Alo vera extract - Acemannan - basic presentation
- 1. Acemannan
- 2. Aloe Vera › Aloe vera is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates, and many countries have proper geographic features required for growing Aloe vera.
- 3. Composition › The most important part of Aloe vera is its leaf. › Alo vera leaves is composed of two main sections: 1. Latex 2. Gel
- 4. Cont. … › The gel contained in Aloe vera leaves is composed of: 1. About 98.5% to 99.5% water. 2. The remaining dry matter contains more than 75 biologically active ingredients which have medicinal effects that are useful in treating diseases.
- 5. Cont. … › Major ingredients of Aloe vera include; 1. Anthraquinones 2. Saccharides 3. Vitamins 4. Enzymes 5. Low-molecular-weight compounds
- 6. Cont. … › These compounds give Aloe vera its effects as; 1. Anti-inflammatory 2. Immunomodulatory 3. Wound-healing 4. Anti-viral 5. Anti-fungal 6. Anti-tumor 7. Anti-diabetic 8. Anti-oxidant
- 7. Saccharides › Almost 60% of dry matter of Aloe vera gel is composed of polysaccharides. › Numerous studies suggest that many benefits of Aloe vera are attributable to polysaccharides contained in Aloe vera gel.
- 8. Cont. … › A compound often analyzed by researchers is the polysaccharide acemannan which has; 1. Immunomodulatory 2. Anti-microbial 3. Anti-tumor effects
- 10. Effects on Intestinal Microflora › Balance of intestinal microflora in broilers is an important factor contributing to improved growth performance and immune response. › Anti-bacterial compounds, like herbs, play a significant role in balancing and improving intestinal microflora in chickens.
- 11. Cont. … › Aloe vera gel shows an antibacterial action. › Aloe vera has an impact on intestinal microflora in broilers; – Increase in Aloe vera gel in broiler feeds (1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) leads to increased Lactobacillus count and decreased E. coli count.
- 12. Cont. … › When acemannan (0.1% and 0.05%), polysaccharide (0.1%), and Aloe vera gel (0.1%) were added to broiler feed, they; 1. Increase lactobacillus count 2. Reduce bifidobacteria count as well as a reduction in E. Coli count.
- 13. Mechanism of Action › Unknown › It is likely to be similar to the anti-bacterial effects of some herbs and mushrooms that improve intestinal microflora. › It is also likely that the polysaccharide contained in Aloe vera (acemannan) follows a mechanism like that of prebiotics since studies found prebiotic-like impacts of polysaccharides contained in medicinal herbs and mushrooms. › Other researchers attribute anti-bacterial effects of Aloe vera to its fumaric acid content.
- 14. Effects on Immune Response
- 15. Effects on Immune Response › Previous studies show that polysaccharides contained in medicinal herbs and mushrooms can improve the response of immune system. › An important property of Aloe vera that has been the subject of many in vivo and in vitro experiments is improvement in immune response, probably due to the acemannan contained in Aloe vera.
- 16. Mechanism of Action › Acemannan contained in Aloe vera gel is a β (1-4)-linked acetylated mannan containing mannose; 1. Mannose can attach to mannose receptors in macrophages and activate these macrophages. 2. Acemannan can stimulate production of cytokines.
- 17. Aloe Vera and NDV › Darabighane et al. (2012) reported an increase in antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on days 24 and 38 by adding Aloe vera gel to broiler feeds (at 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%). › Valle-Paraso et al. (2005) reported that broilers treated with 2% Aloe vera gel (mixed with their drinking water) showed significant increase in antibody titer against NDV on days 37 and 52, compared to the control group.
- 18. Cont. … › In another study, Alemi et al. (2012) added Aloe vera gel powder (at 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) to broiler feeds and reported an increase in antibody titer against NDV. › Moreover, another study reported an improvement in antibody titer in broilers against NDV as a result of adding acemannan (0.1% and 0.05%), polysaccharide (0.1%), and Aloe vera gel (0.1%) to broiler feed (Jiang et al., 2005).
- 19. Cont. … › Another study reported reduced loss and clinical symptoms, in infections by NDV, as a result of using Aloe secundiflora in broilers.
- 20. Aloe Vera and WBCs › Assessment of blood parameters showed an increase in total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts on days 37 and 52 for broilers that received 2% Aloe vera gel (mixed with drinking water) compared to the control group. › Darabighane et al. (2011 a) reported an increase in total white blood cell count of broilers as a result of adding Aloe vera gel to broiler feeds.
- 21. Cont. … › In another study that used Aloe vera gel powder in broiler feeds, a significant increase was observed in groups treated with Aloe vera gel powder compared to the control group regarding: 1. Total white blood cell count 2. Red blood cell count 3. Hemoglobin › The 1% Aloe vera gel powder group showed the highest hemoglobin, red blood cell, and white blood cell count.
- 22. Aloe Vera and Immune Organs › Besharatian et al. (2012) did not observe a significant difference in weight of lymphoid organs, but reported a weight gain in spleen and bursa. › Such relative increase in the weight of lymphoid organs as a result of adding Aloe vera to feed or drinking water suggests immune (humoral and cellular) system readiness against antigens.
- 24. Effects on Growth Performance › In an experiment comparing the effects of Aloe vera gel (mixed with feed) and AGP (virginiamycin): 1. AGP resulted in better growth performance compared to the performance of groups that received Aloe vera gel (at 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%), and the control group. 2. No significant difference was observed between the antibiotic group and the 2% Aloe vera gel group in terms of body weight gain and FCR. 3. Mmereole (2011) proposed that Aloe vera leaf powder (1%) can be used as a proper alternative for AGP (Teramycin).
- 26. Effects on Coccidiosis › Yim et al. (2011) reported that broilers that received Aloe vera powder (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) had smaller fecal oocyst shedding count compared to infected group fed with the standard diet.
- 27. Cont. … › Akhtar et al. (2012) found in their studies that fecal oocyst shedding in broilers orally administered with ethanol and aqueous extracts of Aloe vera pulp at 300 mg/kg body weight/day for three consecutive days was significantly lower compared to the infected control group.
- 28. Cont. … › Broilers that received aqueous extract of Aloe vera pulp had the lowest mean score lesion in caeca and intestine in comparison to the control group and the group that received ethanol extract of Aloe vera pulp. › Also Darabighane and Zarei (2011) reported that broilers receiving 2.5% Aloe vera gel added to their feed had the smallest fecal oocyst shedding among all groups.
- 29. Conclusion
- 30. Cont. … › Aloe vera, as an additive to broiler chicken feed, has great potentials for improving; 1. Intestinal health 2. Immune system response 3. Growth performance 4. It can also be used in controlling coccidiosis
- 31. Cont. … › Advantages of Aloe vera added to broiler feeds depend on several factors: 1. Form of use (powder, gel, extract (ethanolic or aqueous)) 2. Polysaccharide extracted from gel 3. Dosage 4. Genetics of broilers 5. Ingredients of diet 6. Farm management