Ancient indian science

Scientific methods Lost Knowledge repositories Mechanical engineering Electrical engineering Civil engineering Aeronautical engineering Marine engineering Mathematics Astronomy Time science Ayurveda

Let noble thoughts come to us from all and every direction in the universe आ नो भद्रा : क्रतवो यन्तु विश्वतः ऋग्वेद १ - ८९ Scientific outlook

Were the discoveries, innovation and findings by ancient Indian scientists mere accidents? Or there existed a system of Experiments, Evidence gathering, Passing on of knowledge and continued research Scientific outlook

Ref.13 th Century book by Yeshodhar Whatever I learnt from experts and whatever I confirmed by experimentation, only that, I have included in this book and whatever could not be confirmed has not been included in my book. Further he states that my student should reconfirm by performing experiment by their own hands. Those who follow this is a true teacher and students. All others are just Drama Actors . Scientific outlook

Scientists from Ancient India Shloka referring to some of the scientists like Kapil, Kanad, Sushrut, Bhaskar, Nagarjun, Bharadwaj, Aryabhata, Venkataraman, and Ramanujam.

Ancient Indian Universities: Takshila: Established in 700 BC and about 10,500 students from Babylonia, Greece, Syria, Arabia and China studied more than 60 subjects (Ref. http://www.quotesandsayings.com/gindia.htm ) Nalanda: Once housed 90 lakh books which were burnt by Muslim invader Bakhtiyar Khilji in the year 1205 (Ref. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda ) Jhansi’s private library: British soldiers burnt more than 20,000 books of Rani of Jhashi in a bon fire Lost knowledge repositories

Mechanical engineering Mechanics Metallurgy

Mechanics - Definition Ref. Yantrarnavah(14 AD) Generation of power/energy or motion, through the continuous movement of lever, pulley, toothed wheel, inclined plane and screw is called a machine

Mechanics - applications Examples of use of mechanisms referred in our scriptures Veda refer wheel based churning apparatus for milk and curds Mahabharata describes the circulating fish and shooting of it’s eye Bhagavat Purana refers to Oil expelling device with description of Gears 4. Kautilya’s Arthashastra (4 th BC) is a masterpiece on statecraft that describes 32 machines including a projectile launcher. Also and a weighing balance with unequal beam that also demonstrates Mechanical leverage or Mechanical Advantage. This only gets referred to in European history in 3 rd century BC by Archimedes. 5. Aryabhata (5 th Century AD) describes perpetual motion machine

Mechanics – attributes of machine Great attributes of machines are, proper union of efforts and result, good contact, smoothness, least attention, sustaining, lightness and noiselessness, when sound is required its predominance, not loosening or clogging, good contact in all moving parts, no break in action, attainment of results as desired, adherence to rhythm and timing ,showing results at the moment desired, returning to normalcy at the other times ,not bulging and staying in shapes, strength, softness and durability. Ref. Samarangana-Sutradhara, Chapter 31, Raja Bhoj (1150 AD) Translated by Rao Saheb K.V. Vaze in 1926

Clay Retort Ref. Rasaratna samucchaya Metallurgy – eco friendly Zawar process for Zinc

Clay Retort Ref. Rasaratna samucchaya Metallurgy – eco friendly Zawar process for Zinc The furnace has two chambers. One with inverted retorts another with condensing vessels under each retort. Retort is filled with calcined ore, charcoal,salt etc. A reed is set in the middle and a funnel like condenser fitted at the end and sealed with the vessel. Retort is heated to 1200oC. to vaporise zinc. At this temperature reed gets burnt and other materials release CO to create reducing atmosphere. Zinc trickles down through a path created by burnt reed.

Zinc metallurgy traveled from India to China to Europe. In 1738 William Champion established Bristol Process and patented it. Recognised by ASM in 1989, as an “International Historical Landmark of Metallurgy”. Proof of the process came from excavations at Zawar in Rajasthan. Brass containing 34% Zinc were unearthed from Taxila (4 th C.BC). Normal is 28%. Metallurgy – eco friendly Zawar process for Zinc

Historian Vincent Smith writes “ While we marveled at the skill shown by ancient artificers in forging the great mass of Delhi pillar, we must give a still greater measure of admiration to the forgotten craftsmen, who dealt so successfully in producing the still more ponderous iron mass of the Dhar pillar monument”. 14 meters in height and 7 tones in weight (3 pieces together), built by Bhoja in (1000-1055AD) and “ is a tallest non corrosive Iron Pillar in the world” Metallurgy – Dhar pillar

In September 1795 Dr. Benjamin Hyan writes to East India Co. “ In Ramnath peth there are 40 steel furnaces near Iron mines. Price of steel is Rs.2/Mon” James Franklin observes during 30 th April to 6 th June 1827 During this period 223.5Mons of Steel was made in 4 furnaces 31.25 mon =1 English Tonne Price of steel 11.75 Annas /mon Mines near Jabalpur, Panna, Sagar Furnace of about 4.25x3x1.5inch (19 cubic inch) uses coal In 1849 Cambell writes Presence of thousands of small furnaces with 90,000 workers He recommended Indian Steel for English Railway due to it’s high quality In 1874 Bengal Iron company was established by Britisher’s to end Indian Steel Industry Metallurgy – official British reports

Alloys preparation: Ratios of various Ingredients Sauma Saundal Maurtvik Tankan(salt) 10 5 8 3 1 3 7 5 2 5 6 6 Furnaces/Blowers : As per Narayan Muni, 532 furnaces are divided into 7 classes. Number 9 of 7th class is known a Kurmavyastika without which it is not possible to make Bij Loha alloy. Metallurgy – Vimana

This was confirmed by experimentation by Dr. M.C. Sahasrabudhye, HOD Sanskrit Dept and Prof Dr.P.P. Hole of Eng Dept. of Nagpur University Electricity Ref. Agasti Samhita, Earthen Pot Copper plate Wet Saw Dust Zinc amalgam with Mercury CuSO4 Soln. Open circuit Voltage 1.38 Volts and short circuit current of 23 milliamps

Artificial Gold or Silver plating on copper plate can be done by using this battery. When plated with gold it is called as Shatkumbh. Udan was filled in balloon to fly it in air and Chanakya recommended to use it to escape from an enemy camp. E l e c t r o p l a t I n g Electricity Agasti decomposed water by using his battery and observed that Pran(O 2 ) and Udan (H 2 ) were produced in ratio of 1:2 by volume

Maharshi Bharadwaj authored the Yantra Sarvaswa which includes discoveries in aviation science, space science and flying machines. It has 40 chapters , the 40 th khand is known as Brihad Viman Shastra with 8 Adhyayas Of the 100 chapters and 500 Sutras , today 37 verses are still available He had a hermitage in the holy city of Prayag Was a strong supporter of Ayurveda and Mechanical sciences. Maharshi Baradwaj refers 97 books & names 36 Scientists, showing the extent of collaborative efforts involved in the research. Aeronautics – Yantra Sarvaswa

Ref. Khetsastra written by Maharshi Vishwambhar Aeronautics – definition of Vimana One that goes from country to country, continent to continent and planet to planet through sky is called as Vimana

Rukhma Vimana had long vertical ducts with fans on the top, to suck air from the top and send it down the ducts, generating a lift in the process. Aeronautics – Rukhma Vimana

Each wing about 13 ft long ,5ft wide Length: about 53ft ,Width: 37ft . with 4 Shakti Yantras, one oil pipe, one water pipe and an air pipe for each . By electrical heating, hot gas was produced which could be directed at by Vatchodayan Yantra. Electric power was generated by Kirnakarshan Yantra , placed outside the Vimana. Lower side had wheels for ground movement Aeronautics – Shakun Vimana

Ref. P rachin Bharatiya Viman Shastra: Sutra: Shaktayasspta: by by Captain Anand Bodas All these energies are coded in a sutra as: म ल य ऱ स व न This is similar to, todays coding “TMPFGI” which Pilot uses to check various equipment, just before about to fly Aeronautics – sutra: shaktayasspta (7 energies)

The Deccan Herald article refers to an article in Kesari about a flight demonstration at the Chowpatty Beach before a large audience, which included Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III and Nyaya Murti Ranade. Shri Talpade designed Vimana based Veda and Upanishidas Aeronautics – using mercury

Indian Pride Vimana Shastra: First Pilot of Modern Times Dattatrya Laxuman Patwardhan, 10/7/1883 Appointed as II Lieutenant on 15/3/1916 Ref. British Army and British Royal family record He received “Kings Commission” for bombing Berlin, from British King.

Plan of 10 th Century Mukteshwar Mandir in Bhubaneshwar Civil engineering – Engineering drawing 10 th Century Mukteshwar Mandir in Bhubaneshwar

Ref. TOI, dated 29 th Nov 2009,Page 20 Won World Architecture Festival (WAF) award in Barcelona from 611 entries Green Building Jaalies acted as Thermal Buffer Inverted cement Matkas on roof top Internal Curved courtyards keep the sun out for 10 months of the year Building raised above ground and rain water is harvested under ground Cost Rs.25 cr. – saving of 10-15cr. Architect :Mr. Manit Rastogi Architecture : Applying ancient knowledge today

Born in year 476 in Kerla I n 499 , at the age of 23, he wrote “Aryabhatiyam” which is a text on astronomy and treatise on mathematics, at Kusumpur in Bihar Credited with knowledge of Zero Formulated a process of calculating the motion of planets and the time of eclipses. First to proclaim that the earth is round/ rotates around the Sun…Copernicus1473-1542………Bruno burnt alive in 1600 Calculated the value of pi π Astronomy : Aryabhata caturadhikam śatamaṣṭaguṇam dvāṣaṣṭistathā sahasrāṇām ayutadvayaviṣkambhasyāsanno vṛttapariṇāhaḥ. implies that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is ((4 + 100) × 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3.1416 Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata

Period of rotation around the Sun Planet Aryabhata’s Value Modern Earth, Year 365.259days 365.256days Moon, 27.322days 27.322days Mars, 1.881 yrs 1.881 yrs Jupiter, 11.861 yrs 11.862 yrs Saturn 29.477 yrs 29.458 yrs Astronomy : Aryabhata

Lunar eclipse results due to fall of shadow of earth on moon! Halley is credited with 1 st Eclipse map, showing the path of Moon’s shadow across England during upcoming total eclipse of 1715 Different part of eclipse in seen at different places, while it is not seen at all at other place, so who can say that Eclipse is caused by Rahu ….. Lalla..700AD Astronomy : Aryabhata

Born in Village Vijjadit (Jalgaon) Period:(1114-1183 CE) Siddhanta Siromani, is divided into four parts called Lilavati , Bijaganita, Grahaganita and Goladhyaya. Planetary positions, eclipses and astronomical equipment. Surya Sidhannta "Objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. (500 years before Sir Isaac Newton) Astronomy : Bhaskaracharya http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya

As per his diary kept in Spanish Museum, Vasko da Gama, in 1497,saw a three times bigger ship in Jhanjibar and met its Gujarati owner named “Skanda”. Skanda was coming to India. With Skanda’s help Gama came to India and thus discovered way to India. In 1811, Lt. Walker writes that East India company had an Indian ship “Daria Daulat” which did not require maintenance for 87 years Trade : Shipping

Walker in 1811 proved statistically that Indian ships are much cheaper and better in quality than English ships and so advised East India Company to use Indian ships only. Dr. Tailor writes when Indian ship landed in London, British sailors turned panicky. Board of directors of East India company wrote that after looking to our social life Indians will lose respect for us. On basis of committee report, appointed under Parliamentarian Robert Poll in 1814, an act was passed to ban Indian ships and Indian sailors from visiting British Ports In 1863, act was strictly implemented and heavy taxes were levied on the goods from Indian Ships to bring about the end the Indian Ship Industry Sir William Dingwi writes “ in such a way English Queen killed Indian Sea Queen” Trade : Shipping

Ayurveda : Cardiology Ref. Susruta-Samhita, Sutra-sthanam ,Adhyayah 14, Paragraph 3 (6 th Century BC) Subtle energy comes from digested food called “rasa”. Its place is Heart. From heart it enters through 24 arteries, and supports and maintains the body. The blood issues from heart, goes everywhere and through veins reaches the heart. Hr + da + yam = Harati + Dadati + Yati = Heart means : Receives + Propels + Circulates In 1553AD, Michael Servetus, a Spanish physician stated that blood circulates from heart to lungs and back. However he was burnt by Ruler of Geneva, John Calvin (II – Chrono.140). In 1628 William Harvey is credited for todays blood circulation theory. Bhela (7 th AD) describes the blood circulation even to foetus

Surgery Ref. Susruta Samhita(350 AD) First published Account of Plastic surgery in the west is on Indian rhinoplasty In 1792 Tipu’s soldiers cut the nose and an arm of Kawasji, a cart driver from British army. A year later a Kumbhara (potter) Vaidya of Pune reconstructed Kawasji’s nose in presence of 2 English doctors, Thomas Cruso and James Trindlay English doctor writes about this operation in Madras Gazette, that “Such operations are not uncommon in India and has been practiced from time immemorial” Above article was reproduced in October 1794 in Gentleman's Magazine Indian physician in Baghdad during reign of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 AD) translated Susruta Samhita into Arabic under title of Kitab-Shawasoon al – Hind of Susrud Photo from London Library

Ayurveda Short History of Vaccination A group of fellows of Royal Society studies the method of inoculating people in India and submitted report in 1760. One of the fellow, Dr. J.Z. Holwell studied about 10 years in Bengal. In 1767 in his lecture at the “London Royal College of Physicians he stated” that nearly same salutary method now so happily pursued in England ….has the sanction of remotest antiquity (in India), illustrating the propriety of present practice” Dr. Howell talked of Indian vaccinators inoculating people from home to home with pus used from the inoculated pustule of the previous year. Following inoculation the strict diet and treatment for mild eruptive fever, was to be observed. In 1796 English physician Edward Jenner was credited for discovering vaccination for Small Pox who studied on above lines

Adam Osborne-Co-founder of Apple computers writes for Dataquest magazine: I was raised in Tamilnadu …in Ashram of Sri Raman Maharshi at Tiruvannamalai I was surrounded by Indians who were proud of their nationality and heritage. They believed they had a lot to teach us Europeans. It is therefore with some misgiving, that today I find myself dealing with Indians, many of whom do not feel proud of their Indianness. Indians are recognised throughout America, as technically superior. Since the day Indians learn pride, India will rapidly move out of its third world status to become one of the world’s industrial powers.

Botany What the western countries were knowing about Plant Life even in 1895? Botanists and eminent member of Royal Scientific Society, Hartog Gibs, after experimental demonstration by Dr. Jagdeesh Chandra Basu, admitted that “ I never believed that the plant has life, but now I am fully convinced that plant do have life”

Physics : Time Measurement Ref. Mharshi Vyasa, Shrimad Bhagwat, Skand 3, Adhyaya 11 Paramanu: Time required to enlighten a Molecule =1/75936 of second 2 Three paramanu = Trus Renu: Time taken by an electron (Ota) to complete one cycle around Proton (Prota) 3 To days one second = 25312 Trus Renu 4 Param mahan = 7.2 x 10 21 years = Time from start of universe formation to end of universe 5 What is Gudhi Padva day? Manu is = 32,25,80,000 years i.e. time taken by our solar system to complete one circle. On that day all the Grahas were in one Rashi and was first day of Kaliyug. That day is known as Yugadi our Oogadi 6 Today we have completed 5111 years of Kaliyuga

Physics: Kalchakra Ref. Shrimad Bhagwat,3 rd Skand,11 th Adhyaya by Maharshi Vyasa Kaliyuga: 4,32,000yrs Dwaparyuga: 8,64,000yrs Tretayuga : 12,96,000yrs Kritayuga : 17,28,000yrs Mahayug: consisting of all above 4 Yugas Manvnatara: Time taken by Sun to complete one revolution around centre of Milky way –Galaxy =30,84,48,000years Kalpa = Age of Universe = 432,00,00,000years = 1000 mahayugas Brahma’s day : = 2 Kalpas=864 crore years

Linear Measurement : Aryabhata I Table of linear measurements: Ref. Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata edited by Kripa Shankar Shukla, Page no. xliii 8 Paramanus = 1 Trasarenu 8 Trasarenus = 1 Ratharenu 8 Ratharenu = 1 Kosas 8 Kosas = 1 Tilabhijas 8 Tilabhijas = 1 Sarsapas 8 Sarsapas = 1 Yavas 8 Yavas = 1 Angulas 12 Angulas = 1 Vitasti 2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta 4 Hastas = 1 Danda 2000 Dandas = 1 Krosa 4 Krosas = 1 Yojana = 9.0625 miles

Physics: Magnetism Ref. Rasarnavam, Patalah6, Adyaya 40, Slokah 21 12 th century A.D. 5 types of magnets 1,2,3,4,5 and multi faced Yellow, Black and Red coloured Thus 90 types of Magnets are possible.

Shipping Navigating ship can have a pole, an Oar, or an oar fixed on a wheel with a handle called Chakrani, Putabheda or a wooden screw coming out of water known a Bramha Bhoja says that iron should not be used for joining planks of ship bottom, intended for sea voyage. Iron exposes the ship to the influence of magnetic field of magnetic rocks in the bottom of sea. This will lead to sinking of ship Ref. Yukti Kalpataru by Narpati Bhoja (11 th Century) Hindus and Buddhist Monks travelled to Kampuchea, Thailand, Sumatra etc. In 1st century a group of merchants from Kuch travelled to Java and settled there.

Ancient Indian science With humble gratitude to the honorable authors of….. Bharatme Vigyanki Ujwal Parampara by Shri Suresh Soni , Urchana Prakashan, Bhopal Prachin Bharatatil Viman Shastra Captain Anand Jayram Bodas, Manorama Prakashan Science and Technology in Ancient India by Vijnan Bharati, Mumbai 400020 Pride of India Compiled by Bharatiya Bauddhic Sampada, Nagpur 440012, published by Samskrit Bharati, New Delhi 11055 The Week, Mid year Special, June 24, 2001 Vedic Mathematics by Jagdguru Swami Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja Aryabhatiya by Mohan Apte, Rajhans Prakashan, Sadashiv Peth, Pune

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