The document discusses various neuron models used in artificial neural networks, including the McCulloch-Pitts model, Rosenblatt's perceptron model, and the adaptive linear element (Adaline). The McCulloch-Pitts model is characterized by fixed weights and no learning capability, while Rosenblatt's perceptron allows for weight adjustments and can process non-Boolean inputs. Adaline further improves on these models by optimizing weights and biases to minimize errors through least mean squared error calculations.