An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address, typically represented in dotted decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1), that uniquely identifies a device on a network, allowing it to communicate with other devices
- 1. CHAPTER 21 IPAddresses CECS 474 Computer Network Interoperability Notes for Douglas E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets (5th Edition) Tracy Bradley Maples, Ph.D. Computer Engineering & Computer Science Cal ifornia State University, Long Beach
- 2. IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing IP addressing is an addressing scheme that provides the illusion of a large, seamless network for users. IP addressing is: • an abstraction • a uniform addressing scheme • used by higher-layer protocols • used by applications
- 3. IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing (Cont’d) An IP address does not identify a specific computer. Instead, each IP address identifies a connection between a computer and a network. A computer with multiple network connections (e.g., a router) must be assigned one IP address for each connection. IPv4 addresses are: • Virtual (they are only understood by software) • Used for all communication in TCP/IP • 32-bit integers* • Unique for each host * Note: • IPv4 uses 32-bit IP addresses. • IPv6 uses 128-bit IP addresses.
- 4. IPAddress Details IP addresses are divided into two parts Prefix -- which identifies the network Suffix -- which identifies the host The Internet Assigned Number Authority is the global authority that has control over the assignment a unique prefix to each network. A local administrator assigns a unique suffix to each host. The IP hierarchy guarantees that: • Each computer is assigned a unique address. • Suffixes can be assigned locally without global coordination. Prefix Suffix
- 5. Original Classes of Addresses The initial bits determine the class of the address. The class determines the boundary between prefix and suffix.
- 6. Classes of Addresses (Cont’d) The maximum network size is determined by the class of the address: Class A -- large Class B -- medium Class C -- small
- 7. Dotted Decimal Notation Dotted decimal notation is used: • as shorthand for IP addresses. • to let humans avoid binary numbers. Dotted decimal notation represents each octet in decimal separated by dots. (Note: This is not the same as domain names like www.csulb.edu.) For dotted decimal notation: There are four decimal values per 32-bit address. Each decimal number: -- Represents eight bits -- Has a value between 0 and 255 octet = byte = 8-bits
- 9. ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) authority was established to handle: • address assignment and • adjudicate disputes ICANN does not assign individual prefixes. Instead, ICANN authorizes a set of registrars to assign prefixes. Registrars make blocks of addresses available to ISPs. ISPs provide addresses to subscribers. To obtain a prefix a corporation usually contacts an ISP.
- 10. Subnets and Classless Addressing As the Internet has grown, the original ‘classful’ addressing scheme became a limitation. => Everyone wanted a class A or class B address. Two mechanisms were invented to overcome the limitation: • Subnet addressing • Classless addressing The two mechanisms are closely related and can be considered to be part of a single abstraction. Main concept: Instead of having three distinct address classes (Class A, B & C), allow the division between prefix/suffix to occur on an arbitrary bit boundary.
- 11. Subnets and Classless Addressing (cont’d) Example: Consider an ISP that hands out prefixes and a customer of the ISP that requests a prefix for a network that contains 55 hosts. Classful addressing, would require a complete class C prefix. 8-bits of suffix = 256 possible values = 0..255 Note: We do not use 0 (0000 0000) or 255 (1111 1111) for hosts So Class C gives us 254 possible addresses. that means 199 of the 254 possible suffixes would never be assigned most of the class C address space is wasted With Classless addressing, the ISP can assign: • a prefix that is 26 bits long • a suffix that is 6 bits long 6-bits of suffix = 26 possible values = 64 (minus 0 and 255) = 62 addresses
- 12. Subnets and Classless Addressing (cont’d) This figures illustrates the way classless addressing can be used by an ISP to divide a class C prefix into four (4) longer prefixes: • each one can accommodate a network of up to 62 hosts • the host portion of each prefix is shown in gray
- 13. Address (or Subnet ) Masks The classless and subnet addressing schemes require hosts and routers to store an additional piece of information: a value that specifies the exact boundary between the network prefix and the host suffix. To mark the boundary, IPv4 uses a 32-bit value known as an address mask, also called a subnet mask. Why store the boundary size as a bit mask? • Hosts and routers need to compare the network prefix portion of the address to a value in their forwarding tables. • The bit-mask representation makes the comparison efficient by making bitwise operations.
- 14. Address (or Subnet ) Masks (cont’d) Subnetting Example 1: Consider the following 32-bit network prefix: 10000000 00001010 00000000 00000000 = 128.10.0.0 Consider a 32-bit mask: 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 = 255.255.0.0 Consider a 32-bit destination address on the network which has address: 10000000 00001010 00000010 00000011 = 128.10.2.3 A logical AND (&) between the destination address and the address mask extracts the high-order 16-bits: 10000000 00001010 00000000 00000000 = 128.10.0.0
- 15. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) The general form of CIDR notation is: ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd/m • ddd is the decimal value for an octet of the address • m is the number of one bits in the mask Consider the mask needed for a network with 28 bits of prefix: • It has 28-bits of 1s followed by 4-bits of 0s • In dotted decimal, the mask is: 255.255.255.240 In CIDR notation, the mask is written: 128.211.0.16/28 which specifies a mask with 28 bits of prefix and 4 bits of suffix.
- 16. Figure 21.5 A list of address masks in CIDR notation and in dotted decimal
- 17. Subnet Masks (Cont’d) The Mask field in a routing table is used to extract the network part of an address during lookup. A bit mask makes prefix extraction efficient, using Boolean AND. Example 2: A datagram is destined for 192.4.10.3 If 192.4.10.3 is a class C* network, the subnet mask will be 255.255.255.0. 192.4.10.3 & 255.255.255.0 = 192.4.10.0 * Why is 192.4.10.3 considered a class C network? (Hint: see previous slide.)
- 18. Illustration of Router Addresses • The address prefix identifies the network. • Need one router address per connection.
- 19. Special IPAddresses NOTE: • The network address never appears in a packet. • A loopback address never leaves the local computer.