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ALU Project Members of the team: Maged Mokhtar Mohamed Abdella Mohamed Farghaly Mohamed Khedr Mohamed Maghrabi Mohamed Salem Mohamed Seif Mostafa El-said Nader Nohad  Yehia beltagy.
Preface The ALU in our project can do four main operations:
Topics
Designs of the circuits We used a multisim software to simulate the circuits and check it works as we designed or not .
Designs of the circuits we made separate kits for different operations  Including the input kit. Input kit Logic kit Arithmetic kit Mutiplication&division kit BCD/Ex-3 Addition Conversion kit (BCD/EX-3to bin. And viceversa) Gray code & negation Shifting.
Designs of the circuits Distribution concept:
Designs of the circuits Vcc is only delivered to the circuit that need to be activated only and all input data is delivered to all circuits, by this way only one circuit will be activated and only one output will be produced.
Designs of the circuits We used a header which contains the GND,Vcc and the inputs .
Designs of the circuits We connected the kits each other with data cables .
Designs of the circuits We used a toggle switch A toggle switch inside the kit is used to supply one of the two circuits so as to activate one of them only ,if we have combined circuits in a one kit
Input Kit Input circuit is responsible of providing all the other circuits with the input data and electrical energy. A slide switch in the input data is used to supply only one kit with power (VCC) needed to activate circuit's ICs.
Input Kit Slide switch is easier to be used than the MUX and also it produces an output with any voltage drop across its terminals.
Input Kit
Features :  Logic Circuit can do all the logical function required for 2 x 4 input binary numbers. It consists  of 2 main circuits : first one can do the ANDing,NANDing,ORing, NORing logic operations. the second part is for XORing, XNORing and Inverting the input data.  A toggle switch inside the circuit is used to supply one of the two circuits so as to activate one of them only. Logic Kit
Logic kits The output is represented using LEDs. Each LED represent the logic operation used for the input data bits respectively.
Logic Kit Schematic : Circuit 1:
Logic Kit How To Use : Functional truth table for circuit 1 M2 M1 Operation 0 0 AND 1 0 ب NAND 1 1 OR 0 1 NOR
Logic Kit  Circuit 2 :
Logic Kit How to use : Functional truth table for circuit 2 B M Operation  XXXX 0 XNOR XXXX 1 XOR 0000 1 Invert
Arithmetic Kit  Features : It’s a one circuit that can do most of binary arithmetic operations like : Transferring the input data Increment Decrement Addition Addition with carry Subtraction  Subtraction with borrow
Arithmetic Kit  The circuit contains of 2 major part: Arithmetic displaying the output( positive and negative) The circuit contains 3 flags carryout (overflow), negative and carry in flag.
Arithmetic Kit Schematic :
Arithmetic Kit How to use: M3 M2 M1 Operation 0 0 0 Transfer 1 0 0 Increment 0 1 0 Addition 1 1 0 Addition with carry 0 0 1 Transfer with over flow 1 0 1 Decrement 0 1 1 Subtraction 1 1 1 Subtraction with borrow
Multiplication & Division Kit Features: The design depends on the same procedures done to perform such operations mathematically, successive subtraction or addition.  This Kit consists of two circuits :  Multiplication circuit Division circuit. A toggle switch inside the circuit is used to supply one of the two circuits so as to activate one of them only.
Multiplication & Division Kit Schematic: Circuit 1
Multiplication & Division Kit Circuit 2:
Multiplication & Division Kit
Multiplication & Division Kit
BCD,excess-3 Addition Features: It is a 4 bits adder subtractor, but it's modified to deal with BCD and Excess-3 inputs.  The circuit can perform BCD addition, subtraction and Excess-3 addition. It has a sign flag and zero flag. The negative output numbers is expressed in sign magnitude formula.
BCD,excess-3 Addition Schematic:
BCD,Excess-3 Addition How to use: M2 M1 Operation 0 0 BCD Addition 0 1 BCD subtraction 1 0 Excess-3 Addition 1 1 Not used
Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa From BCD, Excess-3 to Binary  Features: To convert from binary to BCD 6 is added generally. so to convert from BCD to binary 6 is subtracted, id depends on the numbers . it is easily proven that for 8 bit BCD number, 6*(Second 4 BCD bit) is the subtrahend . 3 is subtracted if the input is a Excess-3 number so as to be converted to BCD.
Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa Schematic: Circuit 1:
Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa How to use: Switch Operation 0 Converting to BCD  1 Converting to Exc-3
Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa From Binary to BCD, Ecxess-3 Features: For a 4 bit binary input, it's first converted to BCD then to Excess-3 by adding 3 if needed . To convert to BCD a check on binary number is made to determine whether it's larger than 9 or not, if it's larger than 9 a 6 is added, if not the input data transfer as it is.
Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa Circuit 2:
Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa How to use: Switch Operation 0 Converting to BCD  1 Converting to Exc-3
Gray Code & Negation Kit Features: These two main functions are combined in one kit although they are not relevant. because they are small circuits and can easily combined in one circuit, a switch on the input VCC is used to activate only the ICs of one circuit, 2 source switches are used for 3 different circuits.  Converting from gray to binary and vice versa , A negation circuit that changes the sign of the input number. Both functions take the same number of input ( 4 bit ) which make it easier to be combined.
Gray Code & Negation Kit Binary to Gray  A famous circuit is used to convert the number from gray code to binary, it has 4 input and 4 output, which is displayed on a 4 LEDs . To convert from Gray code to Binary code, we take the MSB as it is, and then add that output with the following bit, adding numbers without consideration of carry can be represented using XOR gates like the schematic, there are no constrains on the input data.
Gray Code & Negation Kit Schematic:
Gray Code & Negation Kit Binary to Gray  A Famous circuit is used to convert from binary code to gray code, to convert from binary to gray the MSB in input is the same of the output, to get the next output add the last 2 bits the output is the result without taking the carry in consideration, XOR perform such operation.
Gray Code & Negation Kit Schematic:
Gray Code & Negation Kit Negation  Negation is changing the input sign, if positive it's changed to the same magnitude number but with negative sign.  Negation is changing the input sign, if positive it's changed to the same magnitude number but with negative sign.  The circuits contains a sign flag, indication of zero output condition is in the main circuit, a number is entered and then negated using one of the three formulas. The functions are controlled using 2 switches.
Gray Code & Negation Kit Schematic :
Gray Code & Negation Kit How to use : M2 M1 Operation  0 0 Sign Negation  1 0 Ones Complement  0 1 (increment)Meaningless  1 1 Twos Complement
Shifting Kit Features: There are 3 different types of shifting: ordinary  arithmetic  (Right - left) circular . Circuit is designed using sequential logic circuits like D-flip flop and multiplexers . A carry D-flip flop is used to store the unused bit for only on clock pulse.
Shifting Kit Schematic:
Shifting Kit How to use : S1 S0 Operation 0 0 Load 1 0 store 0 1 Shift right 1 1 Shift left
Shifting Kit S3 S2 Operation 0 0 Ordinary shift 1 0 Arithmetic shift 0 1 Orbital shift 1 1 Un used state M Operation 0 Shifting With Flag  1 Shifting Through Flag
PCB Designs We used the altium software in the PCB designs .
PCB Designs PCB designs before the implementation  Input kit :
PCB Designs Logic kit :
PCB Designs Arithmetic kit:
PCB Designs Mutiplication&division kit: Multiplication
PCB Designs Division
PCB Designs BCD/Ex-3 Addition:
PCB Designs Conversion kit:
PCB Designs Gray code & negation: Gray to bin & vice versa
PCB Designs Negation :
PCB Designs Comperator  (general circuit)
PCB Designs Implementing in PCB We had two options to implement these cicuits: Single layer Double layer.
PCB Designs We preferred that we use the second option  (Double Layer) because it reduces the area of kit , if it was a big one. But when we implemented the logic circuit we noted that option is too hard due to the Printing inaccurate.
PCB Designs So we went to the first way (single layer) in implementing some of our PCB designs which it is small circuits (gray code to bin & negation – input kit) . In the input kit we faced a problem , the slide switch is not available at the markets ; so we replaced it with a push button switch.
PCB Designs In the logic kit there was a problem in LED that is not allowed to light in a logic operation. We concluded that there was a noise due to the narrow tracks and problems in welding.
 

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ALU project(segma team)

  • 1.  
  • 2. ALU Project Members of the team: Maged Mokhtar Mohamed Abdella Mohamed Farghaly Mohamed Khedr Mohamed Maghrabi Mohamed Salem Mohamed Seif Mostafa El-said Nader Nohad Yehia beltagy.
  • 3. Preface The ALU in our project can do four main operations:
  • 5. Designs of the circuits We used a multisim software to simulate the circuits and check it works as we designed or not .
  • 6. Designs of the circuits we made separate kits for different operations Including the input kit. Input kit Logic kit Arithmetic kit Mutiplication&division kit BCD/Ex-3 Addition Conversion kit (BCD/EX-3to bin. And viceversa) Gray code & negation Shifting.
  • 7. Designs of the circuits Distribution concept:
  • 8. Designs of the circuits Vcc is only delivered to the circuit that need to be activated only and all input data is delivered to all circuits, by this way only one circuit will be activated and only one output will be produced.
  • 9. Designs of the circuits We used a header which contains the GND,Vcc and the inputs .
  • 10. Designs of the circuits We connected the kits each other with data cables .
  • 11. Designs of the circuits We used a toggle switch A toggle switch inside the kit is used to supply one of the two circuits so as to activate one of them only ,if we have combined circuits in a one kit
  • 12. Input Kit Input circuit is responsible of providing all the other circuits with the input data and electrical energy. A slide switch in the input data is used to supply only one kit with power (VCC) needed to activate circuit's ICs.
  • 13. Input Kit Slide switch is easier to be used than the MUX and also it produces an output with any voltage drop across its terminals.
  • 15. Features : Logic Circuit can do all the logical function required for 2 x 4 input binary numbers. It consists of 2 main circuits : first one can do the ANDing,NANDing,ORing, NORing logic operations. the second part is for XORing, XNORing and Inverting the input data. A toggle switch inside the circuit is used to supply one of the two circuits so as to activate one of them only. Logic Kit
  • 16. Logic kits The output is represented using LEDs. Each LED represent the logic operation used for the input data bits respectively.
  • 17. Logic Kit Schematic : Circuit 1:
  • 18. Logic Kit How To Use : Functional truth table for circuit 1 M2 M1 Operation 0 0 AND 1 0 ب NAND 1 1 OR 0 1 NOR
  • 19. Logic Kit Circuit 2 :
  • 20. Logic Kit How to use : Functional truth table for circuit 2 B M Operation XXXX 0 XNOR XXXX 1 XOR 0000 1 Invert
  • 21. Arithmetic Kit Features : It’s a one circuit that can do most of binary arithmetic operations like : Transferring the input data Increment Decrement Addition Addition with carry Subtraction Subtraction with borrow
  • 22. Arithmetic Kit The circuit contains of 2 major part: Arithmetic displaying the output( positive and negative) The circuit contains 3 flags carryout (overflow), negative and carry in flag.
  • 24. Arithmetic Kit How to use: M3 M2 M1 Operation 0 0 0 Transfer 1 0 0 Increment 0 1 0 Addition 1 1 0 Addition with carry 0 0 1 Transfer with over flow 1 0 1 Decrement 0 1 1 Subtraction 1 1 1 Subtraction with borrow
  • 25. Multiplication & Division Kit Features: The design depends on the same procedures done to perform such operations mathematically, successive subtraction or addition. This Kit consists of two circuits : Multiplication circuit Division circuit. A toggle switch inside the circuit is used to supply one of the two circuits so as to activate one of them only.
  • 26. Multiplication & Division Kit Schematic: Circuit 1
  • 27. Multiplication & Division Kit Circuit 2:
  • 30. BCD,excess-3 Addition Features: It is a 4 bits adder subtractor, but it's modified to deal with BCD and Excess-3 inputs. The circuit can perform BCD addition, subtraction and Excess-3 addition. It has a sign flag and zero flag. The negative output numbers is expressed in sign magnitude formula.
  • 32. BCD,Excess-3 Addition How to use: M2 M1 Operation 0 0 BCD Addition 0 1 BCD subtraction 1 0 Excess-3 Addition 1 1 Not used
  • 33. Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa From BCD, Excess-3 to Binary Features: To convert from binary to BCD 6 is added generally. so to convert from BCD to binary 6 is subtracted, id depends on the numbers . it is easily proven that for 8 bit BCD number, 6*(Second 4 BCD bit) is the subtrahend . 3 is subtracted if the input is a Excess-3 number so as to be converted to BCD.
  • 34. Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa Schematic: Circuit 1:
  • 35. Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa How to use: Switch Operation 0 Converting to BCD 1 Converting to Exc-3
  • 36. Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa From Binary to BCD, Ecxess-3 Features: For a 4 bit binary input, it's first converted to BCD then to Excess-3 by adding 3 if needed . To convert to BCD a check on binary number is made to determine whether it's larger than 9 or not, if it's larger than 9 a 6 is added, if not the input data transfer as it is.
  • 37. Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa Circuit 2:
  • 38. Conversion kit(BCD/Exe-3 to Bin)&vice versa How to use: Switch Operation 0 Converting to BCD 1 Converting to Exc-3
  • 39. Gray Code & Negation Kit Features: These two main functions are combined in one kit although they are not relevant. because they are small circuits and can easily combined in one circuit, a switch on the input VCC is used to activate only the ICs of one circuit, 2 source switches are used for 3 different circuits. Converting from gray to binary and vice versa , A negation circuit that changes the sign of the input number. Both functions take the same number of input ( 4 bit ) which make it easier to be combined.
  • 40. Gray Code & Negation Kit Binary to Gray A famous circuit is used to convert the number from gray code to binary, it has 4 input and 4 output, which is displayed on a 4 LEDs . To convert from Gray code to Binary code, we take the MSB as it is, and then add that output with the following bit, adding numbers without consideration of carry can be represented using XOR gates like the schematic, there are no constrains on the input data.
  • 41. Gray Code & Negation Kit Schematic:
  • 42. Gray Code & Negation Kit Binary to Gray A Famous circuit is used to convert from binary code to gray code, to convert from binary to gray the MSB in input is the same of the output, to get the next output add the last 2 bits the output is the result without taking the carry in consideration, XOR perform such operation.
  • 43. Gray Code & Negation Kit Schematic:
  • 44. Gray Code & Negation Kit Negation Negation is changing the input sign, if positive it's changed to the same magnitude number but with negative sign. Negation is changing the input sign, if positive it's changed to the same magnitude number but with negative sign. The circuits contains a sign flag, indication of zero output condition is in the main circuit, a number is entered and then negated using one of the three formulas. The functions are controlled using 2 switches.
  • 45. Gray Code & Negation Kit Schematic :
  • 46. Gray Code & Negation Kit How to use : M2 M1 Operation 0 0 Sign Negation 1 0 Ones Complement 0 1 (increment)Meaningless 1 1 Twos Complement
  • 47. Shifting Kit Features: There are 3 different types of shifting: ordinary arithmetic (Right - left) circular . Circuit is designed using sequential logic circuits like D-flip flop and multiplexers . A carry D-flip flop is used to store the unused bit for only on clock pulse.
  • 49. Shifting Kit How to use : S1 S0 Operation 0 0 Load 1 0 store 0 1 Shift right 1 1 Shift left
  • 50. Shifting Kit S3 S2 Operation 0 0 Ordinary shift 1 0 Arithmetic shift 0 1 Orbital shift 1 1 Un used state M Operation 0 Shifting With Flag 1 Shifting Through Flag
  • 51. PCB Designs We used the altium software in the PCB designs .
  • 52. PCB Designs PCB designs before the implementation Input kit :
  • 55. PCB Designs Mutiplication&division kit: Multiplication
  • 57. PCB Designs BCD/Ex-3 Addition:
  • 59. PCB Designs Gray code & negation: Gray to bin & vice versa
  • 61. PCB Designs Comperator (general circuit)
  • 62. PCB Designs Implementing in PCB We had two options to implement these cicuits: Single layer Double layer.
  • 63. PCB Designs We preferred that we use the second option (Double Layer) because it reduces the area of kit , if it was a big one. But when we implemented the logic circuit we noted that option is too hard due to the Printing inaccurate.
  • 64. PCB Designs So we went to the first way (single layer) in implementing some of our PCB designs which it is small circuits (gray code to bin & negation – input kit) . In the input kit we faced a problem , the slide switch is not available at the markets ; so we replaced it with a push button switch.
  • 65. PCB Designs In the logic kit there was a problem in LED that is not allowed to light in a logic operation. We concluded that there was a noise due to the narrow tracks and problems in welding.
  • 66.