![PRIVACY
• Android smartphones have the ability to report the location
of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around,
to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds
of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic
maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps
like Foursquare, Latitude, Places, and to deliver location-based
ads.
• Third party monitoring software such as Taint Droid, an
academic research-funded project, can, in some cases, detect when
personal information is being sent from applications to remote
servers.
• In March 2012 it was revealed that Android Apps can copy photos
without explicit user permission, Google responded they
"originally designed the Android photos file system similar to
those of other computing platforms like Windows and Mac OS.
[...] we're taking another look at this and considering adding a
permission for apps to access images. We've always had policies in
place to remove any apps [on Google Play] that improperly
access your data."](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/android-120905042027-phpapp02/85/Android-17-320.jpg)
![MARKETING
• The Android logotype was designed along
with the Droid font family by Ascender
Corporation, the robot icon was designed
by Irina Blok.
• Android Green is the color of the Android
Robot that represents the Android
operating system. The print color
is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in
hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by
the Android Brand Guidelines.[102] The
custom typeface of Android is called](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/android-120905042027-phpapp02/85/Android-18-320.jpg)
Android
- 1. ANDROID AND ANDROID PHONES By: Renz Jacob R. Sabas
- 2. HISTORY • Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner(co- founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears (once VP at T- Mobile), and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV) to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences". Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.
- 3. What is an ANDROID? • Android is an open mobile phone platform that was developed by Google and, later, by the Open Handset Alliance. Google defines Android as a "software stack" for mobile phones. • So, what's a software stack? It's made up of the operating system (the platform on which everything runs), the middleware (the programming that allows applications to talk to a network and to one another), and the applications (the actual programs that the phones will run). In short, the Android software stack is all the software that will make an Android phone an Android phone. • Android is based on the Linux operating system, and all of its applications will be written using Java. Google says Android will "ship with a set of core applications including an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts," and more. • Anyone can download an Android software development kit from Google and write an application for Android.
- 4. OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE • On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group,Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, T- Mobile and Texas Instruments unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices. On the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled its first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6. • On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Huawei Technologies, PacketVideo,Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.
- 5. ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECT • The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is led by Google, and is tasked with the maintenance and development of Android. According to the project "The goal of the Android Open Source Project is to create a successful real-world product that improves the mobile experience for end users." AOSP also maintains the Android Compatibility Program, defining an "Android compatible" device "as one that can run any application written by third-party developers using the Android SDK and NDK", to prevent incompatible Android implementations. The compatibility program is also optional and free of charge, with the Compatibility Test Suite also free and open-source.
- 6. VERSION HISTORY • Each version after "Astro" and "Bender" is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with 1.5 "Cupcake" being the first and every update since following this naming convention. • 1.0 Astro • 1.1 Bender • 1.5 Cupcake • 1.6 Donut • 2.0/2.1 Eclair • 2.2 Froyo • 2.3 Gingerbread • 3.x Honeycomb • 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich • 4.1 Jelly Bean
- 7. DESIGN • Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux kernel 2.6 and Linux Kernel 3.x ( Android 4.0 onwards), with middleware, libraries andAPIs written in C and application software running on an application framework which includes Java- compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik virtual machine with just- in-time compilation to run Dalvik dex-code (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from Java byte code. • The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture. There is support for x86 from the Android x86 project, and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android.
- 8. • linux Android's kernel is based on the Linux kernel and has further architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle. Android does not have a native X Window System by default nor does it support the full set of standard GNUlibraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android. • Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called wakelocks, were rejected by mainline kernel developers, partly because kernel maintainers felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain their own code. Even though Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux. Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process", because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android. • However, in September 2010, Linux kernel developer Rafael J. Wysocki added a patch that improved the mainline Linux wakeup events framework. He said that Android device drivers that use wakelocks can now be easily merged into mainline Linux, but that Android's opportunistic suspend features should not be included in the mainline kernel. In August 2011, Linus Torvalds said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". • In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of the Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android drivers, patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. further integration being expected for Linux Kernel 3.4.
- 9. USES • While Android is designed primarily for smartphones and tablets, the open and customizable nature of the operating system allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and netbooks, smartbooks, ebook readers, and smart TVs (Google TV). Further, the OS has seen niche applications on wristwatches, headphones, car CD and DVD players, smart glasses (Project Glass), refrigerators, vehicle satnav systems, home automation systems, games consoles, mirrors, cameras, portable media players landlines, and treadmills. • The first commercially available phone to run Android was the HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008. In early 2010 Google collaborated with HTC to launch its flagship Android device, the Nexus One. This was followed later in 2010 with the Samsung- made Nexus S and in 2011 with the Galaxy Nexus. • iOS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jailbroken iPhone or iPod Touch with the help of OpeniBoot and iDroid. • In December 2011 it was announced the Pentagon has officially approved Android for use by its personnel.
- 10. APPLICATIONS • Applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development tools are available, including a Native Development Kitfor applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks. • Applications can be acquired by end-users either through a store such as Google Play or the Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and installing the application's APK file from a third-party site.
- 11. GOOGLE PLAY • Google Play is an online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Play Store" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Google Play. As of June 2012, there were more than 600,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of applications downloaded from the Play Store exceeded 20 billion. The operating system itself is installed on 400 million total devices. • Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall and access the Play Store. The app filters the list of available applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons. • Google offers many free applications in the Play Store including Google Voice, Google Goggles, Gesture Search, Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen and My Tracks. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android", which allows users to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice.
- 12. f eatures • Handset layouts – The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts. • Storage – SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes. • Connectivity – Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi- Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX. • Messaging – SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and Android Cloud To Device Messaging (C2DM) and now enhanced version of C2DM, Android Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service. • Multiple language support – Android supports multiple languages. • Web browser – The web browser available in Android is based on the open- source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores 100/100 on the Acid3 test on Android 4.0.
- 13. • Java support – While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on Dalvik, a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party applications. • Media support – Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC(in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, WebP. • Streaming media support – RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by the Flash plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported by RealPlayer for Android, and by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). • Additional hardware support – Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
- 14. • Multi-touch – Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the time). Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively. • Bluetooth – Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) support is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through manufacturer customizations and third-party applications. • Video calling – Android does not support native video calling, but some handsets have a customized version of the operating system that supports it, either via the UMTS network (like theSamsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is available in Android 2.3.4 and later. Gingerbread allows Nexus S to place Internet calls with a SIP account. This allows for enhanced VoIP dialing to other SIP accounts and even phone numbers. Skype 2.1 offers video calling in Android 2.3, including front camera support. • Multitasking – Multitasking of applications, with unique handling of memory allocation, is available. • Voice based features – Google search through voice has been available since initial release. Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are supported on Android 2.2 onwards.
- 15. • Tethering – Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired Wi-Fi hotspot. Before Android 2.2 this was supported by third- party applications or manufacturer customizations. • Screen capture – Android supports capturing a screenshot by pressing the power and volume- down buttons at the same time. Prior to Android 4.0, the only methods of capturing a screenshot were through manufacturer and third-party customizations or otherwise by using a PC connection (DDMS developer's tool). These alternative methods are still available with the latest Android. • External storage – Most Android devices include microSD slot and can read microSD cards formatted with FAT32, Ext3 or Ext4 file system. To allow use of high-capacity storage media such asUSB flash drives and USB HDDs, many Android tablets also include USB 'A' receptacle. Storage formatted with FAT32 is handled by Linux Kernel VFAT driver, while 3rd party solutions are required to handle other popular file systems such as NTFS, HFS Plus and exFAT.
- 16. SECURITY • Andr oid applicat ions r un in a sandbox, an isolat ed ar ea of t he oper at ing syst em t hat does not have access t o t he r est of t he syst em' s r esour ces, unless access per missions ar e gr ant ed by t he user when t he applicat ion is inst alled. Bef or e inst alling an applicat ion, t he Play St or e displays all r equir ed per missions. A game may need t o enable vibr at ion, f or example, but should not need t o r ead messages or access t he phonebook. Af t er r eviewing t hese per missions, t he user can decide whet her t o inst all t he applicat ion. The sandboxing and per missions syst em weakens t he impact of vulner abilit ies and bugs in applicat ions, but developer conf usion and limit ed document at ion has r esult ed in applicat ions r out inely r equest ing unnecessar y per missions, r educing it s ef f ect iveness. The complexit y of int er -applicat ion communicat ion implies Andr oid may have oppor t unit ies t o r un unaut hor ized code. • Sever al secur it y f ir ms have r eleased ant ivir us sof t war e f or Andr oid devices, in par t icular , Lookout Mobile Secur it y, AVG Technologies,Avast !, F-Secur e, Kasper sky, McAf ee and Symant ec. This sof t war e is inef f ect ive as sandboxing also applies t o such applicat ions, limit ing t heir abilit y t o scan t he deeper syst em f or t hr eat s.
- 17. PRIVACY • Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Foursquare, Latitude, Places, and to deliver location-based ads. • Third party monitoring software such as Taint Droid, an academic research-funded project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent from applications to remote servers. • In March 2012 it was revealed that Android Apps can copy photos without explicit user permission, Google responded they "originally designed the Android photos file system similar to those of other computing platforms like Windows and Mac OS. [...] we're taking another look at this and considering adding a permission for apps to access images. We've always had policies in place to remove any apps [on Google Play] that improperly access your data."
- 18. MARKETING • The Android logotype was designed along with the Droid font family by Ascender Corporation, the robot icon was designed by Irina Blok. • Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[102] The custom typeface of Android is called
- 19. LICENSING • The source code for Android is available under free and open source software licenses. Google publishes most of the code (including network and telephony stacks) under theApache License version 2.0, and the rest, Linux kernel changes, under the GNU General Public License version 2. • The Open Handset Alliance develops the changes to the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times. The rest of Android is developed in private, with source code released publicly when a new version is released. Typically Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device (part of the Google Nexusseries) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source code available after that device has been released.In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only Honeycomb release, the reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom,[ and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets.[ The source code was once again made available in November 2011 with the release of Android 4.0.
- 20. COPYRIGHTS AND PATENTS • Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been the target of numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language. Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected by a federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik. In May 2012 the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable. In addition to lawsuits against Google directly, various proxy wars have been waged against manufacturers of Android devices. Both Apple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing legal action against Samsung being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011 Microsoft said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device manufacturers, whose products account for 55% of the worldwide revenue for Android devices. These include Samsung and HTC. • Google has publicly expressed its dislike for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services. In 2011-2, Google purchased Motorola Mobility for US$12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011 Google bought over a thousand patents from IBM.