An efficient of estimation the load profile analysis of photo voltaic system with different shading of local city

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022, pp. 2405~2413
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp2405-2413  2405
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
An efficient of estimation the load profile analysis of photo
voltaic system with different shading of local city
Ali Sabri Allw1
, Ahmed Hussein Duhis2
, Ali Al-Ghanimi3
1
Department of Energy Engineering, Collage of Engineering Almusayb/University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
2
Electrical Power Techniques Engineering Department, Technical College/AL- Mausaib,
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf, Iraq
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 7, 2022
Revised Jul 29, 2022
Accepted Aug 13, 2022
In this paper, we analysis the last technology of photovoltaic (PV) system and
the main effective factors of operation in unique efficiency and optimize
performance. the first of all we take the general view of physical aspects of
sun light and motion of earth with respect of sun position, and analysis of light
spectrum and its effect for each regen from spectrum on PV. We illustrated
the results of variation of irradiance from deferent sites and show size system
for same energy demand. We start by analysis of load-by-load profile working
and go through to specify the economic azimuth degree and altitude degree
depend on load profile and final put some technical suggestions to minimize
the effect of shading and benefit from using a new technology by face shield
(half cut cell). These calculations are proposed to make available well
originated and equivalent important information so as to allow PV strategies
to change quicker obsessed by arenas of application with different shading of
local city in AL-Mausaib Babylon, Iraq. The ratios of shading conditions
(10%, 25%, 50%, 75%) and without shading were used as effectiveness
restrictions. The outcomes confirmation that the performance of PV system is
extensively reduced and the system can’t control the batteries, if the shading
close 75% or additional for single panel.
Keywords:
Energy storage system
Half cut cell
Load profile
Partial shading conditions
Solar irradiance
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ali Sabri Allw
Department of Energy Engineering, Collage of Engineering Almusayb/University of Babylon
Al Najaf's St., Al Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
Email: met.ali.sabry@uobabylon.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) energy amounts are surrounded by the maximum mature renewable energies at
present available. On the other hand, two problems continue in the technique of its huge utilization all over the
world: efficiency and obscurities [1]. Effectiveness is the difficult of exactly how to create PV sections
transform more light into electricity, despite the fact that shadows is the badly-behaved of how to take full
advantage of their introduction to light once positioned.
By filtering the light that sheens over a PV, shadows decrease its obtainable existing [1]. This outcome
is improved as soon as only share of the PV is shaded, affecting modifications among cells associated in
sequences, making hot spots, and possibly destructive the PV [2]. This be able to be diminished by the use of
BPD, on the other hand these reason additional difficulties. BPD do not resolve the problematic of irregular
current construction between the sunny and unshaded PV [3], [4]. A number of scientists have calculated
methods to replace BPDs and stability the current fabrication, leading to a prosperity of information and

 ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2022: 2405-2413
2406
resolutions presently available in [4]. In this paper we will gone to take several mothed and soft wear to
optimize the max power point with respect to load profile analysis and design shaded - fault detector circuit.
A prototypical is applied to designate the power produced by the PV panels PPV, which be influenced
by fundamentally on the measured radiation (G) & (Ta) [5]. The classical system agrees to the generated current
Ipv to be achieved in (1) and (5). At that moment, the value PPV is achieved by increasing the (V with I) [5], [6].
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝑛𝑝 (𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑟 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 (
𝑉𝑐+𝐼𝑃𝑉𝑅𝑠
𝑉𝑡−𝑇𝑎
) − 1)) (1)
𝐼𝑝ℎ =
𝐺
𝐺0
𝐼𝑠𝑐 (2)
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1 + (𝑎(𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓))) (3)
𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 (
𝑇𝑎
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
)
3
𝑛
𝑒
(
−𝑞𝑉𝑔
𝑛𝑘
(
1
𝐼𝑎
−
1
𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑓
))
(4)
𝐼𝑟 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐−𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑞𝑉𝑐
𝑒
𝑛𝑘𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓−1
(5)
− Ipv: the assessed PV current (A)
− Iph: the generated photo-current at an agreed irradiance G (A)
− Isc: the short circuit current for an assumed temperature Ta (A)
− Ir: the reverse saturation I for a given temperature Ta (A)
− Ir-Tref: the reverse saturation current for the reference temperature Tref (A), Then, the system is used to track
the maximum power point (MPP) & MPPT.
The system is designed and analyzed PV, we have taken characteristic of light come from sun and
effects the first effect is spectrum of beam light consist the three regen (UV) which have short long wave it
mean cause of degradation in silicon and plastic material, (visible) light which it the useful band to generate
electric by PV panel it have medium long wave, and third one is (IR) which have longest long wave the [5]
mean effect of (IR) is heat this effect not usefully for traditional (PV) panel because increase in temperature let
to descries in efficiency as Figure 1.
Show classification for PV schemes with extra purpose in the resulting we contemporaneous the
maximum significant factors. On scheme level a number of percentages can be measured to rate a PV scheme´s
parameters. The parameters percentage PR of a standard PV scheme is assumed [7], [8]:
𝑃𝑅 =
∑ 𝐸𝑁𝐴𝐶,𝑖
𝑖
∑ 𝑃𝑆𝑇𝐶(
𝐺𝑃𝑂𝐴
𝐺𝑆𝑇𝐶
)
𝑖
(6)
− ENAC = dignified AC electrical generation (kW)
− PSTC = summation of installed modules’ power rating (kW)
− GPOA = dignified irradiance in the plane of array (POA) (W/m2
)
− i = guide a group of quantity outcomes at the identical period.
− GSTC = irradiance at normal test conditions (STC) (1000 W/m2
) [9].
Used for remaining joined PV schemes with or without battery-operated the grade of intake is
specified:
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑓 =
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑉−𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓−𝑐𝑜𝑛,𝑖
𝑖
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑉−𝐴𝐶,𝑖
𝑖
(7)
and the grade of self-sufficiency is assumed as a result of:
𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑓 =
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑉−𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓−𝑐𝑜𝑛,𝑖
𝑖
∑ 𝑃𝐴𝐶−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖
𝑖
(8)
The system efficiency (ηSys) defines in (9):

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 
An efficient of estimation the load profile analysis of photo voltaic system with … (Ali Sabri Allw)
2407
𝜂𝑆𝑦𝑠 =
𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
(9)
The second aspect effect on performance of (PV) air mass (AM) this expiration is explaining the angle
of insolation (w/m2
) it varying with seasons and it’s come from variation angle between earth and sun in another
word (cos α) effect as shown in Figure 2 [10]. For purpose, PV was improved and used for an optimal method
of the energy in the network in the presence of PV power plants and battery energy storage systems [11].
Figure 1. Insolation spectrum
Figure 2. Variation of angle earth with sun
2. RESEARCH METHOD
From above when we want to design a (PV) system, we have to compute and analysis the load profile
it contains a masseur the load and time of operation with respect of sun time in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) and
Figure 4 schedule of load kw/time operation in this paper we take a simple assumes to design (Pv) system in
AL-Mausaib Technical college (GPS:32.78/44.39) Due to make analysis of load profile and matching it with
solar irradiation specification at site of college. We can see that peak load at (8:00 am to 11: 00 am) so it will
be useful to shift the azimuth degree +15 to ESTE to optimize with peak load and avoid unnecessary operation
at peak sun because there is high amount of infrared and UV that Couse fast degradation for a long time of
working [12]. If we have high subsets of tariff from local network and high fed in tariff, we can cell energy
and for that case we can shift azimuth to -15, after 2:00 pm where there no load in building the overall power
generation in PV goes to as fed tariff, from above cures we suggest to shift azimuth angle by +15 degree from
0 degree and 45 degrees for altitude.

 ISSN: 2088-8694
2408
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. The system analysis and evaluation depend on (a) load profile AL-Mausaib technical college and
(b) load profile analysis
Figure 4. Altitude and azimuth curve [10]

2409
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
By using PVS soft wear we get the rustle of performance and compare with the traditional way to
install at (0-30) degree azimuth altitude the idea is to optimize the operation of PV and load and minimize the
degradation of panel, Figure 5 shot screen of analysis from Pv sys soft wear that show performance of system
at 30 altitudes 0 azimuth compare with Figure 6 same system at 45 altitudes and 15 azimuths to show the effect
of amount of irradiance (kw.h/m2
) for different area. We take Berman north of Germany the Figure 7 show
performance of system for same size [13]−[17].
The most important true that not all time need to fit tracker in actually it depends on purpose of
operation and your site on earth that will be clear if we take same assume of project to Germany were the less
quantity of irradiation compare to Iraq or middle east in Figure 7. For this resolve, the optimal location, size,
and type of DG units and the load profile analysis of photo voltaic system with different shading and the
process approach of SVCs were determined with reference to the local city [18].
Figure 5. The analysis from Pv system soft wear with different cases
Figure 6. The analysis from Pv sys soft wear with different parameters and angles
The second obstacle facing (Pv) is shading come from natural impact like cloud of dust or un natural
impact like rapture in panel the solution suggests to minimize effect of shading are [16]−[21]:
− Use soft wear like sketch up to optimize the best location of the panel and avoid natural shadow during all
season by change time during day over all months of year we can see the effect shadow come from local

 ISSN: 2088-8694
2410
building or (PV) panels itself the benefit from program it's you can make simulation of distribution of panels
with local environment in same geographical point Figure 8.
− By using face shell panel (half cut cell) to reduce aria of effect of shadow as Figures 9(a) and 9(b) and
reduce losses because current will divide into two parts inside panel that men less power losses.
Where:
𝑝 = 𝐼2
𝑅 (10)
This type of cell using both sides to produce energy depend on ELPEDO effect that increase efficiency
by 5% [12]. For collectively energy transformation path, ηSys is found at full and partial load cases (100%,
75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% of maximum power) [22]−[25]. The power flow in the Micro grid can be achieved,
the THD can be improved, and the voltage profile can be controlled. A graphical interface was also
technologically advanced to show all the results prepared by the algorithm, and additional data for the states
of power systems, voltage profiles, and modification system [26]. Table 1 shows the radiation data in Iraq with
different months and days to reach the maximum values of an irradiation power (KWh/m2
) with different tests
and cases for experimental part.
Figure 7. The system output energy analysis for Berman north of Germany
Figure 8. Processing shadow on the site by the sketch up soft wear

2411
(a)
(b)
Figure 9. The setup of a panel solar cell with (a) shell panel of half cut cell and (b) half cut cell with H
section
Table 1. Radiation data in Iraq
Month
Irradiation data on the
horizontal plane (KWh/m2
)
Irradiation data on the
optimal plane (KWh/m2
)
Direct irradiation
(KWh/m2
)
January 78.7 122.5 110.3
February 119.2 134.88 134.87
March 159.33 186.3 201.33
April 205.67 214.2 208.9
May 220.67 219.9 237.3
June 233.44 229.1 250.89
July 245.34 240.9 292.9
August 228.22 223.9 266.8
September 190.33 215.4 234.8
October 182.2 202.66 210.08
November 112.33 159.45 133.4
December 84.66 111.23 90.98
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
To enhancement the performance and efficiency of (PV) system there are two topics the first one is
understood the physic of sun light and the effect of earth motion with respect to sun and the second is proper
design of PV which come from proper analysis of load profile and high quality of (PV) panel. As we seen in
compart between deferent area for same system required there are big variation in system size come from
amount of insolation where in case of Iraq the average annual per day irradiance is 5.5 KWh/m2
while in north
of Germany -Berman the average annual per day irradiance 3 KWh/m2
the core problem facing operation (PV)
is middle Este is heating come from high insolation witch content 52% infrared radiation that led to descries
efficiency, so that will be useful to research in cooling system for PV panel. To calculate the control factors,
the suggested system considers power stability restraints for example, availability, storage element state of

 ISSN: 2088-8694
2412
charge, and load. In conclusion, a parameter is planned to reduce the outcome of different environmental and
functioning features to enhance the performance of solar PV system.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ali Sabri Allw is a lecturer in department of Electrical Engineering, Collage of
Engineering, Babylon University, AlmusaybIraq. He is Lecturer graduate in engineering
from Department of Electrical Engineering (PHD), University of Benha in Egypt and did his
thesis in “on-line solution to alleviate the voltage collapse in electrical power systems”. He
has over 12 years of experience in Academics. He has had many published articles indexed
in scoops and has also participated and presented at numerous international conferences. His
research interests include the field of digital design, industrial applications, industrial
electronics, industrial informatics, power electronics, motor drives, renewable energy, FPGA
applications. He can be contacted at email: alihtallw@yahoo.com.
Ahmed Hussein Duhis is a lecturer in Electrical Power Engineering Techniques
Department. Technical College of Al-Mussaib/Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University. He
received his BSc. Electrical Engineering., MSc. Laser Engineering. from University of
Technology/Iraq. He is currently a lecturer in Electrical Power Engineering Techniques
Department. He taught many different subjects in electrical engineering and published many
papers. His current research interests include renewable energy, intelligent control and Laser
and its applications. He can be contacted at email: ah.hu.khf@gmail.com.
Ali Al-Ghanimi received his PhD at Swinburne University of Technology,
Melbourne, Australia in the field of Micro-Nano/positioning control systems. He received his
BSc and MSc from the University of Baghdad in 2006 and 2009 respectively both were in
Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering. Currently, He is assistant professor at the
Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Kufa. His research is focused on
designing and implementing control systems for mechatronics application, modelling and
machine learning. He can be contacted at email: alih.alghanimi@uokufa.edu.iq.

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