All quantum phenomena explained pdf
- 1. ALL PHENOMENA OF PHYSICS CAN BE EXPLAINED N. S. Agarwal
- 2. QUANTUM THEORY ● Isaac Newton in 17th Century proposed ‘Corpuscular Theory of Light’. The light is made of particles moving in straight line having kinetic energy. ● During the similar times Christian Huygens proposed ‘Wave Theory of Light’. The waves of light move in all direction from its source having energy. ● Max Planck, Albert Einstein & several other scientists developed ‘Quantum Theory’. The Energy radiated or absorbed must be an integral multiple of a fixed quantity of energy called Quantum which cannot be further subdivided. The quanta are discontinuously distributed in the space.
- 3. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY ● Every elementary particle may be partly described as a particle and also partly described as a wave due to its behaviour. ● Albert Einstein wrote: "It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do.“ ● All Electromagnetic Radiations & the fundamental particles display the dual nature – Particle nature as well as Wave nature. Wave Particle Duality remained a mystery for centuries and could not be explained by any of the prevailing theory.
- 4. NEW QUANTUM THEORY The nature is full of mysteries, simultaneously it also provides hints for the solutions of the mysteries. ● An atom has a nucleus of mass & charge. The mass of nucleus is > 99.99% of the total mass of the atom while it occupies approx. 10-10 times the volume of the whole atom. ● Similarly, the Sun as the nucleus of the solar system has mass > 99.86% of the total mass of the solar system but occupies approx. 10-10 times the volume of the whole solar system. ● The most important similarity in both the systems is that the nucleus is not located at the exact centre but is located off-centre. The above mentioned ‘Realities of the Nature’ remained neglected till now. These realities provides the solution to solve all the mysteries in Quantum Physics. The New Quantum Theory is based on the above analogies of the atom & the solar system.
- 5. The New Quantum Theory states: ❖ A photon (or a Quantum) has a nucleus of mass & charge. ❖ Nearly all the mass of photon is concentrated in the nucleus only. ❖ Nucleus is not in the centre but located off-centre in the photon or quantum particle. ❖ The spinning Photon always travels in the path of a wave due to its nucleus of mass & charge located off-centre forming Electromagnetic Wave. ● The New Quantum Theory is applicable to all the quantum particles.
- 6. ● The structure of a photon, based on the New Quantum Theory, is shown in below. A nucleus of the mass & charge is located off-centre in the photon. ● Yellow spherical particle shows a photon. Small red sphere is the “nucleus of the mass & the charge”, which rotates continuously around the centre of the photon in a circle of radius “r” with the spin of the photon. This photon is spinning in a clockwise direction and moves in the X-direction.
- 7. ● The off-centre location of a nucleus of the mass & charge in a spinning photon bestows special characteristics to the photon which makes it mysterious and behave much different from any ordinary particle. ● Such location of the mass and charge in the photon develops ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’ and ‘intrinsic spin magnetic moment’ respectively to display all the mysterious quantum phenomena and effects.
- 8. A PHOTON HAS MASS ● The Photons have mass, this has been proved experimentally. ● Polarised photons turn on reflection by a plain surface coated mirror. The angle of deviation of photons from their straight line path depends on the angle of polarisation and the frequency of photon. ● A photon develops inertial force at the contact point of the mirror due to the ‘mass’ of the photon which results in the deviation of the photon.
- 9. A PHOTON HAS CHARGE ● In the 19th century James Charles Maxwell developed the ‘Theory of Electromagnetism’. ● A moving point charge generates the electric & the magnetic fields forming an electromagnetic wave. The intensities of the electric & the magnetic fields generated by a moving charge depend on the charge, velocity and acceleration of the moving charge. ● The photons are the particles of electromagnetic radiations. A photon moves in the path of wave and forms Electromagnetic Wave, which is possible only if the photon has charge.
- 10. INTERFERENCE ● In the Constructive Interference, the two photons are exactly in the same phase. The nuclei of the mass & the charge of both the photons superimpose to coalesce to form single identity. The strong force attraction is possible between the two photons. This doubles the ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’ to double the amplitude of the photon. There is no change in the wavelength of the photon even after doubling of the linear momentum as the total mass of the combined photons also doubles.
- 11. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY ● A photon particle has both the linear momentum as well as the ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’. For a linearly polarized photon, the direction of the spin angular momentum continuously changes in 360˚ with the spin of the photon in the plane of polarization. ● The combined effect of the spin angular momentum & the linear momentum develops “Resultant Momentum”. The direction & the magnitude of the Resultant Momentum change continuously and moves the photon particle up & down during its travel to form a Wave in the plane of polarization.
- 12. ● As the the centre of mass rotates. The direction of ● The direction of ‘Resultant Momentum’ changes continuously to move the photon up & down to form a wave.
- 13. POLARISATION ● The Polarisation phenomenon also takes place due to the ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’ created by the mass of the photon. ● If the continuously changing direction of the ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’ confines in one plane and the direction of photon travel is also in the same plane. The Resultant Momentum develops in this plane only. The photon is linearly polarised and forms a wave in the plane of polarisation only.
- 14. HOW A PHOTON FORMS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ● The charge in the nucleus of a moving & spinning photon produces the electric & the magnetic fields depending on the intensity of charge, velocity and acceleration of the moving charge particle. ● The intensities of the electric & the magnetic fields increase with the increase in velocity of the charge. If the velocity of the charge decreases, the intensities of both the electric & the magnetic fields decrease. ● With the spin of the photon, the charge in the nucleus located off- centre moves in the forward direction during the half spin cycle to generate the electric & magnetic fields in the particular directions. ● During the remaining half spin cycle the charge in the nucleus located off-centre moves in the backward direction which reverses the directions of the electric & the magnetic fields.
- 15. ● Isometric view of the 3-D electromagnetic wave. The photon is polarized in X-Z plane, therefore the charge in the nucleus of the photon generates the electric field wave in the X-Z plane only. The charge generates the magnetic field wave from the location of the charge in the wave and not from the centreline. The magnetic field generates in the direction perpendicular to the electric field. Therefore, the magnetic field wave generates in the 3-dimensions.
- 16. QUANTUM PHENOMENA ● All the Quantum Phenomena & Quantum Effects which remained ‘Mystery’ so far can now be explained by the New Quantum Theory. ● The mass & charge located at the off-centre position in a photon or a quantum particle explains all the Quantum Phenomena. ● The Quantum Theory developed about 100 years back needs to be supplemented by the New Quantum Theory. ● The interactions of the Electromagnetic fields of the Quantum Particles & the medium results in the change of the spin & direction etc. of the photon to exhibit the mysterious phenomena.
- 17. REFERENCE ● Agarwal N. S. (2016) New Quantum Theory Explains All the Mysterious Quantum Phenomena. Journal of Modern Physics, 7, 2135-2154. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2016.715186. 17