rate determining step involves only 1 reactant. SN1 Two steps in mechanism. Rate = k [RX]
- 48. MECHANISM OF SN1 Heterolysis of C-X bond. - slow reaction - form carbocation - step for rate determining CH3 Br CH3 C + Br C CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 leaving carbocation group
- 49. Nucleophilic attack - carbocation form new bond in product. - fast reaction CH3 CH3 Nu C + Nu C H3C CH3 CH3 CH3
- 50. FACTORS THAT EFFECT SN1 REACTION SN 1 streochemistry Leaving group Steric effects Solvent effect nucleophile
- 51. FACTORS THAT AFFECT SN1 REACTION • Nucleophile did STERIC EFFECT not affect the rate of reaction of SN1 • Carbocation formation • Weak nucleophile • Displacement • Stability order of from (in front, carbocation back side) benzyl>3>2>1 • Racemization STREOCHEMIST RY NUCLEOPHILE
- 52. • Protic solvent increase rate of LEAVING GROUP reaction of SN1 reaction • Best leaving group • Protic solvent encourage • Weakest bases solvation of from strong acid carbocation • Stability of anion • Eg: EtOH, MeOH correlated to basicity SOLVENT EFFECT
- 53. COMPARISON BETWEEN SN1 AND SN2 REACTION PARAMETER SN1 SN2 KINETIC First order k[RX] Second order k[RX][Nu:] ALKYL HALIDE 3>2>1 CH3X > 1 > 2 LEAVING GROUP Need good leaving Need good leaving group group NUCLEOPHILE Weak nucleophile Strong nucleophile
- 55. ELIMINATION REACTION, E Bimolecular Elimination Reaction, E2 Unimolecular Elimination Reaction, E1
- 56. Alkyl halide treated with strong Second order kinetics base Rate = k [RX] E2 Occur with periplanar geometry Possible geometry (1 hydrogen atom, 2 carbon atom, - Syn planar geometry leaving group) - Anti planar geometry B: X B: H H X ANTI PERIPLANAR SYN PERIPLANAR
- 57. E1 Begin with loss Followed by loss of a First order - - of leaving group proton H+ from kinetics to generate carbocation to form Rate = k[RX] carbocation double bond intermediate H C C H C C+ + X X B: H C C+ B + C C H
- 59. GRIGNARD REDUCTIONS OF REAGENTS ALKYL HALIDE RX react with magnesium Reaction which alkyl halide metal in ether or transform to alkane tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent to organomagnesium halides, RMgX- grignards reagents
- 60. THANK YOU