Analysis of MIMO Transmit Diversity and MIMO Spatial Multiplexing System in Wireless Communication
2 likes138 views
This document analyzes MIMO transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing systems in wireless communications. It discusses key MIMO techniques used in 3GPP standards like LTE and LTE-Advanced, including single-user MIMO, multi-user MIMO, transmit diversity, and advanced schemes in LTE-A like 8x8 MIMO. It provides details on closed and open-loop MIMO modes, reference signaling for multi-user MIMO, and feedback mechanisms to support downlink MIMO. The goal of these techniques is to improve data rates, reliability, and throughput in wireless systems.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1295
3 MIMO Schemes in LTE-Advanced
In order to achieve downlink channel peak spectrum
efficiency of 30bps/Hz and uplink channel peak spectrum
efficiency of 15bps/Hz as mentioned to LTE-Advanced
requirement, the spatial multiplexing (SM) with antenna
configuration of 8 × 8 for downlink system and 4 × 4 for
uplink system is now being investigated. In N × N
configuration, N denotes the number transmit antennasand
receive antennas. In addition to achieve the peak spectrum
efficiency, the average cell throughput has to improve
further as well as the cell edge performance is also an
important as the aspect for the LTE-advanced study.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we introduced the different MIMO technology
features of LTE, which are downlink SU-MIMO; transmit
diversity, MU-MIMO. Uplink feedback mechanisms are
studied for the support of downlink MIMO technologies. We
had also described how to provide better understanding
about LTE system operation. In addition, the MIMOschemes
are briefly studied for LTE Advanced was briefly described.
5. REFERENCES
[1] Juho Lee, Jin-Kyu Han, and Jianzhong (Charlie) Zhang2,”
MIMO Technologies in 3GPP LTE and LTE-Advanced”,
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communication and
Networking, Volume 9.
[2] D. Agrawal, V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, and N. Seshadri,
“Spacetime coded OFDM for high data-rate wireless
communication over wideband channels,” in
Proceedings of the 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology
Conference (VTC ’98), vol. 3, pp. 2232– 2236, Ottawa,
Canada, 1998.
[3] 3GPP, TR 25.814, “Physical layer aspects for evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (Release 7)”.
[4] 3GPP, TS 36.201, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA); LTE Physical Layer-General
Description (Release 8)”.
[5] 3GPP, TS 36.211, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation
(Release 8)”.
[6] G. Foschini and M. J. Gans, “On the limits of wireless
communications in a fading environment when
usingmultiple atnennas,”Wireless Personal
Communications, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 311–355, 1998.
[7] B. Hassibi and B. M. Hochwald, “High-rate codes thatare
linear in space and time,” IEEE Transactions on
Information Theory, vol. 48, no. 7, pp.1804–1824,2002.
[8] N. Al-Dhahir and A. H. H. Sayed, “The finite-length
multiinput multi-outputMMSE-DFE,”IEEETransactions
on Signal Processing, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 2921–2936,
2000.
[9] 3GPP, TS 36.212, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding
(Release 8)”.
[10] 3GPP, TS 36.213, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release
8)”.
[11] 3GPP, TR 36.913, “Requirements for Further
Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced) (Release
8)”.
[12] 3GPP, TS 36.306, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio access
capabilities (Release 8)”.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i9245-171010111730/85/Analysis-of-MIMO-Transmit-Diversity-and-MIMO-Spatial-Multiplexing-System-in-Wireless-Communication-3-320.jpg)
Analysis of MIMO Transmit Diversity and MIMO Spatial Multiplexing System in Wireless Communication
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1293 Analysis of MIMO Transmit Diversity and MIMO spatial multiplexing system in wireless communication Harsha Karande1, Manasi Dixit2 1M.E student, Dept.of Electronics Engineering, KIT’s College of Engineering, Maharastra, India 2Professor Dept.of Electronics Engineering, KIT’s College of Engineering, Maharastra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards fulfil the specification of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard towards the 4th generation communication. Most of the operators and vendors are committed to LTE deployments and developments, making LTE as a market leader in the upcoming evolution to 4G wireless communication systems. Key components of LTE to provide higher data rate with better efficiency are the MIMO techniques as spatial multiplexing, transmit diversity and beamforming. “LTE-Advanced” furtherextendstheLTEMIMO techniques under 3GPP which meets the requirement of IMT- Advanced set by International Telecommunication Union Radio communication Sector (ITU-R). Key Words: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, space-time coding, transmit diversity 1.INTRODUCTION Now a days multimedia communications become more popular, mobile communications has to reliable to support high data rate transmissions. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is being treated as an emerging technology to fulfil the demandofhigherdata rateandbetter coverage using the same average transmit power or frequency bandwidth. It is proved that MIMO structure can successfully constructs the multiple spatial layers where multiple data streams can deliver on a given bandwidth by increasing the channel capacity. MIMO technologies are being supported by many of the recently specified wireless communication standards. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based technology are recently specified by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) by EvolvedUniversal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) to support the wireless broadband data transmission up to 300 Mbps in the downlink and 75Mbps in the uplink. (E-UTRA is also known as LTE in the wireless industry). MIMO technologies in LTE (Long Term Evolution) are widely used to improve downlink peak rate, reliability as well as average cell throughput. To achieve this set of goals, LTE has been adopted various MIMO technologies as transmit diversity, single input single output (single user (SU)-MIMO), multiuser (MU)-MIMO scheme, closed loop MIMO, and dedicated beamforming.The SU-MIMO scheme is specifiedforthe2*2or4*4transmission configurations in the downlink. It is used to supports the transmission of multiple spatial layers up to four layers to the allocated User Equipment (UE). The transmit diversity scheme is mainly specified for the configuration of two or four downlink transmission antennas, and two uplink transmission antennas. The multi user (MU-MIMO) scheme is designed to allocate the different spatial layers for different users in the same time and frequency resource. The allocation of different layers is supported in both uplink and downlink transmission. Single user SU-MIMO technologies has been extended in LTE-Advanced to support the configuration of maximum eight transmit antennas in the downlink transmission, andisforfour transmitantennasconfiguration in the uplink transmission. In this paper we discuss the various MIMO technologies evolved in LTE advanced. 1.1 Downlink SU-MIMO in LTE The single user (SU-MIMO) scheme has been applied to the physical layer through Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) which carries the information data from the network host to the user equipment (UE). LTE system can provides a peak rate of 150 Mbps for two transmit antennas and 300 Mbps for four transmit antennas with single user MIMO. There are two operation modes in SU-MIMO spatial multiplexing has two modes of operation: the closed-loop spatial multiplexing mode and the open-loop spatial multiplexing mode. The base station called eNodeB in the closed-loop spatial multiplexing, applies the precoding in spatial domain on the transmission signal (also known as eNodeB) applies the spatial domain precoding on the transmitted signal which take the precoding matrix indicator (PMI) into account reported by UE. PMI helps to match the transmitted signal with the spatial channel experienced by the UE. The illustration of closed-loop spatial multiplexing with M layers and N transmit antennas (N ≥ M) is shown in Figure 1.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1294 Figure 1: Closed-loop spatial multiplexing with N antennas and M layers The UE needs to feedback the rank indicator (RI) in the downlink to support the closed-loop SM, while for uplink it needs the PMI, and the channel quality indicator (CQI) as feedback. The RI is the number of spatial layerswhichcanbe supported by the current channel experienced at the UE. Transmission rank, M, may be decided by the eNodeB by taking into account the RI reported by the UE. The open-loop spatial multiplexing may be operated when reliable PMI feedback is not availableattheeNodeB,thenthe open-loop spatial multiplexingcomeintoframe,for example, when the UE speed is faster than enough or when the feedback overhead on the uplink is too high. The open-loop spatial multiplexing with M layers and N transmit antennas (N ≥ M) is illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2: Open-loop spatial multiplexing with N antennas and M layers. 1.2 Transmit Diversity in LTE On the all physical channels such as PDSCH, Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH), Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), the transmit diversity schemes can be applied, in LTE downlink system, while the other MIMO schemes are only applicable to PDSCH. A UE at eNodeB can recognize the number of transmit antennas through {1, 2, 4} by decoding PBCH. It can be noted that no transmit diversity scheme is specified in LTE apply to the primary and secondary synchronization signals. If the number of transmit antennas at eNodeB is detected, then applicable specific transmit diversity scheme to the other physical downlink channels can be determined. In uplink system, for the user equipment (UE) with two transmission antennas, the transmit antenna selection diversity specified. For the selection of closed-loop transmit antenna, the eNodeB selects the antenna which is used for uplink transmission and try to communicate this selection with UE using the downlink control message. In case of the open-loop transmit antenna selection; the UE randomly selects the antenna to be used for transmission without eNodeB’s interruption. 2. MU-MIMO in LTE The LTE standards are designed to support the MU-MIMOin both uplink and downlink system. For the uplink system,the eNodeB can always select more than one UE for the signal transmission in the same time-frequency resource, which forms a MU-MIMO transmission configuration. However, in order to able to differentiate and demodulate these UEs’ signals, eNodeB has been needs to define the orthogonal reference signals for these UEs allocated for the MU-MIMO transmission. In the each cell for a given slot and subframe, as the base sequence, a Zadoff-Chu sequence is defined for uplink reference signals. For a given Zadoff-Chusequence in the cyclically shifted forms an orthogonal set of sequences. Each UE allocated for MUMIMOtransmissionisassigned bya separate cyclic shift value, and then each UE combines this cyclic shift value with the acknowledgement (ACK) of the base Zadoff-Chu sequence to create a reference signal sequence. This signal is orthogonal to other UEs’ reference signal sequences. It should be noted that the control signalling always contains the cyclic shift value, which is received by the UE for data transmission on uplink, regardless of the MU-MIMO is operated or not. Figure3: Coordinated multipoint transmission in the downlink.
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1295 3 MIMO Schemes in LTE-Advanced In order to achieve downlink channel peak spectrum efficiency of 30bps/Hz and uplink channel peak spectrum efficiency of 15bps/Hz as mentioned to LTE-Advanced requirement, the spatial multiplexing (SM) with antenna configuration of 8 × 8 for downlink system and 4 × 4 for uplink system is now being investigated. In N × N configuration, N denotes the number transmit antennasand receive antennas. In addition to achieve the peak spectrum efficiency, the average cell throughput has to improve further as well as the cell edge performance is also an important as the aspect for the LTE-advanced study. 4. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we introduced the different MIMO technology features of LTE, which are downlink SU-MIMO; transmit diversity, MU-MIMO. Uplink feedback mechanisms are studied for the support of downlink MIMO technologies. We had also described how to provide better understanding about LTE system operation. In addition, the MIMOschemes are briefly studied for LTE Advanced was briefly described. 5. REFERENCES [1] Juho Lee, Jin-Kyu Han, and Jianzhong (Charlie) Zhang2,” MIMO Technologies in 3GPP LTE and LTE-Advanced”, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communication and Networking, Volume 9. [2] D. Agrawal, V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, and N. Seshadri, “Spacetime coded OFDM for high data-rate wireless communication over wideband channels,” in Proceedings of the 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC ’98), vol. 3, pp. 2232– 2236, Ottawa, Canada, 1998. [3] 3GPP, TR 25.814, “Physical layer aspects for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (Release 7)”. [4] 3GPP, TS 36.201, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); LTE Physical Layer-General Description (Release 8)”. [5] 3GPP, TS 36.211, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)”. [6] G. Foschini and M. J. Gans, “On the limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when usingmultiple atnennas,”Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 311–355, 1998. [7] B. Hassibi and B. M. Hochwald, “High-rate codes thatare linear in space and time,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 48, no. 7, pp.1804–1824,2002. [8] N. Al-Dhahir and A. H. H. Sayed, “The finite-length multiinput multi-outputMMSE-DFE,”IEEETransactions on Signal Processing, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 2921–2936, 2000. [9] 3GPP, TS 36.212, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding (Release 8)”. [10] 3GPP, TS 36.213, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release 8)”. [11] 3GPP, TR 36.913, “Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced) (Release 8)”. [12] 3GPP, TS 36.306, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities (Release 8)”.