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Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                             www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012


                 An Evaluation of GNSS code and phase solutions
                             F.Zarzoura,1,2, R. Ehigiator – Irughe1*, M. O. Ehigiator3,2
                              1
                                Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt
           2
             Siberian State Geodesy Academy, Department of Engineering Geodesy and GeoInformation
                                           Systems, Novosibirsk, Russia.
             3
                Faculty of Basic Science, Department of Physics and Energy, Benson- Idahosa University,
                                                 Benin City, Nigeria.
            1
              fawzyhamed2011@yahoo.com, *raphehigiator@yahoo.com, 2geosystems_2004@yahoo.com

Abstract
Global Navigation satellite System (GNSS) has become an important tool in any endeavor where a quick
measurement of geodetic position is required. GNSS observations contain both Systematic and Random errors.
Differential GPS (DGPS) and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) are two different observation techniques that can be used
to remove or reduce the errors effects arising in ordinary GNSS. This study has utilized procedure to compare DGPS
with code and phase solutions.
Key words: GNSS, Code and Phase solution, RTK.

1.0       Introduction
Real time GPS applications are commonly based on the code (range) measurements. These measurements are
affected by many biases, which cause the derived three-dimensional coordinates to be deviated, significantly, from
the true positions [1]. Differential GPS (DGPS) is a method that can be used to remove or reduce the ionosphere,
troposphere and orbit effects.
Differential GPS (DGPS) is a method that can be used to remove or reduce the ionosphere, troposphere and orbit
effects. In DGPS, corrections are generated at a base station and then the rover receiver has the value of errors such
as ionosphere, troposphere and satellite ephemeris errors. In addition, the satellite or receiver clock errors can also be
cancelled out by differencing between two receivers or two satellites respectively. Therefore, DGPS can give high
accuracy after the significant reduction of those errors.
DGPS works effectively in local areas within 50 kilometres. Therefore, conventional local area DGPS method can’t
gave a reasonable accuracy for large area applications. The corrections at the user sites can enhance the carrier phase
ambiguity resolution and improve the positioning accuracy in Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) situations.
1.2       Test Field Procedure:
A dual frequency GPS receiver of LEICA RTKGPS 1200 system, was setup at the reference point (NGN95), which
serve as the control station (master) throughout the research. The receiver at the master station was on static mode
and at observation rate of (5) seconds. The rover receiver of the same LEICA type was setup at point number (PM-
08) that is about 3 km from the reference receiver with the same parameters as the master receiver as presented in
figure (1) below. All other stations were similarly occupied as presented in figure (1) and table (1) below.




                                                           42
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                          www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012


Figure 1: GPS observation

                      Table 1: schematic diagram of distance relationship.

                    NGN95      PM-08     PM-09     PM-11      PM-12   PM-13    PM-14   PM-15
                    Dis.,(m)    2920      3453      5119       6110    5601     5910    6467
                    NGN95      PM-17     PM-18     PM-19      PM-20   PM-21    PM-22   PM-23
                    Dis.,(m)    7516      8575      9416       9775    8330     6743    6222
In addition, the other essential observation operating parameters are the same for both reference and rover receivers,
which are: the Health/L2 mode is selected as Auto, the minimum elevation angle (mask angle) is (10) degrees, the
data rate (5) seconds, initialization period is (10) minutes and the minimum number of (4) satellites.

1.3 GPS Observation Equations
Two different models for the GPS observations can be applied: one model for the code measurements and the other
model for phase measurements. The code observation is the difference between the transmission time of the signal
from the satellite and the arrival time of that signal at the receiver multiplied by the speed of light [2]. The time
difference is determined by comparing the replicated code with the received one. The time difference is the time shift
essential to align these two codes. The code observation represents the geometric distance between the GPS satellite
and the receiver plus the bias caused by the satellite and the receiver clock offsets. Moreover, the atmospheric bias
and the noise influence the code observations [3].
The basic observation equation related to the code measurement of a receiver (a) to a satellite ( j ) can be written as
[4].

Raj (t ) = ρ aj (t ) + C δ j ( t ) − C δ a ( t ) + ∆ ja Ion( t ) + ∆ ja Trop( t ) + ζ                        (1-1)
Where:
         Raj (t )              The biased code geometric range
         ρ (t )
             j
             a                 The space distance between the satellite and receiver
         C                     Speed of light.
         δ j (t )              The bias of the satellite clock .
         δ a (t )              The bias of the receiver clock
         ∆ Ion(t )
             j
             a                 The ionosphere delay in m.
         ∆ Trop(t )
             j
             a                 The tropospheric delay in m.
         ζ                     The observation noise


The phase measurement is the difference between the generated carrier phase signal in the receiver and the received
signal from the satellite. The phase measurement is in range units when it is multiplied by the signal wavelength. It
represents the same range and biases as the code observation, and additionally the range related to the unknown
integer ambiguities. The observation equation for the phase measurement can be written as the follows [4]:


                                                                43
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012


                   1                                                            1                     1
ϕ aj (t ) =            ρ aj (t ) + N aj + f δ j (t ) − f δ a (t ) −                  ∆ ja Ion(t ) +       ∆ ja Trop(t ) + ε       (1-2)
                   λ                                                            λ                     λ
Where:
              ϕ aj (t )                       The phase difference between the received code and the replica generated phase in
                                              receiver
               N aj                           The unknown integer ambiguity.
               λ                              The wavelength of the carrier wave.
               f                              The signal frequency.
              ε                               The phase observation noise.

1.4            Double-difference mode
The double-difference mode is executed between a pair of receivers and pair of satellites as shown in figure (2).
Denoting the stations by a (a), (b) and the satellites involved by (j), (k). Two single-differences according to equation
(1-3) can be applied [4]:

                           1                                                    
   φ aj, b ( t ) =                 ρ aj , b ( t ) + N      j
                                                                 − f jδ b ( t ) 
                           λ                              a ,b
                                                                                
                                                                                .                                                (1-3)
                           1
   φ   k
              (t ) =               ρ   k
                                              (t ) + N    k
                                                                 − f δ b (t )
                                                                     k
                                                                                
       a ,b
                           λ           a ,b               a ,b
                                                                                




                                                          Figure 2: The double-difference technique.

These single-differences are subtracted to get the double - difference model as:
                               1
φ aj,b (t)− φ a,b (t)=
              k
                                    ρaj,b (t)−ρa,b (t) + N aj,b − N ak,b
                                               k
                                                                                                                                  (1-4)
                            λ
Using the short hand notation as in the single-difference
                       1
φ aj,,b ( t ) =
      k
                           ρ aj ,,b ( t ) + N
                                  k                 j,k
                                                                                                                                  (1-5)
                       λ                           a ,b


The result of this mode is the omission of the receiver clock offsets. The double-difference model for long baselines
when there is a significant difference in the atmospheric effect between the two baselines ends can be expressed [2]:



                                                                                44
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                               www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012


                 1                                 1                       1
φ aj,,b (t)=
      k
                          ρaj,,b (t)+ N aj,,bk −
                               k
                                                       ∆ ja,,kb Ion (t)+       ∆ ja,,kb Trop (t)                              (1-6)
                λ                                  λ                       λ

1.5            Network Double-difference Error Observable
Assuming that a network of n GPS reference stations is available, the network single observable vector (ℓ) is defined
as follows:


             [
l n = φl l , L , φl nsv , L , φnlrx , L , φnnsv
                                            rx
                                                                                    ]T
                                                                                                                              (1-7)



Where     φnn    rx
                     sv
                           is the phase measurement minus true - range observable from receiver rx to satellite sv in single form.

The geometric ranges are calculated using precise coordinates of the reference stations.                              nrx is the number of
reference stations, and                    n sv is the number of satellites observed at each station. The network double -difference
observable vector is [2]:

            l
                 [
∇∆ln = ∇∆φl 22 ,L, ∇∆φl 2 sv , ∇∆φl 32 ,L, ∇∆φl 3 sv ,L, ∇∆φln2 ,L, ∇∆φlnrxsv
                        ln          l           ln           l
                                                               rx
                                                                        ln
                                                                                                                  ]
                                                                                                                  T
                                                                                                                              (1-8)


Where:       ∇∆φab
                 xy
                                     is the double - difference measurement minus true - range observable between receivers a, b and

satellites x, y. mathematically, a double -difference matrix B can be used to relate the network single observables and
the network double - difference observables such that:

               ∇∆l n = Bn l n                                                                                                 (1-9)

                                  ∂∇∆l n
                Bn =                                                                                                          (1-10)
                                   ∂l n
The dimension of the double - difference matrix is (dm x m), where dm is the number of network double - difference
observables and m is the number of network single observations [2]. For example, consider an example of 2
receivers a, b where each receiver tracks 3 satellites 1, 2, 3.

The network single observable vector is:                            [l , l
                                                                      1
                                                                      a
                                                                               2
                                                                               a   , l a , l b , l b2 , l b
                                                                                       3 1                3
                                                                                                              ]
Choosing satellite 1 to be the base satellite, the double - difference vector, is given as:

 [∇∆l   12
        ab                      ] [
               , ∇∆l ab = (l a − l b ) − (l a − l b2 ), (l a − l b ) − (l a − l b )
                     13      1     1        2              1     1        3     3
                                                                                                         ]                    (1-11)

Performing the partial derivative as shown in equation (1-12),

                                1 − 1 0 − 1 1 0
matrix B is:               Bn =                
                                1 0 − 1 − 1 0 1
                                                                                             45
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                         www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012



If the double - difference ambiguities of network baselines are correctly resolved, the network double - difference
error vector is:

∇∆δl n = ∇∆ln − λ∇∆N n = ∇∆d cφ ( p, p0 ) + ∇∆δ uφ                                                     (1-12)

Where:    ∇∆d cφ ( p, p0 ) is the network double - difference spatially correlated errors and ∇∆δ uφ represents the
network double - difference uncorrelated errors. A Kalman filter is used to estimate the float ambiguities using L1
observations, L2 observations and stochastic modeling of the ionospheric error. The ratio test is used to validate the
fixed ambiguities. The network double - difference errors are also called the estimated network double - difference
corrections. These will be used as input measurements for the linear minimum error variance estimator.


2.2       Data Processing:
After collecting the field data, using dual frequency DGPS receivers, as mentioned above, both L1 data and L2 data
becomes available. Consequently, to satisfy the objective of this research, the collected data was processed using
LGO software. The run is performed using CODE and PHASE solution approach.


3.0      Results and analysis.
The main objective was to investigate the accuracy standard of the final resulted coordinates of surveyed points
between Dual Frequency DGPS CODE ONLY solution, and CODE AND PHASE solution, for short distances (less
than 10km). LGO software has the capability of producing results of these two different solutions.
Table 4.1 shows the output coordinates from the LGO software. Keeping in mind that, all these points ambiguity
have been resolved.
The coordinate’s discrepancies (∆E, ∆N), and positional discrepancies (∆P), between the two dual frequency DGPS
solutions, of CODE ONLY, and CODE AND PHASE, data processing, are evaluated in the following manner:
                   ∆E = E code only – E code and phase
                   ∆N = N code only – N code and phase

                   ∆P =     ∆E 2 + ∆N 2
Where, the CODE AND PHASE solution is assumed to be the standard or reference solution. Table (4.2) includes
such discrepancies, for the all fourteen points under consideration, including the reference point (NGN95). In
addition, figure (4.3) displays the variations of coordinates discrepancies, (∆E, ∆N, ∆P), as computed at each point,
and defined by the point ID.




                                                         46
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                    www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012


                      Table 4.1: LGO software, CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY results


                                 Code + Phase Solution                       Code Solution

           Pt. Id               East                North             East               North

          NGN95              234604.403         3180412.773           234604.403       3180412.773

          PM-08              236618.466         3182526.913           236618.788       3182527.345

          PM-09              237328.137         3182535.806           237328.648         3182536.36

          PM-11              239251.862         3182558.970           239251.092       3182559.462

          PM-12              240337.101         3182527.901           240337.722       3182527.071

          PM-13              240165.606         3181077.388           240166.069       3181077.831

          PM-14              240514.765         3180383.594           240513.924       3180382.693

          PM-15              240999.488         3179448.527           241000.228       3179448.957

          PM-17              241931.228         3182088.399           241930.368       3182087.469

          PM-18              243123.530         3181387.700           243123.885       3181387.058

          PM-19              243996.530         3181079.872           243997.201       3181078.962

          PM-20              244364.367         3179864.487           244364.799       3179864.958

          PM-21              242934.016         3180318.405           242934.648       3180317.693

          PM-22              241343.872         3180193.391           241344.193       3180193.805



              Table 4.2: Discrepancies between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY solutions

                    Pt. Id             ∆E(m)      ∆N (m)       ∆P         Comments
                                                                          Control
                    NGN95                 0          0         0

                    PM-08              0.322       0.432      0.539

                    PM-09              0.511       0.554      0.754

                    PM-11              -0.77       0.492      0.914

                    PM-12              0.621       -0.83      1.036

                    PM-13              0.463       0.443      0.641

                    PM-14              -0.841      -0.901     1.23

                                                     47
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                         www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012



                   PM-15                0.74            0.43            0.856

                   PM-17               -0.86            -0.93           1.267

                   PM-18               0.355           -0.642           0.734

                   PM-19               0.671            -0.91           1.131

                   PM-20               0.432            0.471           0.639

                   PM-21               0.632           -0.712           0.952

                   PM-22               0.321            0.414           0.524

In order to visualize the range of discrepancies variations, the corresponding statistical parameters (Maximum,
Minimum, Mean, and STDV for single determination) are computed for the 2-D coordinates discrepancies, (∆E,
∆N), as well as for the positional discrepancies, (∆P), and summarized in table (4.3).
From table (4.3) and figure (4.3) one can see that all resulted discrepancies are fluctuating round the zero value, in
both positive and negative directions, with some values showing relatively large discrepancies.
From table (4.3), for instance, as an example, the positional discrepancies, (∆P), are varying between zero, 1.267,
with mean value of 0.843, and STDV of 0.253 for single determination. Similar statements can be stated for the other
evaluated discrepancies, (∆E), and (∆N).
                Table (4.3): Maximum, minimum and standard deviation with the above differences

                                         ∆E(m)                  ∆N(m)                    ∆P(m)
                      STDV.                0.604                0.655                    0.253
                       Max.                0.74                 0.554                       0
                       Min.                -0.86                -0.93                    1.267

Moreover, from figure (4.3) one can easily find points of relatively large discrepancies.
Of course, one should expect undesirable observing circumstances at such points, particularly, the number of
available satellites, and consequently, the resulted GDOP value.




                                                          48
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012



                  East Diffrences between CODE+PHASE SOLUTION and CODE ONLY solution

                                                                                                                       1
                                                                                                                       0.8
                                                                                                                       0.6




                                                                                                                              Diffrences (m)
                                                                                                                       0.4
                                                                                                                       0.2
       ∆…                                                                                                              0
                                                                                                                       -0.2
                                                                                                                       -0.4
                                                                                                                       -0.6
                                                                                                                       -0.8
                                                                                                                       -1
                                                   Points

                     North Diffrences between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY solutions


                                                                                       1
                                                                                       0.5




                                                                                                      Diffrences (m)
                                                                                       0
       ∆…
                                                                                       -0.5
                                                                                       -1
                                                                                       -1.5
                                                  Points


                    Diffrences between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY SOLUTIONS
                                                                                             Diffrences (m)
                                                                                       1.5
                                                                                       1
       ∆…
                                                                                       0.5
                                                                                       0



                                                 Points


               Figure 3 - Variations between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY solutions




                                                   49
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                         www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 11, 2012


REFERENCES


    1.   F. Zarzoura (2008) Accuracy study of wide area GPS networks MSc thesis department of public work
         Mansoura University Egypt.

    2.   Elghazoly.A , (2005 ) "Accuracy Aspects of Static GPS With Special Regard to Internet- Aided Techniques
         "Faculty of engineering ,Alexandria. Egypt.

    3.   Enge, P.K., and Van Dierendonck, A.J.,(1995) "Wide Area Augmentation System, in Global Positioning
         System": Theory and Applications, Vol. II, ed. B.W.

    4.   Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H. & Collins, J., 2001 GPS: Theory & Practice. Springer-Verlag,
         Vienna New York, 5th ed.

    5.   Ehigiator – Irughe, R. O.M. Ehigiator and S. A. Uzoekwe (2011)

         Establishment of Geodetic Control in Jebba Dam using CSRS – PPP Processing software Journal of
         Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (5): pp. 763-769 Scholarlink Research
         Institute Journals.
    6.   Vladimir A. Seredovich, Ehigiator – Irughe, R. and Ehigiator, M.O.(2012)

         PPP Application for estimation of precise point coordinates – case study a reference station in Nigeria Paper
         published at Federation International Geodesy (FIG) Rome Italy 6th – 12th May, 2012.
    7.   Ehigiator – Irughe, R. Nzodinma, V.N. and Ehigiator, M.O. (2012)

         An Evaluation of Precise point positioning (PPP) in Nigeria using ZVS3003 Geodetic Control as a case
         study” Research Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (RJEAS) 1 (2) pp.102 - 109. A United State
         Academy publications USA.
About authors, visit: www.geosystems2004.com




                                                         50

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An evaluation of gnss code and phase solutions

  • 1. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 An Evaluation of GNSS code and phase solutions F.Zarzoura,1,2, R. Ehigiator – Irughe1*, M. O. Ehigiator3,2 1 Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt 2 Siberian State Geodesy Academy, Department of Engineering Geodesy and GeoInformation Systems, Novosibirsk, Russia. 3 Faculty of Basic Science, Department of Physics and Energy, Benson- Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria. 1 fawzyhamed2011@yahoo.com, *raphehigiator@yahoo.com, 2geosystems_2004@yahoo.com Abstract Global Navigation satellite System (GNSS) has become an important tool in any endeavor where a quick measurement of geodetic position is required. GNSS observations contain both Systematic and Random errors. Differential GPS (DGPS) and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) are two different observation techniques that can be used to remove or reduce the errors effects arising in ordinary GNSS. This study has utilized procedure to compare DGPS with code and phase solutions. Key words: GNSS, Code and Phase solution, RTK. 1.0 Introduction Real time GPS applications are commonly based on the code (range) measurements. These measurements are affected by many biases, which cause the derived three-dimensional coordinates to be deviated, significantly, from the true positions [1]. Differential GPS (DGPS) is a method that can be used to remove or reduce the ionosphere, troposphere and orbit effects. Differential GPS (DGPS) is a method that can be used to remove or reduce the ionosphere, troposphere and orbit effects. In DGPS, corrections are generated at a base station and then the rover receiver has the value of errors such as ionosphere, troposphere and satellite ephemeris errors. In addition, the satellite or receiver clock errors can also be cancelled out by differencing between two receivers or two satellites respectively. Therefore, DGPS can give high accuracy after the significant reduction of those errors. DGPS works effectively in local areas within 50 kilometres. Therefore, conventional local area DGPS method can’t gave a reasonable accuracy for large area applications. The corrections at the user sites can enhance the carrier phase ambiguity resolution and improve the positioning accuracy in Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) situations. 1.2 Test Field Procedure: A dual frequency GPS receiver of LEICA RTKGPS 1200 system, was setup at the reference point (NGN95), which serve as the control station (master) throughout the research. The receiver at the master station was on static mode and at observation rate of (5) seconds. The rover receiver of the same LEICA type was setup at point number (PM- 08) that is about 3 km from the reference receiver with the same parameters as the master receiver as presented in figure (1) below. All other stations were similarly occupied as presented in figure (1) and table (1) below. 42
  • 2. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 Figure 1: GPS observation Table 1: schematic diagram of distance relationship. NGN95 PM-08 PM-09 PM-11 PM-12 PM-13 PM-14 PM-15 Dis.,(m) 2920 3453 5119 6110 5601 5910 6467 NGN95 PM-17 PM-18 PM-19 PM-20 PM-21 PM-22 PM-23 Dis.,(m) 7516 8575 9416 9775 8330 6743 6222 In addition, the other essential observation operating parameters are the same for both reference and rover receivers, which are: the Health/L2 mode is selected as Auto, the minimum elevation angle (mask angle) is (10) degrees, the data rate (5) seconds, initialization period is (10) minutes and the minimum number of (4) satellites. 1.3 GPS Observation Equations Two different models for the GPS observations can be applied: one model for the code measurements and the other model for phase measurements. The code observation is the difference between the transmission time of the signal from the satellite and the arrival time of that signal at the receiver multiplied by the speed of light [2]. The time difference is determined by comparing the replicated code with the received one. The time difference is the time shift essential to align these two codes. The code observation represents the geometric distance between the GPS satellite and the receiver plus the bias caused by the satellite and the receiver clock offsets. Moreover, the atmospheric bias and the noise influence the code observations [3]. The basic observation equation related to the code measurement of a receiver (a) to a satellite ( j ) can be written as [4]. Raj (t ) = ρ aj (t ) + C δ j ( t ) − C δ a ( t ) + ∆ ja Ion( t ) + ∆ ja Trop( t ) + ζ (1-1) Where: Raj (t ) The biased code geometric range ρ (t ) j a The space distance between the satellite and receiver C Speed of light. δ j (t ) The bias of the satellite clock . δ a (t ) The bias of the receiver clock ∆ Ion(t ) j a The ionosphere delay in m. ∆ Trop(t ) j a The tropospheric delay in m. ζ The observation noise The phase measurement is the difference between the generated carrier phase signal in the receiver and the received signal from the satellite. The phase measurement is in range units when it is multiplied by the signal wavelength. It represents the same range and biases as the code observation, and additionally the range related to the unknown integer ambiguities. The observation equation for the phase measurement can be written as the follows [4]: 43
  • 3. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 1 1 1 ϕ aj (t ) = ρ aj (t ) + N aj + f δ j (t ) − f δ a (t ) − ∆ ja Ion(t ) + ∆ ja Trop(t ) + ε (1-2) λ λ λ Where: ϕ aj (t ) The phase difference between the received code and the replica generated phase in receiver N aj The unknown integer ambiguity. λ The wavelength of the carrier wave. f The signal frequency. ε The phase observation noise. 1.4 Double-difference mode The double-difference mode is executed between a pair of receivers and pair of satellites as shown in figure (2). Denoting the stations by a (a), (b) and the satellites involved by (j), (k). Two single-differences according to equation (1-3) can be applied [4]: 1  φ aj, b ( t ) = ρ aj , b ( t ) + N j − f jδ b ( t )  λ a ,b  . (1-3) 1 φ k (t ) = ρ k (t ) + N k − f δ b (t ) k  a ,b λ a ,b a ,b  Figure 2: The double-difference technique. These single-differences are subtracted to get the double - difference model as: 1 φ aj,b (t)− φ a,b (t)= k ρaj,b (t)−ρa,b (t) + N aj,b − N ak,b k (1-4) λ Using the short hand notation as in the single-difference 1 φ aj,,b ( t ) = k ρ aj ,,b ( t ) + N k j,k (1-5) λ a ,b The result of this mode is the omission of the receiver clock offsets. The double-difference model for long baselines when there is a significant difference in the atmospheric effect between the two baselines ends can be expressed [2]: 44
  • 4. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 1 1 1 φ aj,,b (t)= k ρaj,,b (t)+ N aj,,bk − k ∆ ja,,kb Ion (t)+ ∆ ja,,kb Trop (t) (1-6) λ λ λ 1.5 Network Double-difference Error Observable Assuming that a network of n GPS reference stations is available, the network single observable vector (ℓ) is defined as follows: [ l n = φl l , L , φl nsv , L , φnlrx , L , φnnsv rx ]T (1-7) Where φnn rx sv is the phase measurement minus true - range observable from receiver rx to satellite sv in single form. The geometric ranges are calculated using precise coordinates of the reference stations. nrx is the number of reference stations, and n sv is the number of satellites observed at each station. The network double -difference observable vector is [2]: l [ ∇∆ln = ∇∆φl 22 ,L, ∇∆φl 2 sv , ∇∆φl 32 ,L, ∇∆φl 3 sv ,L, ∇∆φln2 ,L, ∇∆φlnrxsv ln l ln l rx ln ] T (1-8) Where: ∇∆φab xy is the double - difference measurement minus true - range observable between receivers a, b and satellites x, y. mathematically, a double -difference matrix B can be used to relate the network single observables and the network double - difference observables such that: ∇∆l n = Bn l n (1-9) ∂∇∆l n Bn = (1-10) ∂l n The dimension of the double - difference matrix is (dm x m), where dm is the number of network double - difference observables and m is the number of network single observations [2]. For example, consider an example of 2 receivers a, b where each receiver tracks 3 satellites 1, 2, 3. The network single observable vector is: [l , l 1 a 2 a , l a , l b , l b2 , l b 3 1 3 ] Choosing satellite 1 to be the base satellite, the double - difference vector, is given as: [∇∆l 12 ab ] [ , ∇∆l ab = (l a − l b ) − (l a − l b2 ), (l a − l b ) − (l a − l b ) 13 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 ] (1-11) Performing the partial derivative as shown in equation (1-12), 1 − 1 0 − 1 1 0 matrix B is: Bn =   1 0 − 1 − 1 0 1 45
  • 5. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 If the double - difference ambiguities of network baselines are correctly resolved, the network double - difference error vector is: ∇∆δl n = ∇∆ln − λ∇∆N n = ∇∆d cφ ( p, p0 ) + ∇∆δ uφ (1-12) Where: ∇∆d cφ ( p, p0 ) is the network double - difference spatially correlated errors and ∇∆δ uφ represents the network double - difference uncorrelated errors. A Kalman filter is used to estimate the float ambiguities using L1 observations, L2 observations and stochastic modeling of the ionospheric error. The ratio test is used to validate the fixed ambiguities. The network double - difference errors are also called the estimated network double - difference corrections. These will be used as input measurements for the linear minimum error variance estimator. 2.2 Data Processing: After collecting the field data, using dual frequency DGPS receivers, as mentioned above, both L1 data and L2 data becomes available. Consequently, to satisfy the objective of this research, the collected data was processed using LGO software. The run is performed using CODE and PHASE solution approach. 3.0 Results and analysis. The main objective was to investigate the accuracy standard of the final resulted coordinates of surveyed points between Dual Frequency DGPS CODE ONLY solution, and CODE AND PHASE solution, for short distances (less than 10km). LGO software has the capability of producing results of these two different solutions. Table 4.1 shows the output coordinates from the LGO software. Keeping in mind that, all these points ambiguity have been resolved. The coordinate’s discrepancies (∆E, ∆N), and positional discrepancies (∆P), between the two dual frequency DGPS solutions, of CODE ONLY, and CODE AND PHASE, data processing, are evaluated in the following manner: ∆E = E code only – E code and phase ∆N = N code only – N code and phase ∆P = ∆E 2 + ∆N 2 Where, the CODE AND PHASE solution is assumed to be the standard or reference solution. Table (4.2) includes such discrepancies, for the all fourteen points under consideration, including the reference point (NGN95). In addition, figure (4.3) displays the variations of coordinates discrepancies, (∆E, ∆N, ∆P), as computed at each point, and defined by the point ID. 46
  • 6. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 Table 4.1: LGO software, CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY results Code + Phase Solution Code Solution Pt. Id East North East North NGN95 234604.403 3180412.773 234604.403 3180412.773 PM-08 236618.466 3182526.913 236618.788 3182527.345 PM-09 237328.137 3182535.806 237328.648 3182536.36 PM-11 239251.862 3182558.970 239251.092 3182559.462 PM-12 240337.101 3182527.901 240337.722 3182527.071 PM-13 240165.606 3181077.388 240166.069 3181077.831 PM-14 240514.765 3180383.594 240513.924 3180382.693 PM-15 240999.488 3179448.527 241000.228 3179448.957 PM-17 241931.228 3182088.399 241930.368 3182087.469 PM-18 243123.530 3181387.700 243123.885 3181387.058 PM-19 243996.530 3181079.872 243997.201 3181078.962 PM-20 244364.367 3179864.487 244364.799 3179864.958 PM-21 242934.016 3180318.405 242934.648 3180317.693 PM-22 241343.872 3180193.391 241344.193 3180193.805 Table 4.2: Discrepancies between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY solutions Pt. Id ∆E(m) ∆N (m) ∆P Comments Control NGN95 0 0 0 PM-08 0.322 0.432 0.539 PM-09 0.511 0.554 0.754 PM-11 -0.77 0.492 0.914 PM-12 0.621 -0.83 1.036 PM-13 0.463 0.443 0.641 PM-14 -0.841 -0.901 1.23 47
  • 7. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 PM-15 0.74 0.43 0.856 PM-17 -0.86 -0.93 1.267 PM-18 0.355 -0.642 0.734 PM-19 0.671 -0.91 1.131 PM-20 0.432 0.471 0.639 PM-21 0.632 -0.712 0.952 PM-22 0.321 0.414 0.524 In order to visualize the range of discrepancies variations, the corresponding statistical parameters (Maximum, Minimum, Mean, and STDV for single determination) are computed for the 2-D coordinates discrepancies, (∆E, ∆N), as well as for the positional discrepancies, (∆P), and summarized in table (4.3). From table (4.3) and figure (4.3) one can see that all resulted discrepancies are fluctuating round the zero value, in both positive and negative directions, with some values showing relatively large discrepancies. From table (4.3), for instance, as an example, the positional discrepancies, (∆P), are varying between zero, 1.267, with mean value of 0.843, and STDV of 0.253 for single determination. Similar statements can be stated for the other evaluated discrepancies, (∆E), and (∆N). Table (4.3): Maximum, minimum and standard deviation with the above differences ∆E(m) ∆N(m) ∆P(m) STDV. 0.604 0.655 0.253 Max. 0.74 0.554 0 Min. -0.86 -0.93 1.267 Moreover, from figure (4.3) one can easily find points of relatively large discrepancies. Of course, one should expect undesirable observing circumstances at such points, particularly, the number of available satellites, and consequently, the resulted GDOP value. 48
  • 8. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 East Diffrences between CODE+PHASE SOLUTION and CODE ONLY solution 1 0.8 0.6 Diffrences (m) 0.4 0.2 ∆… 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 Points North Diffrences between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY solutions 1 0.5 Diffrences (m) 0 ∆… -0.5 -1 -1.5 Points Diffrences between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY SOLUTIONS Diffrences (m) 1.5 1 ∆… 0.5 0 Points Figure 3 - Variations between CODE AND PHASE and CODE ONLY solutions 49
  • 9. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol 11, 2012 REFERENCES 1. F. Zarzoura (2008) Accuracy study of wide area GPS networks MSc thesis department of public work Mansoura University Egypt. 2. Elghazoly.A , (2005 ) "Accuracy Aspects of Static GPS With Special Regard to Internet- Aided Techniques "Faculty of engineering ,Alexandria. Egypt. 3. Enge, P.K., and Van Dierendonck, A.J.,(1995) "Wide Area Augmentation System, in Global Positioning System": Theory and Applications, Vol. II, ed. B.W. 4. Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H. & Collins, J., 2001 GPS: Theory & Practice. Springer-Verlag, Vienna New York, 5th ed. 5. Ehigiator – Irughe, R. O.M. Ehigiator and S. A. Uzoekwe (2011) Establishment of Geodetic Control in Jebba Dam using CSRS – PPP Processing software Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (5): pp. 763-769 Scholarlink Research Institute Journals. 6. Vladimir A. Seredovich, Ehigiator – Irughe, R. and Ehigiator, M.O.(2012) PPP Application for estimation of precise point coordinates – case study a reference station in Nigeria Paper published at Federation International Geodesy (FIG) Rome Italy 6th – 12th May, 2012. 7. Ehigiator – Irughe, R. Nzodinma, V.N. and Ehigiator, M.O. (2012) An Evaluation of Precise point positioning (PPP) in Nigeria using ZVS3003 Geodetic Control as a case study” Research Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (RJEAS) 1 (2) pp.102 - 109. A United State Academy publications USA. About authors, visit: www.geosystems2004.com 50