An Introduction to the Science of Botany
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The document introduces the field of botany, emphasizing its relevance in daily life and discussing subdisciplines such as plant molecular biology, physiology, and ecology. It outlines key characteristics distinguishing living plants from nonliving things, highlights the importance of photosynthesis, and describes the classification of organisms into six kingdoms and three domains. Additionally, it summarizes the scientific method, detailing its steps and how science differs from other human activities.
An Introduction to the Science of Botany
- 1. An Introduction to the Science of Botany Chapter 1
- 3. • Botany permeates our everyday life.
- 5. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 • Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplines of plant biology
- 6. KEY TERMS • BOTANY The scientific study of plants; also called plant biology
- 7. Subdisciplines 1 • Plant molecular biology • Structures and functions of important biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids) • Plant cell biology • Structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells
- 8. Subdisciplines 2 • Plant physiology • How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral nutrition) • Plant genetics • Plant heredity and variation
- 9. Subdisciplines 3 • Plant ecology • Interrelationships among plants, and between plants ands their environment
- 10. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 • Summarize and discuss the features of plants and other organisms that distinguish them from nonliving things
- 11. Levels of Biological Organization
- 12. Atoms Biosphere Hydrogen Oxygen Molecule Water Macromolecule Chloroplast Organelle Epidermis Tissue Cell Ecosystem Community Organ Population Organism Fig. 1-3, p. 9
- 13. Characteristics of Living Things 1 • Organization • Plants and other organisms are highly organized with cells as their basic building blocks • Energy • Plants and other organisms take in and use energy
- 14. Plant Cells -the basic functional and structural building block of living things
- 15. • PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Biological process that includes capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water
- 16. CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Cellular process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work • All living things get the energy they need to live from a chemical reaction called respiration. This process needs glucose as a starting point. • respiration and photosynthesis are opposites
- 17. Photosynthesis
- 18. • Importance of Photosynthesis The process is as important for the humans and animals as it is for plants. Other than glucose, which is an important source of carbohydrates, even proteins, fats, and water-soluble sugars are the products of photosynthesis. We cannot produce these nutrients on our own, and hence have to depend directly on plants, or other animals (which feed on these plants) to derive them. Plants, being the only producers, have a crucial role to play in any food chain. • Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/photosynthesis-for-kids.html
- 19. Characteristics of Living Things 2 • Interaction with environment • Plants respond to stimuli in their environment • Plants undergo growth and development • Reproduction • Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction
- 20. Root Growth and Gravity
- 22. Germination
- 24. Characteristics of Living Things 3 • Heredity • DNA molecules transmit genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms • Evolution • Plants and other organisms evolve • Populations change or adapt to survive in changing environments
- 25. Adaptation
- 26. KEY TERMS • DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) • A nucleic acid present in a cell’s chromosomes that contains genetic information
- 27. • EVOLUTION • Cumulative genetic changes in a population of organisms from generation to generation • NATURAL SELECTION • Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin) • Tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become parents of next generation
- 28. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 • Distinguish among the six kingdoms and three domains, and give representative organisms for each
- 29. Euglena
- 30. Six-Kingdom Classification 1 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Protista • protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds
- 31. Six-Kingdom Classification 2 4. Fungi • molds, yeasts 5. Animalia 6. Plantae
- 32. Three-Domain Classification • Archaea • Kingdom archaea • Bacteria • Kingdom bacteria • Eukarya • All other kingdoms
- 34. Three Domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Six Kingdoms: Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi Prokaryotes (lack membrane-bound organelles); unicellular; most are heterotrophic (obtain food by eating other organisms), but some are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic Prokaryotes; unicellular; microscopic; most live in extreme environments; differ in biochemistry and in cell wall structure from bacteria Eukaryotes; mainly unicellular or simple multicellular; maybe heterotrophic or photosynthetic; include protozoa, algae, and slime molds Eukaryotes; multicellular; photosynthetic; life cycle with alternation of generations; cell walls of cellulose Eukaryotes; multicellular; heterotrophic; most move about by muscular contraction; nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli Eukaryotes; most multicellular; heterotrophic; absorb nutrients; do not photo-synthesize; cell walls of chitin Fig. 1-11, p. 14
- 35. KEY TERMS • KINGDOM • A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently recognize six kingdoms of living organisms • DOMAIN • A taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdoms
- 37. KEY TERMS • SPECIES • A group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics • In nature, they breed only with one another and have a close common ancestry
- 38. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 • Summarize the main steps in the scientific method, and explain how science differs from many other human endeavors
- 39. The Scientific Method 1 1. Recognize a problem • or an unanswered question • Why plants shoots grow away from gravity or toward sunlight, while roots grow into the soil in the direction of gravity? 2. Develop a hypothesis • to explain the problem 3. Design and perform an experiment • to test the hypothesis
- 40. The Scientific Method 1 2. Develop a hypothesis • to explain the problem gravitropism Amyloplasts Statolith 3. Design and perform an experiment • to test the hypothesis
- 41. The Scientific Method 2 4. Analyze and interpret the data • to reach a conclusion 5. Share new knowledge • with the scientific community
- 42. KEY TERMS • HYPOTHESIS • An educated guess (based on previous observations) that may be true and is testable by observation and experimentation • THEORY • A widely accepted explanation supported by a large body of observations and experiments
- 43. Assignment 1. What is prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 2. Define the following: paleobotany, bryology, agronomy, horticulture, forestry & economic botany. 3. What is gravitropism? 4. What is Amyloplasts and what is its role? 5. What is the function of Indole acetic acid in plant growth? Deadline: next meeting Use white intermediate paper.