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in1otmoliof) .
5ana. i5 :a.o.n.sY1'teJ -1'90"1 ~9>o.')~,,.m',:Ice9 1:0 .9ece.1 leSl ,
~ Go.sed on the. SI(jnQ bo.n$ml~1: eelI CbYf1 mUfi; C<>.~()')
ro.~9Ie o~
of 5tlS(e.vn.
Srkrn .5 ~ ~pe5, (1) Ano.loa C.ommufilcal:lOfl
@J OBilco. ~vnl'1llJ.ncat:;o') S(jSl:evn,
uSe.d ',l') lhe.s
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n flOtlJ9E' , A SIanO.! c.~OSE' o.rnPil:ude. }o.9es
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lte t9to.n5mtt:e9 5 co1ect1on
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D€fendll ell') ~f'e. of' medlum, l1e cCYn'ffiuoiCb.:1:lY s~s:em QJ.'i)
be cla.e6i-fied • t<l~e Cornmun'cQ.l:i"n Lo'0 L,il1e (bYY1mu{)lca8ol')
mess'1le S'8')O, <lv..nclo d !::he l:-~'I15 vn'd:e.9'l "1);5 problem
~
i5 fUeI~ Cl1t<l!}l~ COYOMO') ;V) b=d ca..s"'l / 0"he:le two (3~ more .5i~r"'·S
tDh(ch ''l)[vvY'l
tna~ be picked ltp Clio f:-,e SC<vne time .'leCe ve(
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N.O,o;e. aeoe 9aled 6~ COYYlpor,eots
with "1/" t,
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t9llXY.5is6,r5 o.~e 9Ief'e3191.. d Inte91no.l no'se. -nie eJ.!,e91ooJ noISe
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A 9ece.ue9 is
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C> e e~l-(onlc. dic.uk::>, eSlane d
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09'8'no. @(
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-t Ihe .f!he~ue oc~ Q'id (l'fllphh.de o-? 0. ~e6()d. LS Itl'" o..nd
~'r
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t).5'1 moduto.:lo'1
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Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
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Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Analog Communications  amplitude modulation and demodulation.

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Analog Communications amplitude modulation and demodulation.

  • 1. . · COY'n'Y1lJ..'()' co.tiOl') ~ ~ v-.... vv- ..I"'-"'- v-­ Communi co.BoY"> is defined QS the. rosie. p9>oceSS o~ in1otmoliof) . 5ana. i5 :a.o.n.sY1'teJ -1'90"1 ~9>o.')~,,.m',:Ice9 1:0 .9ece.1 leSl , ~ Go.sed on the. SI(jnQ bo.n$ml~1: eelI CbYf1 mUfi; C<>.~()') ro.~9Ie o~ of 5tlS(e.vn. Srkrn .5 ~ ~pe5, (1) Ano.loa C.ommufilcal:lOfl @J OBilco. ~vnl'1llJ.ncat:;o') S(jSl:evn, uSe.d ',l') lhe.s S~51:e.m ~ !he. YYle2>5Clae. n flOtlJ9E' , A SIanO.! c.~OSE' o.rnPil:ude. }o.9es g,~£>krn 5 ~esplW~ b :lrre. pe9110d is o.mloa 5 1 (j".,l. Cont!')uoU5~ CoS (W Q'~6 CtllY1.,..,.,uncp-~o I) 3~~e.~ -,e.. "I1e 550.Be &(11'10. 6 10... ~f'8m'B:ed S cIl8W in ro.l:wne ", SiO"'a. in Which Hoe ~ue')ce of nu.rnbe:l:3 9I.e.f'MBed- ~E' Q,tnpli6de 0.1: ~rt * l:ime ;5 • a1 Cb.e.d d~i6 s~rJ, ~I: 15 d.'sc9tel-e. n 'fO,b9e. . --+ DI(j':o. (!omrnu.nia:;l",,", ~9.:evns oJhe. f'",e.fe~eJ 6~E''' cornmuf)cn~on s~skrco,
  • 2. ,.. - ­ --T- ..... I I r I I ~ ) .­o -z I f- L_
  • 3. I';e. ivrJ'o&'Y"oo.bon COnl:a.ns mesSCc~e ht­ ~ n-l'oihmo.10y) I:9Io.I'1&m'~:-ed ----me. deo.s emo.no.~O -f9>o1'Yl {Y-e I-w,fYl).n bg,o.ln cmJ Cha(je5 '.0 c. o P1t5c"l env ~n'fn@nt. ' The. QYT1Ouol:- of' &''''«10.&)'1 conl:-aln~d II') o.na 8~lef' rn~e Is ~SuEe.d 1') Idb <3, dibs. lte t9to.n5mtt:e9 5 co1ect1on SI(lrAI su':Q.ble des'Bned :0 COnve~~ he c. meduV'fl . .fur tmo.n5roiSSlon (')"e9> Q. 90ul'('e soroe- rneS50.3e Co~5 l:'iI1Cln5mS~Dn . non -eecl:~lca~ o.nd co<N("}I~ d nl:-o )Y10fJe91 0 b QYsmll:- ~e .50n09. , s'noud ele~91cJ. . "ir.e bu.'lt • ,, C,¥"cuJl:-v~ such 0.5 decoderS I eK. n {;ne. I:9'O.nsmSSo y) r(1Q.l<e9 ncom1ncr ~ece.rbo" . Commu.nco.~oYl '..I"-- ............... '~- - iVle. Com Mu,..,~coHcV) Morel ,5 he medium elecbconic .5'/FI i5 t91Q.OSro~d .f9lbVYl o'f~ ph<ce D€fendll ell') ~f'e. of' medlum, l1e cCYn'ffiuoiCb.:1:lY s~s:em QJ.'i) be cla.e6i-fied • t<l~e Cornmun'cQ.l:i"n Lo'0 L,il1e (bYY1mu{)lca8ol')
  • 4. mess'1le S'8')O, <lv..nclo d !::he l:-~'I15 vn'd:e.9'l "1);5 problem ~ i5 fUeI~ Cl1t<l!}l~ COYOMO') ;V) b=d ca..s"'l / 0"he:le two (3~ more .5i~r"'·S tDh(ch ''l)[vvY'l tna~ be picked ltp Clio f:-,e SC<vne time .'leCe ve( 6~ e,, p~ode.>-c.e- di-'feref): .stl~terr, oxv) be d0-55~ed Q5 N.O,o;e. aeoe 9aled 6~ COYYlpor,eots with "1/" t, u.. coromUYlI CQt1OY) ~ucil a..s .9.esistofS I diode and t9llXY.5is6,r5 o.~e 9Ief'e3191.. d Inte91no.l no'se. -nie eJ.!,e91ooJ noISe Otttside. 0. A 9ece.ue9 is 0. CoIe ct400 -' t ~ l - d I C> e e~l-(onlc. dic.uk::>, eSlane d bc~ 1:0. fhe ort8''''cJ )~froal1tlY). JI..­ 0.' amp!i,{{eY I decode.9'l, mh_e~, llE>c1o..l:-or, t9O.Y1sclueel' O-"d the. elecb"coJ ~~QnsJ~e9 ConVe9l1:-5 BFlSE 3MD 5IGlN.IL', 09'8'no. @( ""I'. me~e ~iana (',()~et+'e 9 it be. o..nC!(~a YYJCl~ d!B~t 5 Ca.led Q. :use band 3~na. , -t Ihe .f!he~ue oc~ Q'id (l'fllphh.de o-? 0. ~e6()d. LS Itl'" o..nd ~'r hence I~ co.n net ts.avel tlrae~ diSto.oce.s . le.8e ~ould be. 5~~ modulo.l:ed. -?oSl h%vel1'a tl~ d,shJ.n ce. .
  • 5. ----- ® --TI:ie ploces.':> o.f chO-06")8 chQ 9lo..d-e ~s~k 5 (~mpIll-.(de / -f'.9Iecvue<")(J I f'l--.o.se)· I'l? the CQ8911e 31 (h'8h .f91 t'cvu.e'0 c~) 61<raJ CJlth 91esped -to ly)5ht'{)~neouS a.'Dplil:u.de 'lCAlu.es ~ the Y<1oduo.t:O Cm€SsCL(Je or low ~ .r~equ-~nc(J) 51dnJ IS kY1OlAn Cl.S ynadu! OJ-iM). moduloJion : ~"" ~ belo eN ~ <D RedUfts @ AvoIds JnCe)eo.se.5 !:he 9lO-Y1ae ~ cem'f'Ouy)cC.~oy) floCA>S roultipC''''1J of SI8V)0-S ® Aov:>S adju..s:-menl-s (0<> cho.1je5 ',n b:>fd v>idl:h . ® Jmpatov€s q.uo.l~ ~ 91.eceF!:bf· (£) Reduces ""'~ ~i~lo 51 helahk- of o:nd 1S'ecep:bn (!)~ 9lad:GCilo.Ve.5 In 9to.do ~flS'"I)i~r>'0 ,5 Q. -l?c...l1CBcn of 0.('. QTll-e nno.. cuavet~offth of .f3o!''1 ueJ)~ used. ltie r<) If>; mu.'O"r) heiBhl: 9e'9IItifeel .fo9 pe9W U.e ., 100 'f. ) modulO-tic 'I) .sh(')uJ be. ~~ '1-'4 ). __ c 'c' IS he lecc;~ ,J- 13h~ a."d 'f ~ e .f9ecvu",ncd .
  • 6. ® eo3d ~~ I oJ­ lou> f9eq.-u.en ci6 I COQve~1r~" Q,YJd the l--.eiJh~ rJ o.h~Y)nCl 0-150 be eU<>"ll pie I e.:l~ f9€~uerc(j .f=- 5kL :: ~ '" 3" 01>_ -',e4 lSK"Y 3'1(OS _ 5 Xlo-"~ 4 :: 50bO mele9>ll­ 5bn. be -I'=- ~"~ o~ of9eD(u@<¥:~ 0­ E>iB"a.1 f, e. 3ltlD ( ~ 3'" 10 :: h>-) - -- ­ Qn~nY'lCA - 4 +,,1-1 M114 1"lb~Y'1 1S '1)3tC>.ed . l'toduo.eJ l'Iodulo.W M 0 chLb.~ed ""'~ Co,;, Co.ni~{ '"I:'n eo.rr e'( 0' Co.n"e-,' 0 ~ ot ~0t:>1< 2­ lOb(2 300kz..­ I r r I r r r I I I : I I I , I 1#:c(--4" I ( ) ; f: '~ )1 , ! I ! c'no.nn. f enc",,,el 'L cnnne 3' bet,.,d bmd b:,nd c.o'JI::ol c""d~v, wid;'
  • 7. A eou1)d e1snas ~o I-~ W '1;10 kl-~ . ell ~o6<''''' of YOXll1(j ~ ~~ ~'N)e ~,..<?eyuenc(j 9c0(J e d u. i11ill (,91o.n5 mi s.slbn. ""'~VI d1~eull: to sepa.Y11k a.le ~ '3ecever e-nd. ~;5 p9'-ob~m Cell') ~ 'r"Oodu.el~n3 CWt9>ie9 'b~ cl~efer)t­ tSto.vsm1:1:-ed i once. lohe S3l"'a..s ho.ve selecs ;l- 15 AI:- IOlU .j'31~u.ence5 9o.dio.l:0Y) is- PO"~ o.nd Slan",' ~ eles ',.,lU"'0 o.::enuoJe d· ~e 9l~("e bl.e>el:o.nJ siano-Is mnno:- be. t9lo.n.'3m:-l::ed dietedta ove~ l0(j d,'.s!:o.Y)ce.. Modu.!o.,lol') e.fl'ec!,lve1n ncreo.seS the .ff)teJl,ju.eY1C(f o-f -!:he .'31ffY1O..1 tc ~ 9lo.dlo.I:-ed o.nd. l},u.E> ncr~5 t'ne dlstal/C.e <!Jve9>- t<'&:h 8~Y1D.5· ca.n - be ~Y")5mil,-ed ~i:hW.~. MJJl:-i pel.n~ meo.oS bansrnS.:oOI') o{' tWO 0 91. Yl"lll9l€ "The d,~ere.():- s;~n~ .'3'mu.:a.n eous~ olJe~ !:he .=o.m~ d1o.noel, d;~~~eol:- sl:o..:O'fl5 CO-n Co.orr'~r -I'9teeyu.el)cIe5 O<.~e. dlt+e rel)t· Jl:-- is COI'Y1I'YIOI)~ kne>CjlVl CAS (;-0'0 91e~i Ve:7l :-0 "" e des lye d 5:a.He> r) • -the the c1esyed SiSnoJ is ~eect:-ed o."d a-t "-,e tJnl>OQ.n :-ed SlUoo.I.5 a.91e. 9leJeCte d· PIllowS ~ u..'3tnlentS ,n -the bandw&I-J ~ v-­ ® V'-.F~ '-- '--"-'"" ........----­ ~ be mode ~'le( Pa'f'doo1dl-.-' ~ 0- rnodu.a:-ed .918Y1CJ.- mo.J l) or no; Se 91080 ~e.. Q.~e91 :'0., :-ne. 8(J l'oJ • ..'?>ianctl 1:0 or'8''''''' 9teceive9't t>J,ic..... .8 0. ~Y1C~O y) o.l' ~e. -5anex) bordt.Vid~~ CaV) .J,-'nu.s 'oe. Improved 6~ 1"1""0 p6!( C'onH--o' .~~ thE!. be,nd CAl 1Mr, at tile
  • 8. t).5'1 moduto.:lo'1 l'he .s~ro.' lV1oduto.:ion pulse. code. fYI odtllo.:io '() .9educe. ex.t-enb . ~eceptio" . .f' C:0 nb'V'OuS olo.ve. 1-1 '---1 ~p.lhtde 1llte "Iodula.~ 0"1 V'nodaoH o'() J~_l'----J Fie'¥'€-f'C ~ MOcluo.~o V) 1 '.IISe ecde moduo..:loV1 P At'1. - p.l.se amplihde l1)oduhl;oV) PWM - futse. e"id~ "",od.lal:lCl' Pf'M - pl.le,e.
  • 9. MOLTIPLEl1 NGI kho.03r<1i59><'0 pt'oceSS Ot 8; mulrt,.ne.o ,,-5 Mu.1HJ:>exlntl ',.9 u-o~ -lhe(j ChONl e. ,n 0- C'-'o.cr do .9e.le.9la.. me..;;s(l"s n-e 3fee<e- toI~<) ---4 ~h l:1e. ~ece.iv~1 Y'<1ul~p"",-ed Siano.!, b a ~be"ll1ul~ple1..1"a meo.n5 ~ Mull,; pi eU"d "1="3 de.fY1u.ltiplelllll pfbCeS3 . "ne. ­ n ~ l'Yo."'(l yoa."(j ­ to ­ 0')"', eod :ndividuc.. , 5151'0.5 co.') be e~o.c~ed ~9tom H,e. Ap plico.l:;OY5 --­ ~ Mull-; ple...u(j ~nd5 '"~e. 1) cee.pho'J "­ leSe­ '" mo 5t 'Tl odeJf) dey) ,,) 5~"elj~e - c""0",,u')'=80';) in ~e lY1D.lnl~ 00.>0 llpes "1uI:;plex'1' mul:1 pI~ll11' -b ha. ch"n1')e I" .f9t"",;,,en"b dlv i sian n:'u.t1pell nO (F DM haod eold~ ' b II I ().V~l a. e W -me. 8~.!,><eVY). 15 dill'ded h,.,M> 5'1'1"lolle~ YOf- ove.9>a....p;')~ l> . . " .. r U ,9("qu-e.ncCl bands (.9u6-bo.nd"'J' ~hcV, eno.6ks u"'" ~e.ceiv(,,9. tt. sepo31"le lhem o.nd 91eCO'l€!h he. ,,..,c!Viduo.' vne5S0,rS • FDM ..9(f'l-e'fTJ 5 ~oCJJVl block. cl1oafO vn .of 0. i}p:aJ m,et), Yl1L C~) , '(Y):!JC~)' coo5;de ~ -thl'e.e me 8sir ,~i8~
  • 10. - - - - - - - - ---- ~ ~ -:;; ow ~ ~ '-' (' ® ow'" I I I J.­ u.. "­ l,. ~ "­ I ..J -' -' ~ - ~ > .z .J .B u ...~ 9 .E ...v ~ .... 11 ;; " :; 1­ ~ "Ii ::: w ,i w 0 " E ~ <.J E OJ ." .. 0 '" 0 Q:: • 0 ~ C> I l>- Ll. I u­ 0­ 0­ ~ Q) J ~ a:J L - - - ­ -'
  • 11. the S~5-ef'{) I ~ernoVI'::' h'll' ~ o-l' me.sso.ee V -t!},e'i"I'y)c~ ~a.~ cl~tl"''5 otl-e9- YY)eSbCL~~ g'ancll fhal:- s'n()Y<" thl' chaMe'. {,~ cnrrI'YS fnv;~ t'n~ .'",e'Vuen~ .~ ~t I ,-I'C1- / ~C:) 60 Ql.es.('8~ mod,da~~d C>Xllve.s do no:- hex"'" o~ejapp<)6 .sp"c~CA., It;e bcxnd Puss -';lle9l.S ( f3PF) ~e" !:hI' 'fT)odu.0.-1lr5 o.'3e teed l:o 91e.5-5-;cl:­ -l:~e hmd ",of eact, modul,,1-ed wo.ve to 'f'g,esc~; beJ 9o."ae . 1' these Sa~ a.91e row COmb',ned to p3'cduee a cClmpoS1t e ~lW'"'""­ sm tvhiC~ is 1i1C?l) bonsm;lted ove.91 te. Choj)'H~1. I"n ~e 9tec.e'''; <)5 end I 5ui~61e e,PF'5, tt,-"",d In 1:1>1' o:tfY,ey -l'91ll:V"-eviele.5 heY) moduc.b-cI n91e emp0(jed leo ~CJ>ve? ea.ch o~ Te Carrler5 ctl>Ha"~ the 'nd;",d....J. .6''(10015 . tach modbllal-ed s'1'",.1 ::; ~,Y) ftS5f!cl ~r0(j' 0. d"l'f)od"ltl~ r -0 8e~ b.ck 1:he- er1e'na. lnes5 "'('je. -7 In o.f) fpl' -the -b:>.'Ocl ~dl:h o.OCClted leo e.oc, sub ~:oV)d 5~.s1:eY'() I 5 .98h~~ Icta<.ae9 -hGV) -he bo.od(.U,c:l:h reedQd b~ each rne55<'1.6e . --.iliS e14J91Cl bodtpidtl-l , ,s a..le.d ct. ~rd60.l"Id. '0' TTl eS5(Je. sff'cxl.s f eaCh 'nav'(f 0. ~odlDidt~ € q"uol ;0 'w' ~n tI-Ie mn,rnl1w) I::etrdwid!:h ~ !:he ckl'1Yle s,ou.ld be i. e.. )
  • 12. ~eleme, I eornme:hc,al btOOd coS t ) ',f) -hee.ph"''le. - 5dSt<"Tf), U5ed fDM 69toJ.eG.s11} Commu."" aa;oY) Y1E' hoo,l:s . Co"')rn€ frciJ. lo8 M~z.: iii S .{'.9Iorn ~;on5 lASe5 -I'9Ie'1JIJ{''t'ICij lco.rd su.6.!=nds of kandwdl ~ 5 divIded $8 - log M 11z.. ~91.""1jLle'1c:a bond cente(_.{'(e<lf-enCo ~tlol:~L --TI;-e. PM .sl-o.;o'flS o'!- . '1'}. JiLs cull1- ',Y) -,,-' L C 8B·Ml-1dl 88'.:':> MH~, .' en ,-"et~ C'o.nne e. 8.I ~oce o.f' 15 b!'Y1<"1S s~s:e.m Cn.n ~Ilde 9tCJ.dio 0 0 c.ll~~€nt ~tO s-<>.~o()g. iP ~ t'lf :i ~ ;:r. i? .­ ~ J !fJ E! ..." 00 <fJ r-­ .-. ~ . OJ <>j:' - U tI' .:r ;£ '" 00 3! C' 3 .-l "'l u 1! ", 0 j t<l OJ ~ 0' ~ '" -8 00 - r­ oO flO ~ <.J CJ &l
  • 13. $'~ +=v- ~~: ~ ~ CJ2iO)'i>j'dlJ?Pr' ~ ~,_k~U ~/+cre 4:.. ~(+) = 19......, C+) = V.,..., Gs5 W«O'") k e Ov' • .-Y1 etY' I.n)~ k C(~) t'1C W ) Ii'­ - -/ - f - /­ n! r - D ,,--V 'U u - --- > k o 1 i ---- ·--7 We W (l Cvcn5 ~ ~p~~ "J t:;; 17CR... v 1- """ ( +) c. - V + V M0.....,* e <><n = VeL (-r ..u Ccl)W<>7j7J - Vc ri + ~",."ct) J ~ K,,,,- -!z 13
  • 14. (8:» I/e- L1+ K,c.... <00)("*) J c£ we+­ " /'<f'1C +) ~-·---7 .---- 1::­ o r - ~ Gd'>wct -t- ~ b/<1::>'uJ<77)-t ~tOc+ ~ =:: Ie G:§, 0 c * + ..-U V c C G1) (we. -t- WC"n'"))t T G::f, eWecJ'rt))cJ .>-­ =:: Vc G!>wc:k T .uvc. &f>(kJC1 ~)t -T-~ Ve c.0(c.J~-Cc)<>rl)t ez 2­ /.;{ (d,~(b= Co3tA-r(3) t-G0(A-g,; 14
  • 15. ~$B / 7YA10J (-f) ~ y (oJ) /'l1¥) [ J Co-rr-rl<e--r I j~ c)sB '11,/>.- ,,~(t.J ) '1,;/-....­ jJ..V,­ ~<o AVe. . ;I:.I...:J<­ --rt ~ ~ -1__ ..____ t 1 r t 0 '1<.0 -G)-W - c.)c. -w,,:t~ u..l '- '>n (i)c~ (. Wet- GJ...., <; ., f3, W~:>I w=] ve-tl') c.n "'z:q,"1.,,J ~~ I~ -2J'~~ b&t" 8)<{JW ~ ~.', ~ ~ M1;­ 8 eN <= We -t W"W) - (c..Jc- c..J""" ) - Cf1c -r c.,)..,....,-~e.T W......, = .Q.W-n'] -i- V-n) ey< 'l"tV-±-_ - ­ I 'Ie I ( ve.- v-m ­ "......v:.-~ :~'1",../')":f. I~ if = " [IT;.A] 'n"1O-)<. C 'imi..... ~ V [I-;.AJ e ~ = Vc + ~').l -",QJ '1-.00"> = Ve ~ Vc. J.1 -..;>(£; <;;oJv') "1 er<] ~ (jJ 'f €J v "." "-7< - V...,., "u c V<T<"'-X - Y<Wj'" - V=l"'-f. - [V,=,,,,y:. - V'>Y)IT) J ­ a v".,.,<>--1' - "".,., 0-.)< T V ~~ v,.".,;.., '-7rY)17) ~ V #= <>n vc = M. := ~ J-.-'-f-vol.<. cA~ '1 L9v-Y?1:JY V" (rlO"l".«) _ Vc. - vc 15
  • 16. ~I) :No~ ~ cO, ) t>y) C-t) ;;> -/ --1 - ~ A AJ ~ """1 == - A =c I ,-.J " I/. • - /00/. __ ~;x - ~17' Vc. v~7<T-v......-),... <'tV}< (iiI L: ~ cOn A -/ - ,·s f A o·.s:.A HttifittHtH'+H--~~ I 0" j:.J-J4-tMimi(l-H H-+-I-I -O·S .. -1 * ,. '> = ~ IS: ~ /50-(. I "'"'1) C-1-) << EN of r . .<2. ~I cC+) ·I.~ ~ J...vy, .J;o ='YU?- ~ ) ~e...epe. 1 (~ 16
  • 17. AM ,.,..,., C-10) ::: VI..,...., (+) = V'T>') &d'> cJ')'n j::: c ( k) =- 1.9c c -1;-) - Vc (jd', w<T8l f ~A",{t ) :: tj us, c..()L 1:. -r ~VC % (W,,+ W'TY") J; + ~V,,- G§, C<0<. - <:.0,.-,-,);t C .q :L J I I c."V-rYI UV =- -r- use. -r ot-SB ~ Cc'VY'YI'UY ~(~~ cfJ hr~ j.;:.+V~ ~ ). e. ~A.::.. 7hJ~ : . ~ V) ~ <7Y -&vJo~~ ~~ O'"l ~ ~ ~f'~ j>~UL . -7 j * <A ':Le..=v ~ '/ - ' - - I N..- G'Lk.ov..e. e.r~ ~ J ~ ~J.;:.,-tvcl.z l' (~ .-n'~b~ ~ ~ I~ ) I Pc. t- (r'dJ B --t- Po S B CUJ .3 I/C> ~ CVS2... IZ,MS /~ ~ d} ~ ~ ~hJ-.Vv ~."" ~ --------------.::.._-=- ~~---' 17
  • 18. - - - - 'J-­ fe.- = v?- ~~ - (Ye/3- ) "e- ?­ ~ - R .Q.R.. q<., :2- 2- 2- 2.­ fJ....5.!6 - VJ-.A8 JJ. V ~ (~I ) - e Ol. <::>­ dZ --- 1;1<.. PU5€> =' f-c = R 2­ " O-S.J', (JJ.Vc­ ( - IZ. .;!.­ ./.2­ fZ. Pc -r f' .,... f'u.s £:, J...sg V 2-­ )..'" ?­ c.. ).1 c --r QfK .., '61<.. I/?-­ :2-v.2­ c -t­ .J..( c - Oi.t< 4-d?. L­ ) = '2-y2.­ ~ G 811<. »J- ] c­ 4­ ­ /00-/ ~ / . e. /5 l 4 c...avr~~ ~eM:t ---~, ~ ~~'OI..:5'J ~
  • 19. 4­ ~ ---? I-t ~ be­ ~~ "V) ~ ~ 1 /V) ~etR.-b~ t;;; -h,,f.-.:J f"0 ~I 10 e..~ I. '1 ­ = I· e (00'/. ~ --1-. J ..<'100 = 33 -3 /. - 3 p ~+, I . e 33·3 I. eI} f'0~ Q!, ~ I~ pc~ 0 ~ ~~ C-&:vr....--i'e.,y unK: ~~b~. 1 ~
  • 20. '"n} ct-) = V.,..,Cf) = vI' <£f., w * y (d) w i­ n71, 'If>')I T-.:I. ~ c C+) = 19" (k) - V cd:, weT e 19A-Tn C+) = G5'> c..Oc f- V AM - [V + '701 Ct) J u,oOC-};­ c / / / ! I " - V /'0-', - ~f Vc.. "'. - Vc [ IT /<,,,,- 'YOl,C+J -t-k,,,,-, ~C+) J c.:n w t ( c ~ k,,,,, ==- -be.. := <VaT.p~-fud.J2 ~f1v;~ <r>l ( + 1 = V~ (ffi w<?T) 1: I •• 'I I "7)~C+) = V cJtw<rr * nn:).. :>­ )c G£ wc*T .).-l,Ve c&c.)~I{ Cd<-Jc:t +-U.z-Vc WW~2--* Gdlw ± c =.~ (d',c.)c* -+.JJ~ [c.:n (CDC + <0'n'] )t T u.':>(w - W"",,) l:~ c ::L ' -t- 'u';z. "e [m, C cJ -r <.J'rll;,.) I::- + Mewc.- (.J'7T):.-) ~ - c ) YA"'1 Cw ) ~ T
  • 21. -I~~ Nl,-<). ~ ~) ~ h1~ ~ "V:> ~fl~ '>T)C+) ~~C tJ-*.) ~ vc cd, We 1:­ 'r r C _vj V .. _ ~ '1::/:>­ __t I'<](w) - - ­ -w-nn vc-/:>­ I I - c0 c. 0 >-,> c0 = 1J.f<M lJ; ) V c Ct + K", .,.,..,Ct-~Jcd':,wct < 0 ') CC+) <= Vc. c.0 w :k c 1.9.,k1Y) c+) = vc. e",,", c..Oc "* T M,Vc. [<m00<...TW'>1f],)"t- T c.aXWc-w.......,v~J ;L -t- ~ C~(Wc.+ w~ Ie" -t- c,.s) (uJc.-w,....l"J!:-~ :l­ = 21
  • 22. - -- 11'i> +-r JJ.. C-'VY) C-~ ~ ~ --Jerr ""7 <v.-{l l' C07Of'~ . £f...p0-~1 /.~ - K 2­ ~ -U 2-lf'}t . .u-2- -:>-- J JJ: (IT ~'7 ~ A.{?-. Jt{2­ ~. - 2- ­ .:l. -r,V.2- :l--r-)..t ~ AJ~ If I - ,')-­ ( r-.J - - - ;;:·s3 J3, -j, - J...+ /'" 2
  • 23. · (r) /--m..-J uvd! <'V'--~ (iij./-h~ ~ ~ c7."..., It>..:J L0vd ~ ~/ 1""0.- ~ of "'r«l ""~" ~ p ~ Wv ~ '~~ ~ (f ~ .(;,--A c~----cn-, I . e. ~ cv ~ yo ~ Lvu--e), "Jl-...sL ~ A""1 g,{j~ 05 ~ ~~~ tJ"h'''ff r>1.(J ~ ~ R.:::-ri"C/Y I.;~, :1,.,.., t--::..rv ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ f~ ~ ~ tiJ~ ~ '1 ~£:+"~ ~ ~e---r-fv- ~ c£.7F~~ l-vv? ~ ~ If"" <-J-e./Y . ~g1-J ----;> It...>-- --f<; II~ <--0/ '0 Ln-::, f'B~ (. ) C;; ) ~ I "J­ cVo0v--<2­ ~YS ----? <:2..f k-)~0 oR....C ~ OY ~ :sivr O'Y ~ E T ~Q/'r) ~ u..rn:....,f -v? '>l """' ~..L:.-.>-----e... <'Vl...- ~y "'r ......~c...-h4 ( K:R--. erre.-r~ '" '-"--<'./y (~ 'Yl O'Y) - A..::...~ .-y~ ~ r ;-f-( -r ~ sH cs ~ ICC .L/f'''''':;; ~ d.-C~ -<-h ~:t ,&0 ~"'Z-({I 1'-----'-7 I~ ~ "'1'vr--c..t:;::vY) ~ ""C/ ..... ~ ~ .J..::-"---<Z.-<v-v ~ ~ 1 'i t 's v -1 ~]--fic." ......, T~ ~~ V) ~ +--- ~ ~ /o~ ~c....~~, 23
  • 24. 51u<.A..9- ~ ~-r ~ ~ ~ -----7 df:- co-n~~ 3 ~ c-"' ) S U <QY1 -'YY) eJY c +-r --YV --.-,.,...,...." ( 0 c:..A/Y'Y ( e..y ~ ~C.--7 ;'(':a-~ (''-1) N.O'n - J:.-"'-L~ ~.~ +--r '~~~'a .5v-'~ ~ ~ c!','I) 6~f~ j-ll~ (8PF)' --fe-v e.,x:.~~O I'Q... cie.-ri...d ~"'Yl 1" <S oLu~ d3>~ ~: 47""~ > IN~-tc~~ ~~I /-r t BPF Am~)~ r 1Il c+) J.. I UJY..«.-q J;;; GJ<.. av-rcd q.c.f5 ~ g f' F
  • 25. if 'l9' I ~ ~~~ tdi~c;.( f~ '1 j;-I s ( . e %--o~ """fiP -4 ~ <:8 b:o I~ c:G:-~ Ls ~ I IfCUv) v--.9-€- +~ I~ z.­ ~.2-c+) = 0., '7J C+) -r Cl..... LY2- (+) 1 _ <7Yl C-f ) -r die) ;:'rp '1Jlof~ - ......,c+) T V c (C:,0c. r --7@ ~ CD I 'ff7~ .')... e;z:l- C ..,..", C-f ) -t- vc Gs'!. c.0c.-cJ '2- 2- ')... -'­ - 4, -njC+) --+ Cl-, v( C30'>w * -T- Cl.;>.?"n (+)T~2-Vc. GcS c.::lc'" c -r- ~ a.:>-...,.., C-+) Vc V:f':, We k - q, 7Y) (+) +- <q;l- ~(+) -j- a.2- VCo L C I-r- G§,.:v.Dc,-:t J + .:< C1.,V( [1+ ~a.;1.- <n>(+)] (,:,",0<-* 4,
  • 26. J ~ (<7n1I?~ ~ ~ Ccn-vf~ C-"Vn~ ~ ~ ?.jl~~ (b~P"VY1) f.' L-!-<-ricJ ~ UffVV'!> J vJ...-.---vY) (""­ c..oc - cO'YlJ >>- 8!-W-«) ~ We. >>- 3 W"Y) ~+i4 0'Jf-K.-y ~~ F-rA-4 <----)~ 1: fG.- ~ 'f-<o~ , ~~ elf -'<.f '" ® L-'. tQ... ~-.r<:A AfT> ~ve ~ i..s I~ ~~~ ~-hVJ~' ".~ Cl., (J ~....i"-3 ~ -/-«d~ ~ ~ I~ ~O~ 4~ UV>' Lue- J;:"....,.-u~ ~ ""1J~Y1'~ ~i~-k-yl ~ ~ ~ $-fe.~~~ 1;
  • 27. t 1 o ~e~1 --f=" c cf);;' 0 )'29 I /-<:J ""-../) 7~ ---" -4-c....e I fG-- cD--~ c)!, ~~~ ""uI­ w~ ;t- y ~+-c.-v I· e.- i-t- ,~ePI~o. ~ ~ w /..svr) 'IT /'7>Y..-f ~ UL p~ Iol~J ~ i~~ ~ld ~ c.svo'Yl~ c..(-f ) ~~ ~ ~ C-cv-rr1'V'¥ vo ~ teL ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~,<;.. ;../ f v b(-t--ey..e. 'VI C-f- ) - - ......, C-f) -r c C -J: ) .-.-nC-f) or V.... U5)wc * ~ (!) ./1 ~ ..,.,-,c+) ,a <.<.'<'.C< ",. ,', . ­ I~ 'lJ,J+) "'- 1J., C+) if" ~C+J >0 cc+) < 0 o if --70 ~~ ~c- ~ ~~.+vv ~ ~l~ J~~c'Vtl v~~ &~ I~ <Yr C+) ~ ~ ""vf- CZJ ~ ~Cl.J,(.o ( "Z ~o We'
  • 28. .a'l(.f) ....-:;. f~1 OJ &l~ ,;:, t--.J....-----c..P-J e-l1 ~ t:­ iC c:I"n. P~ cdJtz:: ~ C"VYYTC/Y CC)() ~J ~ 0Vn ~;>~ ~ ..... "'"' _ ~.......e...A-V b.~;tv 1'Zt J-..L. ~ "--0 -vn ~)p-oo~;~ffr)(1) cO- 1 ( e..s ~~ ~'n.-Q..'V"v +,~ V ~ j"'(f "'J ~c;..00) . '-. "VI C+) . 'J-p (-k ) r-J - C..,.,..., c+) + Ie. ~ w J J . 'if/> ('-;(: ) ~ Cn-nc+) -t- CCJ:)] '3p(/") , ozJ.,.;:.c. f ~ ~"" fJl2.f'/'-' ~ (Jr(-J: ) J, "'-.J <77fU. h.sJt 1- 1-s......-u.. pwM ~ cacJ.e = ~~; c... e.G ~-I I .;;{ .;l" + - 2...­ c:g.,c+-) - (-I) C:t:0[«Jc. --J:. (~'2>') - , )J ? cn= 1 ~"')-I I ~ .2- + c:< etDwJ + ~ ~;c c<YnIJf~ 7"- '-'7(9 ~-f,--N-h~ e..t"'(9 /V'. <->e. ~- er"'® ( 28 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 29. /", If· ' 'l.9..>..(-/;:) _ VC US:> W<. K + . .,..,., C -j ) J j {-r iL G:s c.,) * + ~ CCTr"V'P~ ( ~ C J _ z-"Vc " 2- )< ,yc.X ~ 7'( v ~ 2­ L­ - LI -t­ :t--. -r"YC 7r) c+ )] .fT'rOJ ~ k,a.:=:r ~.Q;:+Vet..z.. 7 Vc­ ~-h V~,.t- 7 ....,C+) ""'U l..VY.-~ c~~~ V-J--.~ ~?~n.-j'~ l-1,1-J--erY(~. 29 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 30. I~r_/-..-_p_F-"l-"J-./-~~. 2­ .'lJ~~ CJeC"Ve-Ci-t- ",,,,=7U)JM<'vc:k-t- 42- {VcU-rIs",""'C-f)]CdlI.Jc-t} = Ct l v'c [I-t- J;;;""'>Y)cn] vs>w(f -r ~ [V (6) w 1- -r- V i)q"nllc+) Cd)00c i:j .2-( C- C = ~I Ie C(l' ~C.'YY) Cf) J CJS.,wc !- -+ [~vc'l--+- 0,,- v/-l;a.2-~c+) --t- ~ 0.:2- Vc2- Kc.. ?Y) c+)J Gs':}-vJek ~ O-} v'c- rIT I<,~'<Y) (-? )J M Qc;t- -I- Q.'J- Vez- (I T k.:-9711-(+) -T Q Xc..711G[) "< [IT eo.~L k-J 2- :z-­ """ Gt'VL [IT 1<; ",'n1(-f)J ~cJcJ- -r C;>-vc [ 1+k;",'n)(+)J[7+~c~ --:0: = 30 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 31. -? (t::::..... d. c. Ccn-D1 P~ ~ c,).j f>-ef '-<.JI../O a ~ ""'lF~ w ~ h~(J ~ ~ ~ eD""'l cc:vn '<oe 9-vv>nYt[<L~ Ia-y ~o rJ-f F . f1:.e... ~ ~ W ~V<V01 ~ ~~ /­ . _/C 9-i:'Ir(. ~ .;,(7Y)xt ) ~cl %.- .'){ I<, 't,,;;c-f) .:;: .;t _ .3­ f<, '"7"l C -I ) ...<J K,q -rnCf) « (~ »« f .--7. ~ />C.A/..-efVQ r=J-- I --f-.y ~I~ iP~~ (<,==1) . . f:.) tJ e..--J- ~ ~ {<; 0 J + ~c:h<tn p~lx. 31 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 32. -----?> A;...,-., &Y1Vel"fE de.-ke-+O y ~ eu -Yl"'"'J]' ~ efk.c..hve. devkQ ~ ~ L-..~I ,~"'-f<:::--cf f --.rqVL..f<./Yl(j L.8 Lz~ C07"'r.jJCVLS.J1 t-.:rltr:.: 1"-'<... <rn~~j;=ra ~11~ foef'-'..J2Jra JJ~ -h t:J lv..-c..Pv ~ /" 'Y~ L& ,{e.~ ~ 100-/,. J..., ~(crye ~J-o'Y f let.. &/f' ef-v II ~ f7::JL €IYl I"-eI aye 1 J~ ~ ~ -1D<j~/ ~CJL fh::"e ~. ,-7 I I..JL. 1 ~r 1 r~: e ~ ~iO /1Q... -r'k h.9Jt r t 10.- "-IF Pr-m ~ J I"Q ~~ 0'> ~~ fc,7~ ~ (~ C--=-fc:vU-+V Y C ~e.~ J ~.., di.~ t:::;: J~ r---------~ l-­ f~ ~ v~ 1- I~ L(r ~'6?'L<J. -----;?) C) '-€/n I"G...­ iff ~1~ ~ll.§ klM -f""Cl'.!:, v~ /~ cJ,;::.~ beCffm.R...!, I: I AuVe/Y3 e. b J ~ ~ 10. c..5<..f ~~y M".-v-J to I~ ~ 7Je 81'"'s-fory ~1.., I~ cLC-5~J~ ~ ~~s -r V'-e.­ "'-.9JF d cJ<. . 32 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 33. ~t-e.---,r ~ f~ d...>...- ~ CffYL~ ?Vz.p <'?-a...--~ . ~..-.s ~ I~<-~<.....R... ~"--1 ~ bl~ +7<YY'<...Q ~ '''''D-1~li -I....-r-pedu:z-V'--UZ. ~( ----" ~ -Woo ~~ ~ I~ r"'M'J b-.:rO.Ye- ~ ""fP.t.....~ t;o I~ un./'ef~e ~ c..3 &-vpp~~ aJ ~ ~!~e. ~ ~ f(~ . 7~+uY~ l' f~~ I~ ~4 -J-:i~ c~ ~,··~..P ~ V'...L.d ~ K C-avY'Y"TC/Y tf.s c «.L. Sc -? J))'"?:,~4 -h~ c ~ t<:..{ c .....-nL-Vit- ~ V o f--...-C.'{j.-f.v cVYl~ /;Q cvn.~ ~ f~ c-~ ~~ cJ...<.s~s ~<rW7 k~ ~ ~ QG-%13-h7Y f(Q b<!/~ +1I'e. (Je-«J'.YJ 1 Iv:... C'~ ~e. ~ It::z.. ~ ""L.~ I ") f: ~ "'"'-'Of be ~ ~ ~ (~ ~~.,...fyy Vb fkJy-- <--.rrl ..-....z>-t ~ ~ - J}- I ....-:: - 1-;:- ()_ I.r::­ ~ "-'L ~(""""",u''"Y'O) 'Y"-vU<:.. dJ- u~ r .--....... <YOL-~t:4 h,-'~ -L <<. t.y"c < < -L :f~ cJ~ -7 ;z..e... ~ .0' e--p~ YO I~ or de.--fe~ 1F 0 ~ rFL€.._~'1 J:io fG... ~C'-fC elf tG... A-r-rJ ~. -7 .., "--L t9f< If <-vrV ~~ ~ "V ~ 'oip{'~ 0t f"=L ~ ~~ y..J.:i..... ­ o . It-~<?..~~~~ ~~ f'''VY':> r; f~ G - 0 ~. 33 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 34. 1 p~~: 'f]1: A AIY) U, b ~ ~ ~ G C/V'e/Y'~ ~~n-YI~ ~'i-,-e--y ,p~~ /0 I<"~ . f7~ ~ ·I->L~ ~ ~ ot.t 0 -707 ~ ev M 7JAJSOl~ ....--.-.-e: Y.5 ~ ~~.-.vJ. Ch'TLO/ 1CIi.... ~<'Y>'~~ po~/ e-fFic..z.~a ~ f'~-€.-Y ~ ~ R;:; ds<... h· .J ( _ " , . _ , ." , ~ 0 ~ I~ ~rrni~/>n'J7l3v1 .G-C!'" : c'i, ) -;. e;:r:;.u~~ 'I. C = t>SB 1- 100 't l­ (0-707) ~J 'I;)) ~cZ.a- b~ fO~ J-. "- - ..u. Fe.. 2--c::( = (- 70 7) y.. 10>< le/' _ :;)- 5 1<. G<J ,,;z fa A CROnpUf< 0Y.~4 ~e C<7Y/h'S+la iJ ,k',-ne c...:Tr:7--ve. 1 ~.t.:..-J-vd...9- 3 V ~ fn:f~(j p~ 0 ~ ~ 'fJ ~p..h.~ c[f Sv fre-su...JV>L O 3 I<H?, ~ ~ f...:.~ rrrc~ <Z) ~~ c-'<vy'i N:/y 1 S;00 ~ ~ 50 / q->e eJ:<; . cv 34 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 35. - ~ fO~ ~<n( 'f.f-I---e.-.J fk = Pe-[+ ~ J = .V/- [IT :tJ .:.(R. v := 5"0 v c 0<. = 50 ..J2­ - 3 5 50 + ~O '2-­ - 50 32-- 5 'l-J - C,-r- + (~() ) (<:;0) ';<''f.,50 ~ ~ ;(£-/7 P1J 100 , 1ft: = f c + J'(] 5;. {!, 1- fJ/..-!. B = )..Y..2- )..Y..2­ !Pc -T f'e- T fc ~ --zt: It .u)... - Pc -T Pc ::>­ fs",,:= P~ - f c jj ~= ( Pc. =. 1000 - b6~' 67 =533-3 ~ - w"'-~ Pc -+- ::>­ o F S8 333'3 - /' 5 I'c 6~!,g -:=: PcJ.513 = -::L = 1000 - /' 5 f'c =- (6.6' G1 Nc.1J-J 35
  • 36. A'Y) -f'rCl) <ffl1rrW V) 1'~ ~ 'l9 -kt'J C +) - '0 CO) ;)..P' (0(, J.. -t- '7 Gs'S .;l" (tFt- Cd):J." (03,-t- + + ~ C:d'l ;:;J.~ (OG -1: ~ 4-7 (e} k +-e-s~d c~~ ~ ~ I~~' [Zj~ rc<.. ~e-~-rY) !3N fV'-~~ 'rf'0~ Ir,~ b~ , r I I / flo~ ~ ~ ,~. h/'TJ _ 'J-An') C1 ) =- I 0 Cd> 0),:7 lOG 1:-""" 5 C6> Q. 7 /0b 1: Gn">.:), 7 /(} Ie -f­ ~ ~::)" 7 10(, ok cd'> 'r 7 (0:5 T G [ :s 3­ - /0 Cd),;z7 /0 r / -I- o-~ Gd'>2'7 /0 t- +-0-2(6) 'f1/0-t._ :fc := (000 kH 1'nl = ( t<;.H-y -f~:z-c= O'l. KH-y­ 1 t -= I m H'fr := 0-001 I11Ify = o· 002- (,{)H r ~u: ~ osg --!-w.....,/j J>t f....., ::: I ¢)~ T 0'001 m~ ~ /. Col tolf+l---­ I -Ie + S..., = ( IT)!-Q + o· 00.2. 107 ~ ~ ,- 00 2 ;n~ J.. s. g +w,.,..,..., ~ _ -fc - Jon, - 1 (ll)~ - 0·00/ n71tf - ,,- '1'1 <7 rnlfy (rnr!r - 0002- 10/'7: ~ S- W1Hy O' g 9 A1VC 0- s; ." /0 ::. - ,ysv :2- ~ '("{;J.. Vc. o .). '/.. /0 IV .::. - "2..­ 2... I~ V e =/oV cDc. = ~;:: (0'0 .-t-<~ := 0 - .2­ 36 www.Jntufastupdates.com
  • 37. ro" (02­ p = c - -:l: 2.- L­ A )..-==..tI, -r- M2­ '2-- 'l.­ I - 05: ..-j- 0 . 2­ - o·~<; -+- o·0it _ 0.;;;('1 S'';/'./ -50 ;(./ ~m 37 www.Jntufastupdates.com
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