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© Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved.
AN EXPANDED VERSION
OF AI MODELS- Types,
Architecture, Challenges
Discussed
Artificialintelligencehasrevolutionizedthewaywelive,work,andinteractwithtechnology.FromvirtualassistantslikeSiriandAlexa
to self-driving cars and personalized product recommendations, AI is ubiquitous and increasingly integral to our daily lives. At the
heart of AI systems are AI models and certified , that enable machines to learn, reason, and make decisions. In this
AI engineers
article,wewilldelveintotheworldof ,exploringtheirtypes,architecture,andapplications,andbeyond.
ArtificialIntelligencemodels
AnArtificialIntelligenceModel
An AI model is typically a mathematical representation of
a system, process, or relationship that enables machines
to learn from data and make predictions, decisions, or
recommendations. AI models are designed to recognize
patterns, classify objects, and generate insights from
complex data sets. These models are trained on large
datasets, which allows them to learn and improve over
time. Look at the rising global AI market size graph
(Precedence Research). This hints toward an ever-expanding
AI model market share worldwide, for the decades to
follow.
6TypesofAIModels
AImodelscanbebroadlycategorizedintoseveraltypes,eachwithitsdiversifiedstrengths:
A.MACHINELEARNINGMODELS
Ÿ These models learn from labeled data, where the correct output is already known. Examples
Supervised Learning Models:
includedecisiontrees,randomforests,andsupportvectormachines.
Ÿ These models learn from unlabeled data, identifying patterns and relationships without
Unsupervised Learning Models:
priorknowledgeoftheoutput.Examplesincludeclusteringalgorithmsanddimensionalityreductiontechniques.
Ÿ These models learn through trial and error, receiving rewards or penalties for their
Reinforcement Learning Models:
actions.ExamplesincludeQ-learninganddeepQ-networks.
B.DEEPLEARNINGMODELS
Ÿ Convolutional Neural Networks: CNN is a specialized type of deep learning algorithm that is well-suited for analyzing
visual data and is one of the most widely used DL architectures for tasks spanning from image classification, to object
detectionandimagesegmentation.
Ÿ This deep learning architecture processes sequential data and is particularly useful for
Recurrent Neural Networks:
analyzingspeechandhandwriting.Theyarederivedfromfeedforwardnetworksandbehavejustlikehumanbrains.
Ÿ This type of learns the context of the sequential data and generates new data;
Transformer Models: deep learning model
withitsmaincharacterhighlightingtheencoder-decodermodel;thatpromptlyassistsinNLPandMLtasks.
C.NATURALLANGUAGEPROCESSING(NLP)MODELS
Ÿ GPT4 is OpenAI's large mul modal model with genera ve AI capabili es, this version
Genera ve Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT4):
ismorereliable,andcrea ve,andcanhandlehighlynuancedinstruc ons.
Ÿ This is a decoder-only transformer model that produces high-quality
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT 3):
outputtextcloselyresemblinghumanresponses.
Ÿ The Text-to-text transformer model can perform text-based tasks and be employed in diverse applications including
T5:
chatbots,machinetranslationsystems,codegeneration,etc.
Ÿ These capture semantic and syntactic word meanings, allowing for better
Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo):
languageunderstanding.
Ÿ It is an advanced version of BERT trained on a massive dataset and
Robustly Optimized BERT Approach (RoBERTa):
optimizedforbetterperformance.
Ÿ Google developed BERT to pre-train deep
Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT):
bidirectionalrepresentationfromunlabeledtext,jointlyconditioningonbothleftandrightcontextinalllayers.
WWW.USAII.ORG
© Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Market Size 2024 to 2034 (USA Billion)
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034
$638.23
$757.58
$900.00
$1,070.10
$1,273.42
$1,516.64
$1,807.84
$2,156.75
$2,575.16
$3,077.32
$3,680.47
Source:
Precedence
Research
WWW.USAII.ORG
© Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved.
D.COMPUTERVISIONMODELS
Computer vision models run on algorithms trained on massive amounts of visual data or images in the cloud. These models
recognize patterns in the visual data and use those patterns to determine the content of other images. A computer vision system
divides it into pixels instead of looking at an entire image like humans do. A computer vision model works by using a sensing
devicetocaptureanimageandsendittoaninterpretingdeviceforanalysisviapatternrecognition.
E.GENERATIVEAIMODELS
Generative AI models are robust AI platforms that produce various outputs based on large training datasets, neural networks,
deep learning, and user prompts. Different genAI model types can generate various outputs, including images, videos, audio,
and synthetic data. These models allow you to produce new content or repurpose material, as a human would generate these
outputs instead of a machine. Many generative AI models exist today, including text-to-text generators, text-to-image
generators,image-to-imagegenerators,andimage-to-textgenerators.
F.HYBRIDAIMODELS
Hybrid AI models combine the strengths of traditional rule-based AI systems and machine learning techniques. Hybrid AI
integrates the best of symbolic AI and machine learning for applications in various domains, including healthcare,
manufacturing, finance, autonomous vehicles, and more. By bridging the gap between human intelligence and machine
learning,hybridAImodelscontinuouslyrevolutionizehowweinteractwithtechnologyandsolvecomplexreal-worldproblems.
CriticalRoleofInvestinginAIModels
Opting to build an provides enterprises an edge over their competitors with cutting-edge innovations. AI software and
AI model
technologies can enable new product development and business models that bring more opportunities to achieve long-term business
growth.
COST
SAVINGS
IMPROVES
CUSTOMER
EXPERIENCE
INCREASES
PRODUCTIVITY &
EFFICIENCY
PROVIDES
COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE
WWW.USAII.ORG
© Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved.
5-TieredAIModelArchitecture
AI architecture refers to the design and organization of AI systems, including the relationships between different components and the flow
ofdata.AtypicalAIarchitectureconsistsof:
1. Data Collection, Ingestion, and Planning: This layer collects and processes data from various sources, including sensors,
databases,andAPIs.
2.ModelDevelopmentandDataPreprocessing:Thislayercleans,transforms,andpreparesthedataformodeling.
3.ModelTrainingandValidation:ThislayertrainstheAImodelusingthepreprocesseddata.
4. Model Deployment: This layer deploys the trained model in a production environment, where it can receive input data and
generatepredictionsordecisions.
5. Model Monitoring:Thislayercontinuouslymonitorstheperformanceofthedeployedmodel,detectinganydriftordegradationin
itsaccuracy.
8StepLaddertoBuildanAIModel
It is inevitable for an organization to dig deeper into the realms of AI model building process, to streamline massive business gains for the
longesttermpossible.Thisclaritywillguideyourbuildupandenableyoutoidentifyanyloopholes,ifpresent.
Stage 3: Model
Validation
Stage 2: Model
Development
Stage 1: Planning
and Data Collection
Stage 4:
Deployment
Stage 5: Monitoring
and Maintenance
DEFINE
OBJECTIVES
DATA
GATHERING
SELECTING
FRAMEWORK
DESIGNING
NEURAL NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
TRAINING
AI MODEL
EVALUATING
AL MODEL
PERFORMANCE
OPTIMIZATION
OF AI MODELS
TESTING AND
DEPLOYMENT
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
STEPS TO
BUILD AN
AI MODEL
WWW.USAII.ORG
© Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved.
PopularApplicationsofAIModels
AImodelshavenumerousapplicationsacrossvariousindustries,including:
1.ComputerVision:AImodelsareusedinimagerecognition,objectdetection,andimagesegmentation.
2.NaturalLanguageProcessing:AImodelsareusedinlanguagetranslation,sentimentanalysis,andtextsummarization.
3.PredictiveMaintenance:AImodelsareusedtopredictequipmentfailures,reducingdowntime,andincreasingoverallefficiency.
4. Recommendation Systems: AI models are used to provide personalized product recommendations, improving customer
satisfaction,anddrivingsales.
ChallengesandLimitations
WhileAImodelshaveachievedremarkablesuccessinvariousapplications,theyarenotwithoutchallengesandlimitations:
1.DataQuality:AImodelsrequirehigh-qualitydatatolearnandmakeaccuratepredictions.
2.BiasandFairness:AImodelscanperpetuatebiasesanddiscriminatorypracticesiftheyaretrainedonbiaseddata.
3. Explainability: AI models can be difficult to interpret and explain, making it challenging to understand their decisions and
predictions.
4.Security:AImodelscanbevulnerabletocyber-attacksanddatabreaches,compromisingsensitiveinformation.
FutureofAIModels
It is imperative to consider a few points while working on custom AI model development. These
include structure and scalability of AI models, data security and privacy, Generative AI, and how
compliant the organization is with the rules and regulations. As AI models are the backbone of AI
systems, they enable machines to learn, reason, and make decisions. Data transparency and
explainability play a crucial role in building a robust AI model. Understanding the types of AI
models, their architecture, and applications is crucial for developing and deploying effective AI
solutions. While AI models have achieved remarkable success, they are not without challenges and
limitations. By addressing these challenges and limitations, we can unlock the full potential of AI
andcreateamoreintelligent,efficient,andautomatedfuture.
What is Retrieval Augmented
Generation - An Era of
Revolutionized Gen AI
How to Optimize AI Model
for Maximum Efficiency
Understanding Multimodal
AI: Benefits, Working, and
Applications
Machine Learning Operations
(MLOps): Streamlining ML
workflows
What are Small Language
Models (SLMs) – A Brief Guide
How Natural Language
Processing is Powering
Artificial Intelligence
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© Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved.
The United States Artificial Intelligence Institute ( )
USAII
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provider for aspiring professionals and leaders at any
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academia, or governments, looking to upskill and reskill
their expertise in the ever-evolving Artificial Intelligence
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REGISTER NOW
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An Expanded Version of AI Models - Types, Architecture, Challenges Discussed | USAII®

  • 1. WWW.USAII.ORG © Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved. AN EXPANDED VERSION OF AI MODELS- Types, Architecture, Challenges Discussed
  • 2. Artificialintelligencehasrevolutionizedthewaywelive,work,andinteractwithtechnology.FromvirtualassistantslikeSiriandAlexa to self-driving cars and personalized product recommendations, AI is ubiquitous and increasingly integral to our daily lives. At the heart of AI systems are AI models and certified , that enable machines to learn, reason, and make decisions. In this AI engineers article,wewilldelveintotheworldof ,exploringtheirtypes,architecture,andapplications,andbeyond. ArtificialIntelligencemodels AnArtificialIntelligenceModel An AI model is typically a mathematical representation of a system, process, or relationship that enables machines to learn from data and make predictions, decisions, or recommendations. AI models are designed to recognize patterns, classify objects, and generate insights from complex data sets. These models are trained on large datasets, which allows them to learn and improve over time. Look at the rising global AI market size graph (Precedence Research). This hints toward an ever-expanding AI model market share worldwide, for the decades to follow. 6TypesofAIModels AImodelscanbebroadlycategorizedintoseveraltypes,eachwithitsdiversifiedstrengths: A.MACHINELEARNINGMODELS Ÿ These models learn from labeled data, where the correct output is already known. Examples Supervised Learning Models: includedecisiontrees,randomforests,andsupportvectormachines. Ÿ These models learn from unlabeled data, identifying patterns and relationships without Unsupervised Learning Models: priorknowledgeoftheoutput.Examplesincludeclusteringalgorithmsanddimensionalityreductiontechniques. Ÿ These models learn through trial and error, receiving rewards or penalties for their Reinforcement Learning Models: actions.ExamplesincludeQ-learninganddeepQ-networks. B.DEEPLEARNINGMODELS Ÿ Convolutional Neural Networks: CNN is a specialized type of deep learning algorithm that is well-suited for analyzing visual data and is one of the most widely used DL architectures for tasks spanning from image classification, to object detectionandimagesegmentation. Ÿ This deep learning architecture processes sequential data and is particularly useful for Recurrent Neural Networks: analyzingspeechandhandwriting.Theyarederivedfromfeedforwardnetworksandbehavejustlikehumanbrains. Ÿ This type of learns the context of the sequential data and generates new data; Transformer Models: deep learning model withitsmaincharacterhighlightingtheencoder-decodermodel;thatpromptlyassistsinNLPandMLtasks. C.NATURALLANGUAGEPROCESSING(NLP)MODELS Ÿ GPT4 is OpenAI's large mul modal model with genera ve AI capabili es, this version Genera ve Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT4): ismorereliable,andcrea ve,andcanhandlehighlynuancedinstruc ons. Ÿ This is a decoder-only transformer model that produces high-quality Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT 3): outputtextcloselyresemblinghumanresponses. Ÿ The Text-to-text transformer model can perform text-based tasks and be employed in diverse applications including T5: chatbots,machinetranslationsystems,codegeneration,etc. Ÿ These capture semantic and syntactic word meanings, allowing for better Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo): languageunderstanding. Ÿ It is an advanced version of BERT trained on a massive dataset and Robustly Optimized BERT Approach (RoBERTa): optimizedforbetterperformance. Ÿ Google developed BERT to pre-train deep Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT): bidirectionalrepresentationfromunlabeledtext,jointlyconditioningonbothleftandrightcontextinalllayers. WWW.USAII.ORG © Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Market Size 2024 to 2034 (USA Billion) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 $638.23 $757.58 $900.00 $1,070.10 $1,273.42 $1,516.64 $1,807.84 $2,156.75 $2,575.16 $3,077.32 $3,680.47 Source: Precedence Research
  • 3. WWW.USAII.ORG © Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved. D.COMPUTERVISIONMODELS Computer vision models run on algorithms trained on massive amounts of visual data or images in the cloud. These models recognize patterns in the visual data and use those patterns to determine the content of other images. A computer vision system divides it into pixels instead of looking at an entire image like humans do. A computer vision model works by using a sensing devicetocaptureanimageandsendittoaninterpretingdeviceforanalysisviapatternrecognition. E.GENERATIVEAIMODELS Generative AI models are robust AI platforms that produce various outputs based on large training datasets, neural networks, deep learning, and user prompts. Different genAI model types can generate various outputs, including images, videos, audio, and synthetic data. These models allow you to produce new content or repurpose material, as a human would generate these outputs instead of a machine. Many generative AI models exist today, including text-to-text generators, text-to-image generators,image-to-imagegenerators,andimage-to-textgenerators. F.HYBRIDAIMODELS Hybrid AI models combine the strengths of traditional rule-based AI systems and machine learning techniques. Hybrid AI integrates the best of symbolic AI and machine learning for applications in various domains, including healthcare, manufacturing, finance, autonomous vehicles, and more. By bridging the gap between human intelligence and machine learning,hybridAImodelscontinuouslyrevolutionizehowweinteractwithtechnologyandsolvecomplexreal-worldproblems. CriticalRoleofInvestinginAIModels Opting to build an provides enterprises an edge over their competitors with cutting-edge innovations. AI software and AI model technologies can enable new product development and business models that bring more opportunities to achieve long-term business growth. COST SAVINGS IMPROVES CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE INCREASES PRODUCTIVITY & EFFICIENCY PROVIDES COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
  • 4. WWW.USAII.ORG © Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved. 5-TieredAIModelArchitecture AI architecture refers to the design and organization of AI systems, including the relationships between different components and the flow ofdata.AtypicalAIarchitectureconsistsof: 1. Data Collection, Ingestion, and Planning: This layer collects and processes data from various sources, including sensors, databases,andAPIs. 2.ModelDevelopmentandDataPreprocessing:Thislayercleans,transforms,andpreparesthedataformodeling. 3.ModelTrainingandValidation:ThislayertrainstheAImodelusingthepreprocesseddata. 4. Model Deployment: This layer deploys the trained model in a production environment, where it can receive input data and generatepredictionsordecisions. 5. Model Monitoring:Thislayercontinuouslymonitorstheperformanceofthedeployedmodel,detectinganydriftordegradationin itsaccuracy. 8StepLaddertoBuildanAIModel It is inevitable for an organization to dig deeper into the realms of AI model building process, to streamline massive business gains for the longesttermpossible.Thisclaritywillguideyourbuildupandenableyoutoidentifyanyloopholes,ifpresent. Stage 3: Model Validation Stage 2: Model Development Stage 1: Planning and Data Collection Stage 4: Deployment Stage 5: Monitoring and Maintenance DEFINE OBJECTIVES DATA GATHERING SELECTING FRAMEWORK DESIGNING NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE TRAINING AI MODEL EVALUATING AL MODEL PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF AI MODELS TESTING AND DEPLOYMENT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 STEPS TO BUILD AN AI MODEL
  • 5. WWW.USAII.ORG © Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved. PopularApplicationsofAIModels AImodelshavenumerousapplicationsacrossvariousindustries,including: 1.ComputerVision:AImodelsareusedinimagerecognition,objectdetection,andimagesegmentation. 2.NaturalLanguageProcessing:AImodelsareusedinlanguagetranslation,sentimentanalysis,andtextsummarization. 3.PredictiveMaintenance:AImodelsareusedtopredictequipmentfailures,reducingdowntime,andincreasingoverallefficiency. 4. Recommendation Systems: AI models are used to provide personalized product recommendations, improving customer satisfaction,anddrivingsales. ChallengesandLimitations WhileAImodelshaveachievedremarkablesuccessinvariousapplications,theyarenotwithoutchallengesandlimitations: 1.DataQuality:AImodelsrequirehigh-qualitydatatolearnandmakeaccuratepredictions. 2.BiasandFairness:AImodelscanperpetuatebiasesanddiscriminatorypracticesiftheyaretrainedonbiaseddata. 3. Explainability: AI models can be difficult to interpret and explain, making it challenging to understand their decisions and predictions. 4.Security:AImodelscanbevulnerabletocyber-attacksanddatabreaches,compromisingsensitiveinformation. FutureofAIModels It is imperative to consider a few points while working on custom AI model development. These include structure and scalability of AI models, data security and privacy, Generative AI, and how compliant the organization is with the rules and regulations. As AI models are the backbone of AI systems, they enable machines to learn, reason, and make decisions. Data transparency and explainability play a crucial role in building a robust AI model. Understanding the types of AI models, their architecture, and applications is crucial for developing and deploying effective AI solutions. While AI models have achieved remarkable success, they are not without challenges and limitations. By addressing these challenges and limitations, we can unlock the full potential of AI andcreateamoreintelligent,efficient,andautomatedfuture.
  • 6. What is Retrieval Augmented Generation - An Era of Revolutionized Gen AI How to Optimize AI Model for Maximum Efficiency Understanding Multimodal AI: Benefits, Working, and Applications Machine Learning Operations (MLOps): Streamlining ML workflows What are Small Language Models (SLMs) – A Brief Guide How Natural Language Processing is Powering Artificial Intelligence WWW.USAII.ORG © Copyright 2025. United States Artificial Intelligence Institute. All Rights Reserved.
  • 7. The United States Artificial Intelligence Institute ( ) USAII ® is the world’s leading Artificial Intelligence certifications provider for aspiring professionals and leaders at any stage of their career, organizations, institutions, academia, or governments, looking to upskill and reskill their expertise in the ever-evolving Artificial Intelligence domain. ® About USAII REGISTER NOW LOCATIONS info@usaii.org | www.usaii.org Arizona 1345 E. Chandler BLVD., Suite 111-D Phoenix, AZ 85048, info.az@usaii.org Connecticut Connecticut 680 E Main Street #699, Stamford, CT 06901 info.ct@usaii.org Illinois 1 East Erie St, Suite 525 Chicago, IL 60611 info.il@usaii.org Singapore No 7 Temasek Boulevard#12-07 Suntec Tower One, Singapore, 038987 Singapore, info.sg@usaii.org United Kingdom 29 Whitmore Road, Whitnash Learmington Spa, Warwickshire, United Kingdom CV312JQ info.uk@usaii.org BECOME AN AI EXPERT WITH CERTIFICATION