Annotated bibliography

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
TEACHING STUDENTS WITH HEARING LOSS
(revised 7-6-08)

Aram, D., Most, T., & Mayafit, H. (2006). Contributions of mother-child storybook telling and joint

writing to literacy development in kindergarteners with hearing loss. Language, Hearing, &

Speech Services in Schools 37 (3), 209-223.

Children with hearing loss born to parents with ordinary hearing have language delays,

adversely impacting literacy. In this study, hearing mothers of kindergarten children with pre-

lingual deafness read or sign to their children from an unfamiliar picture book and then engage

with them in joint writing activities. The data show that improvement in the children's

linguistic and alphabetic abilities is correlated with how interactive and non-dominating the

mothers are with their children during the activities.

Bullis, M., Bull, B., & Johnson, B. (1994). Young adults who are hearing and deaf in a transition

study: Did they and their parents supply similar data? Exceptional Children 60 (4), 323-333.

Many adults who are deaf are employed in menial jobs that do not pay a living wage, or are

chronically unemployed, subsisting on family support, Supplemental Security Income (SSI),

Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT), Section 8, and Medicare or Medicaid. This study

investigates the accuracy and reliability of personal and parental interview procedures used to

assess the transition into adulthood of persons who are deaf, compared to that of people with

ordinary hearing. Improved evaluation of the transition process offers important clues as to

how to upgrade secondary vocational education, access to higher learning, and vocational

rehabilitation for this disability group.

Clark, S. E., Wantz, M. S., & Brey, R. A. (2005). Developing empathy for hearing-impaired

students: Can you hear what I hear? Journal of School Health 75 (2), 72-73.

Children (and adults) with hearing loss are often excluded and teased by their hearing peers,

negatively impacting their academic performance and making truancy tempting. This paper

details a lesson plan, which includes the use of the audiocassette “Unfair Hearing Test.” The

lesson plan is suitable from third grade through adulthood, and conveys to hearing peers an

appreciation for what hearing loss entails, cultivating empathy for the deaf or hard of hearing

(DHH) classmate(s) in their midst.

Colin, S., Magnan, A., Ecalle, J., & Leybaert, J. (2007). Relation between deaf children's

phonological skills in kindergarten and word recognition performance in first grade. Journal of

Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48 (2), 139-146.

Functional illiteracy is a common problem for people who are deaf. This study examines

whether early childhood development of phonological skills through speechreading, residual

hearing, cochlear implants (CI), and cued speech (CS) translates into improved word

recognition in first grade. The experiment also investigates whether the age at which CS had

been introduced makes any difference in first grade reading ability. The data show that

development of phonological skills in kindergarten is possible, and is a reliable predictor for

written word recognition in first grade; and that the earlier CS is started, the better the

phonological skills acquired by the child.

Dodd-Murphy, J., & Mamlin, N. (2002). Minimizing minimal hearing loss in the schools: What

every classroom teacher should know. Preventing School Failure 46 (2), 86-92.

With increased urban noise pollution and listening to loud music, mild hearing loss (MHL) in

children and adolescents is becoming more prevalent. MHL is easily mistaken for learning

disabilities, attention deficit, or emotional and behavioral disturbance, but is often insufficient to

qualify for special education. This paper offers guidance to all classroom teachers about (1)

recognizing the symptoms of MHL, (2) how hearing assessments are performed, (3) classroom

accommodations such as assistive listening devices, and (4) teaching strategies for students with

this underrecognized mild disability.

Hilgenbrinck, J. C., Pyfer, J., & Castle, N. (2004). Students with cochlear implants: Teaching

considerations for physical educators; As more students turn to cochlear implants to remedy

profound hearing loss, teachers need to learn how to accommodate these high-tech devices.

Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance 75 (4), 28-33.

Cochlear implantation (CI) is an elective surgical procedure that can restore a substantial degree

of hearing in cases of severe to profound sensorineural deafness. Nearly half of CI procedures

are performed on children. This paper offers guidelines for physical educators on how to

include students with CI in activities, while avoiding damaging or deprogramming the delicate

devices. Classroom educators can also benefit from the article by learning how the implants

work, and what electronic equipment in the classroom poses a risk of deprogramming them.

Malandraki, G. A., & Okalidou, A. (2007). The application of PECS in a deaf child with autism: a

case study. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 22 (1), 23-32.

Both deafness and autism adversely affect communication; however, very little research has

been conducted regarding when these two disabilities coincide. Moreover, there are no extant

special education programs specifically designed for children harboring both disabilities. This

case study follows a nonverbal boy who is both profoundly deaf and autistic, as he learns to

communicate using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). After the intensive

training, the child substantially improved his communication, affording him complete function

in social settings.

Partington, G., & Galloway, A. (2005). Effective practices in teaching indigenous students with

conductive hearing loss. Childhood Education 82 (2), 101-106.

Many Australian Aborigines speak a tribal language as their first language, and have limited

English proficiency (LEP) similar to that of Hispanics and Asian immigrants in the United

States. Other Australian Aborigines speak an unique dialect of English that is very different

than standard Australian English (SAE), a situation not unlike that of African Americans.

Hearing loss significantly exacerbates both of these classroom language challenges. This paper

offers research-based teaching strategies for Aborigines with conductive hearing loss (CHL),

which are applicable to peoples of color with hearing problems in the United States.

Schick, B., Villiers, P. de, Villiers, J. de, & Hoffmeister, R. (2007). Language and theory of mind: A

study of deaf children. Child Development 78 (2), 376-396.

Children who are deaf born to parents with ordinary hearing have language delays, while such

children born to deaf parents have no delays because they are exposed to sign from birth. This

study investigates the role of language in the development of theory of mind (ToM). The data

show that deaf children of hearing parents have delays in ToM, while deaf children of deaf

parents have the same ToM as children with ordinary hearing. The experiment clearly

demonstrates that language is central to ToM, and that delays in ToM are caused by language

delays, and not by the disability itself.

Schirmer, B. R., Bailey, J., & Fitzgerald, S. M. (1999). Using a writing assessment rubric for

writing development of children who are deaf. Exceptional Children 65 (3), 383-397.

Writing in standard American English is very difficult for children whose primary language is

American Sign Language (ASL). This study, conducted at a state residential institution,

investigates whether establishing a metacognitive writing self-assessment rubric at the middle

school level would be an effective teaching strategy for this disability group. The data show

that the rubric significantly improves the selection of topic, content, story development, and

organization. However, the strategy fails to improve text structure, voice and audience, word

choice, sentence structure, and mechanics.

Contributions of mother-child storybook telling and joint writing to literacy
development in kindergartners with hearing loss.
Aram, Dorit, Tova Most, and Hanny Mayafit. "Contributions of mother-child storybook telling and
joint writing to literacy development in kindergartners with hearing loss. " Language, Speech, &
Hearing Services in Schools. 37 (July 2006): 209(15). Academic OneFile. Gale. University of
Tennessee Martin. 13 June 2008
<http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-
Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A168090701&source=gale&srcprod
=AONE&userGroupName=tel_a_pml&version=1.0>.

Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2006 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
ABSTRACT: Purpose: This study investigated mother-child storybook telling and joint writing as
predictors of early literacy among kindergartners with hearing loss.
Method: Participants were 30 Israeli kindergartners with hearing loss and their mothers. Early literacy
assessments tapped children's alphabetic skills (e.g., word writing, word recognition, and letter
knowledge) and linguistic skills (e.g., phonological awareness, general knowledge, and receptive
vocabulary). Each mother told her child the story of a wordless book and helped her child write words.
Both interactions were videotaped and analyzed.
Results: Our major findings showed that maternal storybook telling correlated with linguistic skills, and
maternal writing mediation correlated with basic alphabetic skills. A series of 3-step hierarchical
regression analyses revealed that beyond children's age, children's degree of hearing loss, and joint
writing, storybook telling predicted children's phonological awareness (22%), general knowledge
(28%), and receptive vocabulary (18%). Beyond children's age, children's degree of hearing loss, and
storybook telling, joint writing predicted word writing (15%), word recognition (31%), and letter
knowledge (36%).
Implications: Recommendations focused on encouraging parent and teacher awareness about the
differential contributions of storybook telling and writing mediation to early literacy. We also
advocated enhancing parents' skills for promoting children's literacy.
KEY WORDS: children with hearing loss, early literacy, storybook telling, writing interactions,
parental mediation
**********
This study investigated the characteristics of mother-child literacy mediation--storybook telling and
joint word writing--for kindergartners with hearing loss. Mediated learning is experienced when the
environment is mediated to the child by a person who takes an active role in making components of the
environment compatible with the child's conceptions. Effective mediation occurs when the parent
provides guidance according to his or her child's competence and gradually withdraws the support and
lets the child perform more independently (Feuerstein, 1980). Mothers interact daily with their young
children, and these interactions contain elements of teaching that may provide a basis for later
outcomes, including school successes and failures (e.g., Kelly, Morisset, Barnard, & Hmmond, 1996).
Parental literacy mediation, which introduces children to written language in their home environment,
constitutes a central factor in the development of early literacy (Hiebert & Adams, 1987; Rogoff,
1990). Children share with their parents a variety of literacy-related activities that may enhance the
children's literacy skills. Family conversations, reading environmental print, storybook reading, joint

Young adults who are hearing and deaf in a transition study: did they and their
parents supply similar data?
Bullis, Michael, Bruce Bull, Brian Johnson, and Dawn Peters. "Young adults who are hearing and deaf
in a transition study: did they and their parents supply similar data?. ." Exceptional
Children. 60.n4 (Feb 1994): 323(11). Academic OneFile. Gale. University of Tennessee Martin. 13
June 2008
Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A14858482&source=gale&srcprod=
AONE&userGroupName=tel_a_pml&version=1.0>.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT: We surveyed young adults who are deaf and a comparison sample of peers without
hearing loss--and the parents of both groups--about school-to-community transition experiences. We
were interested in whether parents and their hearing or deaf children provided similar responses to the
same questions on the survey. Agreement between the parent's and their son or daughter's responses to
questions on selected transition variables was examined through different agreement indexes. Findings
and procedures that should be employed when studying the transition experiences of persons who are
deaf are discussed.

Full Text:COPYRIGHT 1994 Council for Exceptional Children
Researchers have conducted many studies at the federal, state, and local levels to describe the school-
to-community transition experiences of people with disabilities. Many investigators have also
attempted to isolate variables that are predictive of success in community adjustment. These
investigations usually employed some variation of the survey research method (Halpern, 1990).
Researchers typically use four data sources to gain this information: (a) only a parent or guardian is
queried about their son or daughter's transition experiences; (b) people with disabilities are asked
directly about their experiences; (c) a parent and the son or daughter may be asked to supply
information together about different aspects of the transition process (e.g., the parent will comment on
the family's socioeconomic status, and the person with disabilities will provide information on his or
her work experiences); and (d) depending on who can be located and involved in the data collection
effort, either the parent or the person with disabilities is queried and input is integrated into one data set
(i.e., because it may be impossible to find a certain individual, his or her parent will be interviewed and
these data treated the same as data gathered directly from other respondents with disabilities). Many
published transition studies rely on parent interviews as the sole data source (e.g., Neel, Meadows,
Levine, & Edgar, 1988) or mix both parent and student data (e.g., Hasazi, Gordon, & Roe, 1985) to
create one "integrated" data set.
Information on the school-to-community transition of people with disabilities can only be as good as it
is accurate, and it may well be that asking different people the same question yields different answers.
If the information from the two sources (parent and son or daughter) can be shown to be equivalent, it
may be appropriate to rely on parent data or to substitute parent responses for their son's or daughter's
responses. What if the two sets of information, however, are incongruent? If the data sets are not
equivalent, questions can be raised about the veracity of investigations relying on one or another data
source (e.g., using parent data only), or integrated data sets. This problem is essentially an issue of
interjudge agreement. For example, investigations have examined the agreement of parents and their
son or daughter who exhibited antisocial behaviors on specific questions related to adult adjustment

Developing empathy for hearing-impaired students: can you hear what I hear?
(Teaching Techniques)
Clark, Susan E., Molly S. Wantz, and Rebecca A. Brey. "Developing empathy for hearing-impaired
students: can you hear what I hear?. ." Journal of School Health. 75.2 (Feb 2005): 72(3). Academic
OneFile. Gale. University of Tennessee Martin. 13 June 2008
Abstract:
Materials and Resources
The Unfair Hearing Test audiocassette tape, audiocassette tape player, a sheet of paper with three
columns numbered from 1-10, and writing utensils.
Grade Level
3-12. May be adapted for college-level and preservice educators.
Objectives
After participating in the Unfair Hearing Test exercise, students will be able to:
1. Explain two feelings they had when they could not hear well.
2. Name one way hearing-impaired students may be excluded from normal classroom activity.
3. Identify one way students may compensate for hearing loss.
4. Write one paragraph about how their world would be different if they had hearing loss.
5. Describe two ways they could work more effectively with a student with a hearing loss.

Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2005 American School Health Association
Introduction
Hearing loss in school-aged children may be problematic for both the individual student and the
teacher. Millions of dollars are spent each year for treating a health condition called otitis media (OM).
Otitis media, the most common cause of hearing loss, affects approximately 5% of children under age
18 experience a hearing loss. In the United States, three of every 1,000 children have educationally
significant hearing loss. (4) While many hearing-impaired students develop compensation skills,
classmates need to be aware of the challenges of poor hearing and how even a subtle hearing loss can
impact lives.
Content Information for Teachers
Any or all of the following content may be shared with students. The amount and depth of information
shared depends on the age of the students and the intent of the teacher. Content information may be
taught before or after the Unfair Hearing Test.

Record: 1
Title:
Relation between deaf children's phonological skills in kindergarten and word recognition
performance in first grade.
Authors:
Colin, S.1,2 Stephanie.Colin@univ-lyon2.fr
Magnan, A.1
Ecalle, J.1
Leybaert, J.2
Source:
Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry; Feb2007, Vol. 48 Issue 2, p139-146, 8p, 4 charts
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*CHILD psychology
*CHILD psychiatry
*DEAFNESS
*CUED speech
*KINDERGARTEN
Author-Supplied Keywords:
cued speech
Deafness
longitudinal study
phonological skills
reading development
NAICS/Industry Codes611110 Elementary and Secondary Schools
Abstract:
Background: The aim of the present study was twofold: 1) to determine whether phonological
skills measured in deaf prereaders predict their later phonological and reading skills after one
year of reading instruction as is the case for hearing children; 2) to examine whether the age of
exposure to a fully specified phonological input such as Cued Speech may explain the inter-
individual differences observed in deaf children's phonological and word recognition levels.
Method: Twenty-one 6-year-old deaf prereaders and 21 hearing children of the same
chronological age performed two phonological tasks (rhyme decision and generation tasks); they
were re-assessed 12 months later and presented with other phonological tasks (rhyme decision
and common unit identification tasks) and a written word choice test. Results: Phonological skills
measured before learning to read predicted the written word recognition score the following year,
both for hearing and for deaf participants. Age of onset of exposure to Cued Speech was also a
strong predictor of phonological and written word recognition scores in beginning deaf readers.
Conclusions: The evidence broadly supports the idea of a capacity for acquiring phonological
skills in deaf children. Deaf children who are able to develop an implicitly structured
phonological knowledge before learning to read will be better readers when this knowledge
becomes explicit under the pressure of reading instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Minimizing minimal hearing loss in the schools: what every classroom teacher should
know.
Dodd-Murphy, Jeanne, and Nancy Mamlin. "Minimizing minimal hearing loss in the schools: what
every classroom teacher should know. " Preventing School Failure. 46.2 (Wntr
2002): 86(7). Academic OneFile. Gale. University of Tennessee Martin. 13 June 2008

Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2002 Heldref Publications
Educators as well as other professionals have long been aware of the serious impact of moderate to
profound hearing loss on children's development. In the past 20 years, a growing amount of attention
has been focused on children with a degree of hearing loss classified as "minimal" (Bess, 1985; Bess,
Dodd-Murphy, & Parker, 1998; Bess & Tharpe, 1984; Flexer, 1996; Oyler & Matkin, 1988). For a
significant number of children with minimal heating loss (MHL), this classification is misleading.
Investigations have linked MHL to decreased speech recognition in noise, higher grade failure rates,
poorer performance on basic skills tests, lower teacher ratings in areas such as communication and
attention, and even impaired social-emotional function (Bess et al., 1998; Blair, 1977; Blair, Peterson,
& Viehweg, 1985; Crandell, 1993; Dancer, Burl, & Water, 1995; Davis, Elfenbein, Schum, & Bentler,
1986; Ross & Giolas, 1971). The prevalence of MHL has been estimated at close to 9% in a general
school population (Bess et al., 1998), making it likely that students with MHL are in nearly every
classroom. Most of the research on MHL has been published in journals directed primarily towards
audiologists and other hearing health care professionals. Clearly, teachers in regular classroom settings
also require up-to-date information about this population. Accordingly, in this article, we discuss the
problem of MHL, its prevalence, and the effects of MHL in school children and provide practical
suggestions for classroom teachers working with students with MHL.
MHL can take a number of different forms. One type, minimal sensorineural hearing loss (MSHL),
caused by dysfunction of the inner ear, is typically permanent and is of primary concern.
Configurations of MSHL may include slight to mild bilateral loss, unilateral loss, or high-frequency
loss (see Figure 1 for examples). A second type of heating loss considered minimal is conductive
(caused by dysfunction of the outer and/or middle ear). Conductive losses are temporary and can be
treated medically, but are sometimes present over a long period. These losses can be unilateral or
bilateral and can fluctuate in severity depending on the status of the outer or middle ear.
Many children who have MHL do not qualify for special education services. Teachers in regular
classrooms are likely to have children with these milder forms of hearing loss as students. In fact, a
recent study of MHL showed that out of over 1200 children, 5.4% demonstrated MSHL and another
3.4% showed conductive hearing loss, for a total of nearly 9% (Bess et al., 1998). Unilateral hearing
loss was the most common configuration among the MSHL identified, with a 3.0% of the total sample.
The proportion of high-frequency and slight bilateral sensorineural loss tended to rise slightly with
grade level, presumably because of the addition of children who acquired permanent heating losses due
to factors such as noise exposure.
Developmental Effects of Minimal Hearing Loss
The secondary effects on children's academic and social development associated with MHL are thought
to be a result of the student's difficultie understanding speech under adverse listening conditions. Under
ideal conditions in a quiet room with the child close to and facing the speaker, students with MHL may

Students with cochlear implants: teaching considerations for physical educators; As
more students turn to cochlear implants to remedy profound hearing loss, teachers
need to learn how to accommodate these high-tech devices.
Hilgenbrinck, Linda C., Jean Pyfer, and Nancy Castle. "Students with cochlear implants: teaching
considerations for physical educators; As more students turn to cochlear implants to remedy profound
hearing loss, teachers need to learn how to accommodate these high-tech devices. " JOPERD--The
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 75.4 (April 2004): 28(6). Academic

Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2004 American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and
Dance (AAHPERD)
Seventy percent or more of all children who are deaf or hard of hearing are educated in public school
programs (Holden-Pitt & Diaz, 1997). Although these children are included in general physical
education classes, there is minimal literature regarding deaf children, and particularly deaf children
with cochlear implants, in physical education settings (Stewart & Ellis, 1999).
Cochlear implants (figure 1) are devices that replace part or all of a person's inner ear, when that
organ's malfunction is causing a severe to profound hearing loss (Koch, 1996). Cochlear implant
procedures are designed to improve or augment the implant user's communication. Implants enable
auditory nerve fibers to remain functional even when the hair cells in the inner ear cochlea are damaged
or reduced in number (Koch, 1996). Unlike hearing aids, which simply amplify or make sound louder,
cochlear implants increase the user's opportunity to perceive sound by stimulating nerve fibers and hair
cells in the cochlea. The perceived sound and speech are then altered to electrical signals that travel, via
the auditory nerve, to the brain for interpretation.
Although cochlear implants are not appropriate for all children who are deaf or hard of hearing, the
Food and Drug Administration approved this elective surgical procedure in 1990 for children between
the ages of two and 17 years. Cochlear implantation has occurred in approximately 60,000 individuals
worldwide in the last 20 years. Nearly half of those who have received the implant are children (Gates
& Maimed, 2003). Roughly 3,000 new devices are being implanted annually (Koch, 1996).
In a special issue of The NAD Broadcaster, a publication of the National Association of the Deaf
(NAD), the topic of cochlear implantation was debated, and leaders of NAD recognized that there is a
"growing use of cochlear implants" (Bloch, 2001, p. 1). The NAD sentiment regarding children in
mainstream placements reflected that "frequently [children] do not receive the benefit of direct
communication and support services that are so critical to academic and extracurricular success"
(NAD, 2001, p. 9). There is also concern that the amount of emphasis placed on the implant may
actually detract from the overall developmental needs of the child (Innes, 2001). Regardless of what
type of implant model is used, or the array of programming and services provided, there must be an
awareness and focus placed on the full development of the individual child's intellectual, physical, and
psychosocial abilities and needs (Innes, 2001). For the student with a cochlear implant, these
statements concerning his or her physical development and participation in extracurricular activities
certainly highlight the importance of a quality physical education program. The information presented
in this article is designed to inform physical educators of a variety of teaching considerations when
engaging a student with a cochlear implant in a physical education classroom.

Record: 1
Title:
The Application of PECS in a Deaf Child With Autism: A Case Study.
Authors:
Malandraki, Georgia A.1 okalidou@uom.gr
Okalidou, Areti2
Source:
Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities; Spring2007, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p23-32, 10p,
5 charts, 1 illustration
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*HEARING impaired children
*DEAF
*DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities
*AUTISM
*DEAF children
*ANALYSIS of variance
*MATHEMATICAL statistics
*EXPERIMENTAL design
Abstract:
A 10-year-old nonverbal Greek boy, C.Z., who had been diagnosed with both bilateral
sensorineural profound hearing loss and autism, was taught to use the Picture Exchange
Communication System (PECS), with some modifications and extensions, over a 4-month
intensive intervention period. C.Z.'s original communication and behavioral status as well as the
PECS application process are presented, along with the communicative, language, and
psychosocial outcomes following the intervention program. Follow-up data were collected 6
months post. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)
Author Affiliations:
1Candidate, Speech—Language Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2Assistant Professor, Speech—Language Pathology, Macedonia University
ISSN:
10883576
Accession Number:
24418851
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Effective practices in teaching indigenous students with conductive hearing loss.
Partington, Gary, and Ann Galloway. "Effective practices in teaching indigenous students with
conductive hearing loss. " Childhood Education. 82.2 (Winter 2005): 101(6). Academic

Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2005 Association for Childhood Education International
Hearing impairment due to conductive hearing loss can have a devastating effect on children's language
development, and consequently educational outcomes, especially for Indigenous students, for whom
there may be the additional issue of being educated in their second or third language. With appropriate
interventions, however, Indigenous students with conductive hearing loss can achieve high standards of
written literacy and do well at school. This article will outline some of the key findings to date from a
longitudinal study (1) investigating effective teaching strategies to improve the literacy, and hence
educational, outcomes of Australian Indigenous students with conductive hearing loss (CHL). Drawing
on both qualitative and quantitative data, the research has identified a number of teaching strategies that
are likely to assist in improving educational outcomes (especially in relation to early literacy skills) and
examined the influence of the broader school environment.
One common cause of hearing impairment in children worldwide is conductive hearing loss (CHL) as a
consequence of otitis media (OM) during the preschool years, especially for indigenous children (2)
(Higgins, 1997; W. A. Otitis Media Group, 1993). Among Australian Indigenous children, the incidence
of conductive hearing loss as a result of otitis media (middle ear disease) ranks among the highest in
the world (McPherson & Knox, 1992), and up to 70 percent of children are likely to be affected
(Couzos, Metcalf, & Murray, 2001). The prevalence of otitis media/conductive hearing loss in urban
Australian Indigenous children is higher than in the general population and children in remote areas are
at even greater risk (Couzos et al., 2001).
Otitis media/conductive hearing loss occurs earlier, lasts longer, and recurs more frequently among
Australian Indigenous children than among other populations (Boswell, 1997; Kelly & Weeks, 1991).
These children may have their first bout of otitis media soon after birth and continue to experience the
disease throughout childhood. This is a critical time for acquisition of language, communication skills,
and literacy skills.
Language Development of Children With Conductive Hearing Loss

Conductive hearing loss has a negative effect on language development. One significant contributing
factor is its fluctuating condition, meaning children receive variable input rather than a consistent
model of language (Walker & Wigglesworth, 2001). Further, conductive hearing loss can affect
children's development of auditory discrimination and processing skills, phonological awareness, short-
term auditory memory skills, and auditory sequential memory skills (Nienhuys & Burnip, 1988; NSW
Health Department Working Party on Ear Disease in Aboriginal Children, 1996). Ultimately, this
affects the ability of a child to perform well in tasks requiring literacy and numeracy skills. This, in
turn, may cause children to become disinterested in school and attend school less regularly.
Consequently, they become less adept at recognizing classroom routines and less able to use the
contextualized cues that arise from familiarity with those routines to enhance comprehension. This can
affect not only schoolwork but also social interaction, leading to inappropriate social behavior, and

other negative behaviors such as irritability, disobedience, distractibility, and overactivity, which, in
turn, can lead to social isolation (Lowell, 1993). The correlates of this affliction, therefore, include
Record: 1
Title:
Language and Theory of Mind: A Study of Deaf Children.
Authors:
Schick, Brenda1 Brenda.Schick@colorado.edu
De Villiers, Jill2
De Villiers, Peter2
Hoffmeister, Robert3
Source:
Child Development; Mar/Apr2007, Vol. 78 Issue 2, p376-396, 21p, 7 charts, 2 graphs
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*PHILOSOPHY of mind
*AMERICAN Sign Language
*HEARING disorders in children
*VOCABULARY
*DEAF parents
Abstract:
Theory-of-mind (ToM) abilities were studied in 176 deaf children aged 3 years 11 months to 8
years 3 months who use either American Sign Language (ASL) or oral English, with hearing
parents or deaf parents. A battery of tasks tapping understanding of false belief and knowledge
state and language skills, ASL or English, was given to each child. There was a significant delay
on ToM tasks in deaf children of hearing parents, who typically demonstrate language delays,
regardless of whether they used spoken English or ASL. In contrast, deaf children from deaf
families performed identically to same-aged hearing controls ( N=42). Both vocabulary and
understanding syntactic complements were significant independent predictors of success on
verbal and low-verbal ToM tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Author Affiliations:
1University of Colorado
2Smith College
3Boston University
ISSN:
00093920
DOI:
10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x
Accession Number:

24440678

Using a Writing Assessment Rubric for Writing Development of Children Who Are
Deaf.
SCHIRMER, BARBARA R., JILL BAILEY, and SHAWN M. FITZGERALD. "Using a Writing
Assessment Rubric for Writing Development of Children Who Are Deaf. " Exceptional
Children. 65.3 (Spring 1999): 383(1). Academic OneFile. Gale. University of Tennessee Martin. 13
June 2008
Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to explore whether a writing assessment rubric could be used as an
effective teaching strategy with children who are deaf. From September through June, the teacher
evaluated the students' compositions using a writing assessment rubric. From fall to spring, the fifth
and seventh graders showed significant improvement in four writing qualities and no significant
improvement in five qualities. Ail of the compositions reflected the students' ability to use language
functionally both interpersonally and intrapersonally. As an instructional strategy, teachers can
individualize rubrics by student, class, age level, genre, or assignment to target the developmental
needs of students who are deaf and other students with special needs.

Full Text:COPYRIGHT 1999 Council for Exceptional Children
Writing typically presents a tremendous challenge to children who are deaf. When writing, children
must be able to manipulate the syntactic and morphological structures of the language in order to
express themselves. For children with a hearing loss who are not fluent in spoken English or a face-to-
face form of English in sign language, the task is daunting. Both hearing children and children who are
deaf begin to develop as readers and writers from the point in early childhood when they become aware
of print in their environment and the uses of print by significant individuals in their lives. Preschool
children who are deaf have been found to demonstrate developmentally appropriate knowledge and
understanding of written language and uses of literacy even when language acquisition is delayed when
compared to hearing children (Rottenberg & Searfoss, 1992; Williams, 1994; Williams & McLean,
1997). However, as children who are deaf are engaged in formal reading and writing instruction in
school, delayed English language development appears to impact literacy development (Holt, 1993;
LaSasso & Mobley, 1997; Wolk & Allen, 1984).
Traditional approaches for teaching writing are sometimes referred to as product approaches because
they focus the teacher's and child's attention on how well the child's completed compositions represent
the skills and rules he or she has been taught and given opportunities to practice. These approaches
were popular in education until the whole language movement of the 1980s, when process writing
approaches emerged (Graves, 1983; Tompkins, 1994). Process writing approaches focus the teacher's
and child's attention on the child's thinking, from inception of idea to completed composition. For
example, in Writers Workshop, a popular instructional model that reflects the process approach,
children are encouraged to engage in all stages of the writing process (i.e., planning, drafting, revising,
and editing), to write about self-selected topics at their own pace, and to determine whether any given
composition will be completed and shared with an audience. In this model, little instructional time is
devoted to teaching children the rules, conventions, or qualities of writing. Instead, children are

expected to develop increasingly sophisticated notions about writing through sharing their writing and

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