ANALYSIS OF ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATION

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 625
ANALYSIS OF ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE
COMMUNICATION
Arpit Yadav1, Mr. Nadeem Ahmad2
1M.Tech, Electronic and Communication Engineering, GITM, Lucknow, India
2Assistant Professor Electronic and Communication Engineering, GITM, Lucknow, India
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Abstract - This research combines a front-end RFIC with
arrays of antennas operating at 60 and 28 GHz to steer the
beam inside a 50-degree arc. Antenna arrays operating at 28
GHz enable 5G's high-speed, broadband dataservices. Inorder
to send such a large amount of data to the core network
through a fixed wireless access (FWA) link, abroadband, high-
gain, steerable narrow-beam array is required. Antenna
arrays at 60 GHz are presented in this thesis for use in FWA
and backhaul applications. At 60 GHz (57-66 GHz), the
proposed arrays consistofstackedpatchesandconnectedslots
that are fed by a high gain lens antenna. Over 20 dBi of gain is
available from the 216 stacked patches antenna array. The
array and RFIC front end combine to provideamodulewithan
EIRP of more than 40 dBm. The other array of 60 GHz
antennas has sixteen parallel slots. A high-gain dielectric lens
is fed by this source. This antenna has a maximum gain of 25.4
dBi. When the lens is used to deflect the beam away from the
broadside, it actually increases in brightness. At 24.25–29.50
GHz, two tiny arrays of antennas transmit and receive. LP and
CP arrays may be found in fan-out embedded wafer level ball-
grid array (eWLB) packaging. Because the feed lines are
shorter and there is no geometrical discontinuity,theantenna
in package (AiP) approach saves money compared to PCB
arrays and reduces integration losses. TheLParrayismade up
of dipole antennas that are fed into a novel horn-shaped
heatsink. The RF module's beam-steering range is 35°, and its
peak EIRP is 34 dBm. The CP antenna array is made up of
crossed dipoles, and the RF module can steer the antenna's
beam by up to 50 degrees.
Key Words: Antenna arrays, Millimeter wave
communication, Beamforming,Gain,Channel modeling, Link
budget analysis, 5G wireless networks.
1. INTRODUCTION
Millimeter-wave frequencybandstypicallyrefertothe range
of electromagnetic frequencies between 30 GHz and 300
GHz. This range of frequencies is higher than those typically
used for traditional wireless communicationsystems, which
typically operate in microwave frequency bands (less than
30 GHz). The millimeter-wave frequency bandsofferseveral
advantages for communication, including the ability to
transmit large amounts of data at high speeds, as well as the
ability to support a large number of simultaneous
connections. However, these higher frequency bands also
present several challenges, including higher atmospheric
absorption, limited range, and sensitivity to blockage by
obstacles. Despite these challenges, millimeter-wave
communication is becoming increasingly important in
applications such as 5G wireless networks, autonomous
vehicles, and virtual reality systems, and research continues
to explore waystooptimize millimeter-wavecommunication
systems for reliable and efficient operation.
Figure-1: Millimeter-wave frequency bands.
The principle of millimeter-wave frequency bands is that
they operate in the high-frequency range between 30 GHz
and 300 GHz. Millimeter waves have a short wavelength,
typically ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm, which is why they
are called millimeter waves.
The use of millimeter waves for communication purposes
offers several advantages over lower frequency bands. For
example, millimeter waves havea largeavailablebandwidth,
which means that they can transmit large amountsofdata at
high speeds. Additionally, millimeter waves have a short
range, which makes them ideal for use in densely populated
areas where interference can be a problem.
However, millimeter waves have a limited ability to
penetrate obstaclessuchasbuildingsandfoliage.Thismeans
that they are not suitable for long-rangecommunication, and
are typically used for short-range, line-of-sight
communication applications such as wireless local area
networks (WLANs) and point-to-pointcommunicationlinks.

In summary, the principle of millimeter-wave frequency
bands is based on their high frequency, short wavelength,
large available bandwidth, and short-range communication
capabilities.
The purpose of millimeter-wave frequency bands is to
provide high-speed data communication and other
applications that require high data rates and low latency.
These frequency bands are used for a wide range of
applications, including:
1. 5G Wireless Communication: Millimeter-wave
frequency bands are a key component of 5G
wireless communication networks, which offer
faster data speeds and lower latency than previous
generations of wireless networks.
2. Wireless Backhaul: Millimeter-wave frequency
bands are used for wireless backhaul applications,
which involve the use of wireless links to connect
network components, such as cell towers and data
centers.
3. Point-to-Point Communication: Millimeter-wave
frequency bands are used for point-to-point
communication links, which enable high-speed
communication between two points without the
need for physical cables.
4. Imaging and Sensing: Millimeter-wave frequency
bands are also used for imaging and sensing
applications, such as airport security scanners,
automotive radar systems, and medical imaging
devices.
1.1. MoistureVapourandOxygenAbsorptionCause
Mm-Wave Attenuation.
There is a possibility that moisture vapour, which is a
component of the Earth's atmosphere, might absorb
millimetre waves with frequencies ranging from 22 GHz to
183 GHz. Because the watermoleculesintheatmosphere are
resonant at these frequencies, they are able to absorb and
scatter the millimetre waves that are transmitted through
the atmosphere. This resonance is the reason of this
absorption that takes place. The degree of attenuation that
takes place may be influenced by the amount of moisture
that is present in the air, which may vary depending on the
circumstances that are present in the atmosphere at the
time.
On the other hand, oxygen absorption takes place at
frequencies greater than 60 gigahertz. This is the point at
which oxygen molecules in the atmosphere are able to
absorb millimetre waves and cause them to scatter across
the surrounding space. The absorption that occurs at these
frequencies is caused by the spinning resonance of the
oxygen molecules. Attenuation may be affected by the
amount of oxygen that is present in the air in the same way
that it can be affected by the amount of water vapour that is
present in the air.
Several techniques, such as operating at higher frequencies,
making use of directional antennas, and employing
technologies that facilitate beamforming, are utilised in
order to lessen the adverse effects that are broughton bythe
millimeter-wave signals' capacity to absorb oxygen and
water vapour. Additionally, researchers are working to
develop new materials and technologies, such as frequency-
selective surfaces and metamaterials,thathavethepotential
to lessen the impact of the attenuation that is caused by
these factors. This work is currently ongoing.
Figure-2: Moisture vapor and oxygen absorption cause
mm-wave attenuation
2. ARRAY ANTENNA
An array antenna is a type of antenna that uses multiple
individual antennas arranged in a specificpatterntocreatea
combined signal with increased signal strength, directivity,
and other desirable characteristics.
In an array antenna, each antenna element is usually
connected to a single radio frequency (RF) chain, such as a
transmitter or receiver. By combining the signals from
multiple antenna elements, the array antenna can achieve
various antenna characteristics, suchasbeamforming,beam
steering, and spatial filtering.
There are various types of array antennas, including linear
arrays, planar arrays, and conformal arrays. Linear arrays
are typically used for directional applications and consist of
a series of closely spaced, parallel antenna elements. Planar
arrays, also known as planar phased arrays, are arranged in
a two-dimensional plane and can achieve both directional
and two-dimensional scanning. Conformal arrays are
designed to conform to the shape of a specific object or
surface, such as the fuselage of an aircraft.
Array antennas are commonly used in various applications,
including wireless communication, radar systems, satellite
communication, and radio astronomy. They offer several

advantages over traditional single-element antennas,
including improved signal strength, reduced interference,
and increased flexibility and control over the antenna
radiation pattern.
3. SMALL STRIP PATCH ANTENNA
A small strip patch antenna is a type of microstrip antenna
that is characterized by a rectangular or square patch of
metal that is printed on one side of a dielectric substrate,
with a ground plane printed on the opposite side. A small
strip patch antenna typically has a length that is much
greater than its width, and a feed line or probe is used to
connect the patch to the transmissionlineorother electronic
circuitry.
The small strip patch antenna is commonly used for
applications that require a low-profile, lightweight, and
compact antenna. Theseantennasaretypicallylessthanone-
tenth of a wavelength in size and are often used for wireless
communication applications, such as in mobile phones,
laptops, and other portable devices.
The performance of a small strip patch antenna isinfluenced
by several factors, including the size and shape of the patch,
the type and thickness of the dielectric substrate, and the
feed point location. The resonant frequencyoftheantenna is
determined by the dimensions of the patch and the effective
dielectric constant of the substrate material.
Small strip patch antennas have several advantages over
other types of antennas, including low cost, ease of
fabrication, and the ability to integrate with other electronic
components. However, they alsohavesomelimitations,such
as low efficiency and narrow bandwidth, which can limit
their performance in some applications.
4. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The rapid advancement in wireless communication
technologies, particularly in the millimeter wave frequency
range, has created a demand for highly efficient and reliable
antenna systems. Antenna arrays have emerged as a
promising solution for achieving high data rates, increased
system capacity, and improved coverage in millimeter wave
communication systems. However, the design, analysis, and
optimization of antenna arrays for millimeter wave
communication present several challenges that need to be
addressed to fully exploit their potential.
The problem at hand is the lack of a comprehensive analysis
and evaluation of antenna arrays specifically tailored for
millimeter wavecommunication.Existingresearchprimarily
focuses on individual antenna elements or simplistic array
configurations, without considering the intricate
characteristics and challenges associated with millimeter
wave frequencies. The limited understanding of the impact
of array geometry, antenna element spacing, beamforming
techniques, and other critical factors on the performance of
millimeter wave antenna arrays hampers the development
of optimal and efficient systems.
Figure-3: Microstrip patch antenna
5. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Internet connectivity, mobile consumers and services, IoT,
HD video streaming, and video chatting increase cellular
data communications demand. Millimeter-wave bandwidth
replaces microwave bands. This thesis' front-end RFIC and
60 GHz and 28 GHz antenna arrays guide the beam ±50°
azimuth. 28 GHz 5G antenna arrays boost bandwidth. FWA
transmits high-volume data to the core network from
broadband, high-gain, steerable narrow-beam arrays. This
thesis addresses FWA and backhaul 60 GHz antenna arrays.
Stacks and slots feed a high-gain lens antenna in two 60 GHz
(57-66 GHz) arrays. 20+ dBi 2×16 stacked patches antenna
array. Array and front-end RFIC module EIRP surpasses 40
dBm. Another 60 GHz antenna array features sixteen evenly
spaced linear slots. High-gain dielectric lens. 25.4 dBi peak
gain. Lens scans away from broadside. 24.25–29.50 GHz
antenna arrays operate. eWLBs feature LP/CP arrays.
Shorter feed linesandnogeometrical discontinuitymakeAiP
technology cheaper than PCB arrays and eliminate

integration losses. LP array dipole antennas power a horn-
shaped heatsink. peak EIRPRF modulebeam-steers±35°.RF
module beam-steering is ±50° with 31 dBm peak EIRP.
crossed dipoles. LHC accelerators and experiments need
faster data rate front-end readout devices. This research
explores 60 GHz wireless network CERN data readout.
Different episodes attack 60 GHz wireless devices with 17
MeV protons (7.4 Mrad (RX) & 4.2 Mrad (TX)) and 200 MeV
electrons (270 & 314 Mrad). Irradiated chips worked. Good
results promotecomplexwirelesscommunicationsresearch.
6. STACKED PATCHES OF ANTENNA
A stacked patches antenna is a kind of microstrip antenna
that is made up of two or more patch elements that are
either rectangular or square in shape. These patch elements
are placed one on top of the other, with a dielectric substrate
in between each layer, to create an antenna that has a
stacked appearance. To connect each patch element to the
feed line, either a through connection or another kind of
electrical connection of some sort is used.
The performance of a stacked patchantenna isdependenton
a variety of characteristics, some of which include the size
and shape of the patch components, the distance between
them, and the dielectric constant of the substrate material.
Other parameters includetheshapeofthepatchcomponents
and the distance between them. Because multiple patch
components are piled atop one another in a stacked patches
antenna, it is possible for this kind of antenna to attain
superior gain, a wider bandwidth, and increased radiation
characteristics when compared to a single patch antenna.
It is possible to construct stackable patch antennas in a
number of different configurations, some of which include
the co-planar configuration, the parallel configuration, and
the series configuration, amongst others. In the co-planar
configuration, the patch elements are placed so thatthey are
all on the same side of the substrate, whereas in the parallel
configuration, the patch elements are arranged so that they
are all on separate sides of the substrate. The co-planar
configuration is the more common ofthetwoconfigurations.
In the series design, the patch componentsareplacedone on
top of the other in a stacked pattern, with a dielectric layer
providing electrical isolation in between each layer. This
design is referred to as a "stacked" design.
Stacking patch antennas is a common technique that is used
in a broad range of applications, such as radar systems,
satellite communication, and wireless communication,
amongst others. When compared to other types ofantennas,
they offer a number of advantages, including a lower overall
cost, an easier manufacturing process, and the capacity to
provide greater signal strength and a wider bandwidth than
single-patch antennas. One illustration of these benefits is
the capability of receiving frequencies from a wider
spectrum. On the other hand, they do have a few downsides,
such as a greater level of complexity and a lower level of
efficiency at particular frequencies. These negatives are the
result of a higher degree of complexity.
Figure-4: A proximity-fed circular patch and a
microstrip-fed rectangular patch each have their
viewpoint.
7. BEAM-BOOK GENERATION
Utilising a motorised turntable to spin theantenna ina plane
that is perpendicular to the axis of the antenna is one of the
more typical approaches that is used when monitoring
beam-steering. In order to construct a radiation pattern, the
antenna is first linked to a signal source and then to a power
metre. Next, the signal power is measured at a number of
different angles. The direction of the main lobe, the
beamwidth, and the levels of the sidelobes are all crucial
factors for the functioning of the beam-steering system, and
they can all be determined by looking at the radiation
pattern.
Utilising a phased array antenna is yet anotherwaythatmay
be used to measure beam-steering. An antenna known as a
phased array is one that is made up of a number of radiating
components, each ofwhichis capableofbeingindependently
controlled to produce a beam that may be aimed in a
particular direction. Adjusting the phase and amplitude of
the signals that are delivered to each radiating element of a
phased array allows one to steer the beam in a particular
direction, which may be used to test the beam-steering
performance of a phased array. Afterthis,thesignal poweris
measured at the target angle in order to assess the
performance of the beam-steering system.

Figure-5: The measuring system used to create the TX
beam book is shown in a block diagram.
8. ANTENNA ARRAY WITH STACKED 60 GHZ
PATCHES
In the next portion of the paper, we will go through the
findings of our investigation intotheuseof beam-steering on
stacked patch antenna arrays. Due to the fact that the RFIC
splits the paths for transmitting and receiving signals, full-
duplex communication may be accomplished with just two
arrays, each of which has sixteenantennas.Inaddition,when
the scan angle is raised, the beam widths at -3 dB expand
from roughly 6 degrees at thebroadsidetonearly11degrees
at the extremes of the beam.
Figure-6: Antenna module supports four WiGig
channels and 64 beam emission patterns. At 58.32,
60.48, 62.64, and 64.80 GHz, phase shifters have
maximum gain and the signal chain is saturated.
Figure-7: Radiation pattern at various frequencies
between 56 GHz and 70 GHz, as measured in the
elevation plane (E-plan).
Figure-8: Gain was measured at a variety of beam
angles, and simulated gain was also provided for the
zero-degree beam.
9. CONCLUSION
Wireless data demand is rising, requiring millimeter-wave
frequency ranges. Wireless data use has skyrocketed.Due to
their greater bandwidths, 28 GHz and 60 GHz may meet
these data needs, although propagation loss would increase.
Losses need high-gain aerial arrays. Concentratingthebeam
requires beam-directing apparatus. This thesis examined
28–60 GHz aerial arrays. Front-end RFIC arrays guide the
beam from -50 degrees to +50 degrees.5Gaerial arraysat28
GHz will provide high-speed internet services. Aerial arrays
use this frequency. Aerial arrays should give this. Fixed
wireless access (FWA) homes and businesses in densely
populated regions will get these services. Broadband, high-
gain, steerable narrow-beam arrays require FWA
connections. FWA connections move data faster. The
primary network gets the massivedata.Thisthesisdescribes
60 GHz aerial arrays meeting these criteria. They're suitable
for front- and back-haul communications.

Input to a slot linked linearly at sixteen evenly spaced
locations creates the 60 GHz second aerial array. This slot
feeds an efficient dielectric lens, finishing the process.
Weighted 16-degree feeds may azimuth-direct the main
beam. This requires clockwise feeding. Four power splitters
test the design's beam direction at 0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees.
Power splitters direct beams. 0, 15, and 30 degrees. This
aerial tested 25.4 dBi. It's potential. The lens eliminatesscan
loss when the beam is directed non-parallel, increasinggain.
Something happens when the beam points away from the
broadside.
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