ANSYS Mechanical APDL Modeling And Meshing Guide Copyright And Trademark Information

ANSYS Mechanical APDL Modeling and
Meshing Guide
Release 13.0
ANSYS,Inc.
November 2010
Southpointe
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Canonsburg,PA 15317 ANSYS,Inc.is
certified to ISO
9001:2008.
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Table of Contents
1.Understanding Model Generation .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1.What Is Model Generation? ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2.Typical Steps Involved in Model Generation Within ANSYS ................................................................. 1
1.2.1. Comparing Solid Modeling and Direct Generation .................................................................... 2
1.2.1.1. Solid Modeling ................................................................................................................ 2
1.2.1.2. Direct Generation ............................................................................................................ 3
1.3. Importing Solid Models Created in CAD systems ............................................................................... 3
2. Planning Your Approach ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Choosing a Model Type (2-D, 3-D, etc.) ............................................................................................... 5
2.2. Choosing Between Linear and Higher Order Elements ....................................................................... 6
2.2.1.Linear Elements (No Midside Nodes) ......................................................................................... 6
2.2.2. Quadratic Elements (Midside Nodes) ........................................................................................ 7
2.3. Limitations on Joining Different Elements ....................................................................................... 10
2.4. Finding Ways to Take Advantage of Symmetry ................................................................................. 11
2.4.1.Some Comments on Axisymmetric Structures ......................................................................... 11
2.4.1.1. Some Special Requirements for Axisymmetric Models .................................................... 11
2.4.1.2. Some Further Hints and Restrictions .............................................................................. 12
2.5.Determining How Much Detail to Include ........................................................................................ 12
2.6. Determining the Appropriate Mesh Density .................................................................................... 13
3. Coordinate Systems .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.1. Global and Local Coordinate Systems .............................................................................................. 15
3.1.1. Global Coordinate Systems ..................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2. Local Coordinate Systems ....................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3.The Active Coordinate System ................................................................................................ 18
3.1.4. Surfaces ................................................................................................................................. 18
3.1.5. Closed Surfaces and Surface Singularities ............................................................................... 20
3.2.Display Coordinate System .............................................................................................................. 21
3.3. Nodal Coordinate Systems .............................................................................................................. 21
3.3.1. Data Interpreted in the Nodal Coordinate System ................................................................... 23
3.4.Element Coordinate Systems ........................................................................................................... 23
3.5.The Results Coordinate System ........................................................................................................ 24
4. Using Working Planes ........................................................................................................................... 25
4.1. Creating a Working Plane ................................................................................................................ 26
4.1.1.Defining a New Working Plane ................................................................................................ 26
4.1.2. Controlling the Display and Style of the Working Plane ........................................................... 26
4.1.3. Moving the Working Plane ..................................................................................................... 27
4.1.4. Rotating the Working Plane .................................................................................................... 27
4.1.5.Recreating a Previously-defined Working Plane ....................................................................... 27
4.2.Working Plane Enhancements ......................................................................................................... 28
4.2.1.Snap Increment ...................................................................................................................... 28
4.2.2. Display Grid ........................................................................................................................... 29
4.2.3. Retrieval Tolerance ................................................................................................................. 29
4.2.4. Coordinate Type ..................................................................................................................... 29
4.2.5.Working Plane Tracking .......................................................................................................... 30
5. Solid Modeling ...................................................................................................................................... 33
5.1. An Overview of Solid Modeling Operations ..................................................................................... 33
5.2. Creating Your Solid Model from the Bottom Up ............................................................................... 37
5.2.1.Keypoints ............................................................................................................................... 38
5.2.2. Hard Points ............................................................................................................................ 40
5.2.3. Lines ...................................................................................................................................... 41
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of ANSYS,Inc.and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

5.2.4. Areas ..................................................................................................................................... 45
5.2.5.Volumes ................................................................................................................................. 48
5.2.5.1. Extruding Volumes ........................................................................................................ 50
5.2.5.2. Sweeping Volumes ........................................................................................................ 51
5.3. Creating Your Solid Model from the Top Down: Primitives ................................................................ 52
5.3.1. Creating Area Primitives ......................................................................................................... 52
5.3.2.Creating Volume Primitives ..................................................................................................... 53
5.3.2.1. Creating a Torus or Toroidal Sector ................................................................................. 54
5.4. Sculpting Your Model with Boolean Operations ............................................................................... 56
5.4.1.Boolean Operation Settings .................................................................................................... 56
5.4.2. Entity Numbering After Boolean Operations ........................................................................... 58
5.4.3. Intersect ................................................................................................................................ 58
5.4.3.1.Illustrations of Intersection Operations ........................................................................... 58
5.4.4. Pairwise Intersect ................................................................................................................... 61
5.4.4.1. Illustrations of Pairwise Intersection Operations ............................................................. 61
5.4.5. Add ....................................................................................................................................... 63
5.4.5.1.Illustrations of Addition Operations ................................................................................ 63
5.4.6. Subtract ................................................................................................................................. 64
5.4.6.1. Illustrations of Subtraction Operations ........................................................................... 66
5.4.7.Working Plane Subtract .......................................................................................................... 71
5.4.7.1. Illustrations of Working Plane Subtraction Operations .................................................... 72
5.4.8. Classify .................................................................................................................................. 73
5.4.9. Overlap .................................................................................................................................. 74
5.4.9.1. Illustrations of Overlap Operations ................................................................................. 74
5.4.10. Partition ............................................................................................................................... 75
5.4.10.1. Illustrations of Partition Operations .............................................................................. 75
5.4.11. Glue (or Merge) .................................................................................................................... 76
5.4.11.1. Illustrations of Glue Operations .................................................................................... 76
5.4.12.Alternatives to Boolean Operations ....................................................................................... 77
5.5. Updating after Boolean Operations ................................................................................................. 78
5.6.Moving and Copying Solid Model Entities ........................................................................................ 79
5.6.1. Generating Entities from a Pattern .......................................................................................... 80
5.6.2. Generating Entities by Symmetry Reflection ........................................................................... 80
5.6.3.Transferring a Pattern of Entities to a Coordinate System ......................................................... 81
5.7. Scaling Solid Model Entities ............................................................................................................ 81
5.8. Solid Model Loads .......................................................................................................................... 82
5.8.1.Transferring Solid Model Loads ............................................................................................... 82
5.8.2.Displaying Load Symbols ........................................................................................................ 83
5.8.3.Turning Off Large Symbols for Node and Keypoint Locations ................................................... 83
5.8.4. Selecting a Format for the Graphical Display of Numbers ........................................................ 83
5.8.5. Listing Solid Model Loads ....................................................................................................... 84
5.9. Mass and Inertia Calculations .......................................................................................................... 85
5.10. Considerations and Cautions for Solid Modeling ............................................................................ 85
5.10.1.Representation of Solid Model Entities .................................................................................. 85
5.10.2.When a Boolean Operation Fails ............................................................................................ 86
5.10.2.1. Degeneracies .............................................................................................................. 86
5.10.3. Graphically Identifying Degeneracies .................................................................................... 87
5.10.4. Listing the Keypoints Associated with Degeneracies ............................................................. 87
5.10.4.1. Discontinuities ............................................................................................................ 90
5.10.4.2. Other Causes of Boolean Failures ................................................................................. 91
5.10.5. Some Suggested Corrective Actions ..................................................................................... 91
5.10.6. Other Hints .......................................................................................................................... 93
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ANSYS Mechanical APDL Modeling and Meshing Guide

5.10.6.1. Avoid Regions that Cross over Themselves ................................................................... 93
5.10.6.2.Use ANSYS Parameters ................................................................................................. 93
5.10.6.3. Consider Alternatives to Boolean Commands ............................................................... 93
5.10.6.4.Work with Lower-Dimension Constructions .................................................................. 94
5.10.6.5. Create Complex Models in Pieces ................................................................................. 94
5.10.6.6. Don't Forget to SAVE ................................................................................................... 95
5.10.6.7.Tessellation Errors ........................................................................................................ 95
6. Importing Solid Models from IGES Files ............................................................................................... 97
6.1.Working With IGES Files ................................................................................................................... 97
6.1.1.Using the SMOOTH Method .................................................................................................... 97
6.1.1.1. Importing IGES files using the SMOOTH Method ............................................................ 97
6.1.1.2. Guidelines for Using the SMOOTH Method ..................................................................... 97
6.1.1.2.1.While Building the Model in the CAD System ......................................................... 98
6.1.1.2.2.While Writing the IGES File From the CAD Program ................................................ 98
6.1.1.2.3.While Reading the IGES File into ANSYS: ................................................................ 98
6.1.1.2.4.While Writing an IGES File from ANSYS: .................................................................. 98
7. Generating the Mesh ........................................................................................................................... 101
7.1. Free or Mapped Mesh ................................................................................................................... 101
7.2. Setting Element Attributes ............................................................................................................ 102
7.2.1. Creating Tables of Element Attributes ................................................................................... 102
7.2.2.Assigning Element Attributes Before Meshing ....................................................................... 103
7.2.2.1.Assigning Attributes Directly to the Solid Model Entities ............................................... 104
7.2.2.2. Assigning Default Attributes ........................................................................................ 104
7.2.2.3.Automatic Selection of the Dimensionally Correct Element Type ................................... 104
7.2.2.4.Defining a Variable Thickness at Nodes ......................................................................... 105
7.3.Mesh Controls ............................................................................................................................... 107
7.3.1.The MeshTool ....................................................................................................................... 107
7.3.2. Element Shape ..................................................................................................................... 108
7.3.2.1. A Note About Degenerate Element Shapes .................................................................. 108
7.3.2.2. Element Shape Specification ........................................................................................ 109
7.3.2.2.1.Command Method .............................................................................................. 109
7.3.2.2.2. GUI Method (Via the MeshTool) ........................................................................... 109
7.3.3. Choosing Free or Mapped Meshing ...................................................................................... 110
7.3.4. Controlling Placement of Midside Nodes .............................................................................. 111
7.3.5. Smart Element Sizing for Free Meshing ................................................................................. 111
7.3.5.1.The Advantages of SmartSizing .................................................................................... 112
7.3.5.2. SmartSizing Controls - Basic versus Advanced .............................................................. 112
7.3.5.2.1. Basic Controls ..................................................................................................... 112
7.3.5.2.2. Advanced Controls .............................................................................................. 113
7.3.5.3.Interaction with Other Mesh Controls ........................................................................... 114
7.3.6. Default Element Sizes for Mapped Meshing .......................................................................... 114
7.3.7. Local Mesh Controls ............................................................................................................. 116
7.3.8. Interior Mesh Controls .......................................................................................................... 118
7.3.8.1. Controlling Mesh Expansion ........................................................................................ 118
7.3.8.2. Controlling Mesh Transitioning .................................................................................... 119
7.3.8.3. Controlling Which Mesher the Program Uses ................................................................ 120
7.3.8.3.1. Surface Meshing Options .................................................................................... 120
7.3.8.3.2.Tetrahedral Element Meshing Options ................................................................. 123
7.3.8.4. Controlling Tetrahedral Element Improvement ............................................................. 124
7.3.9. Creating Transitional Pyramid Elements ................................................................................ 124
7.3.9.1.Situations in Which the Program Can Create Transitional Pyramids ................................ 124
7.3.9.2.Prerequisites for Automatic Creation of Transitional Pyramid Elements .......................... 125
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7.3.10.Converting Degenerate Tetrahedral Elements to Their Nondegenerate Forms ...................... 126
7.3.10.1.Benefits of Converting Degenerate Tetrahedral Elements ............................................ 126
7.3.10.2.Performing a Conversion ............................................................................................ 127
7.3.10.3. Other Characteristics of Degenerate Tetrahedral Element Conversions ........................ 128
7.3.11.Doing Layer Meshing .......................................................................................................... 128
7.3.12. Setting Layer Meshing Controls via the GUI ......................................................................... 128
7.3.13. Setting Layer Meshing Controls via Commands ................................................................... 130
7.3.14. Listing Layer Mesh Specifications on Lines .......................................................................... 131
7.4.Controls Used for Free and Mapped Meshing ................................................................................. 131
7.4.1. Free Meshing ....................................................................................................................... 131
7.4.1.1.Fan Type Meshing and the TARGE170 Element .............................................................. 132
7.4.1.1.1.Conditions for Fan Type Meshing ......................................................................... 132
7.4.2. Mapped Meshing ................................................................................................................ 133
7.4.2.1.Area Mapped Meshing ................................................................................................. 133
7.4.2.1.1. Line Divisions for Mapped Meshing ..................................................................... 134
7.4.2.1.2. Line Concatenation ............................................................................................. 135
7.4.2.1.3. Simplified Area Mapped Meshing ........................................................................ 136
7.4.2.1.4.Transition Mapped Quadrilateral Meshing ........................................................... 137
7.4.2.1.5.Transition Mapped Triangle Meshing ................................................................... 138
7.4.2.2.Volume Mapped Meshing ............................................................................................ 139
7.4.2.2.1. Area Concatenation ............................................................................................ 140
7.4.2.2.2.Transition Mapped Hexahedral Meshing .............................................................. 141
7.4.2.3. Some Notes about Concatenated Lines and Areas ........................................................ 144
7.5. Meshing Your Solid Model ............................................................................................................. 145
7.5.1.Generating the Mesh Using xMESH Commands ..................................................................... 145
7.5.2.Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes ................................................................. 146
7.5.2.1. How the Program Determines the Location of Orientation Nodes ................................. 146
7.5.2.2.Benefits of Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes ....................................................... 146
7.5.2.3. Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes ........................................................ 147
7.5.2.4.Examples of Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes ..................................................... 148
7.5.2.5.Other Considerations for Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes .................................. 150
7.5.3.Generating a Volume Mesh From Facets ................................................................................ 151
7.5.4. Additional Considerations for Using xMESH Commands ........................................................ 152
7.5.5. Generating a Volume Mesh By Sweeping .............................................................................. 152
7.5.5.1. Benefits of Volume Sweeping ....................................................................................... 152
7.5.5.2.What to Do Before You Sweep a Volume ....................................................................... 152
7.5.5.3.Invoking the Volume Sweeper ...................................................................................... 155
7.5.5.4. Strategies for Avoiding Shape Failures During Volume Sweeping .................................. 156
7.5.5.5. Other Characteristics of Volume Sweeping ................................................................... 158
7.5.6.Generating an Interface Mesh for Gasket Simulations ............................................................ 159
7.5.7. Aborting a Mesh Operation .................................................................................................. 160
7.5.8. Element Shape Checking ...................................................................................................... 161
7.5.8.1.Turning Element Shape Checking Off Entirely or to Warning-Only Mode ....................... 162
7.5.8.2.Turning Individual Shape Tests Off and On .................................................................... 163
7.5.8.3.Viewing a Summary of Shape Test Results .................................................................... 163
7.5.8.4.Viewing Current Shape Parameter Limits ...................................................................... 164
7.5.8.5.Changing Shape Parameter Limits ................................................................................ 165
7.5.8.5.1.Examples of Changing Shape Parameter Limits .................................................... 165
7.5.8.6. Retrieving Element Shape Parameter Data ................................................................... 165
7.5.8.7.Understanding Circumstances Under Which the Program Retests Existing Elements ...... 166
7.5.8.8. Deciding Whether Element Shapes Are Acceptable ...................................................... 166
7.5.9.Mesh Validity Checking ......................................................................................................... 167
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7.6.Changing the Mesh ....................................................................................................................... 168
7.6.1. Remeshing the Model .......................................................................................................... 168
7.6.2. Using the Mesh Accept/Reject Prompt .................................................................................. 169
7.6.3. Clearing the Mesh ................................................................................................................ 169
7.6.4. Refining the Mesh Locally ..................................................................................................... 169
7.6.5. Improving the Mesh (Tetrahedral Element Meshes Only) ....................................................... 169
7.6.5.1. Automatic Invocation of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement .............................................. 170
7.6.5.2. User Invocation of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement ....................................................... 170
7.6.5.3. Restrictions on Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement ............................................................ 170
7.6.5.4.Other Characteristics of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement ............................................... 171
7.7.Meshing Hints ............................................................................................................................... 171
7.8. Using CPCYC and MSHCOPY Commands ....................................................................................... 173
7.8.1. CPCYC Example .................................................................................................................... 173
7.8.2. CPCYC Results ...................................................................................................................... 174
7.8.3. MSHCOPY Example .............................................................................................................. 175
7.8.4. Low Sector Boundary ........................................................................................................... 175
7.8.5. Area Elements from MSHCOPY and AMESH ........................................................................... 176
7.8.6. Meshing the Sector Volume(s) .............................................................................................. 176
8. Revising Your Model ............................................................................................................................ 179
8.1. Refining a Mesh Locally ................................................................................................................. 179
8.1.1.How to Refine a Mesh ........................................................................................................... 179
8.1.1.1. Advanced Controls ...................................................................................................... 179
8.1.2. Refinement Commands and Menu Paths .............................................................................. 180
8.1.2.1. Specifying the Level of Refinement .............................................................................. 182
8.1.2.2.Specifying the Depth of Refinement ............................................................................. 182
8.1.2.3.Specifying Postprocessing for the Refinement Region: Smoothing and Cleanup ............ 182
8.1.2.4. Specifying Whether Quadrilateral Elements Should Be Retained ................................... 183
8.1.3.Transfer of Attributes and Loads ............................................................................................ 184
8.1.4. Other Characteristics of Mesh Refinement ............................................................................ 184
8.1.5.Restrictions on Mesh Refinement .......................................................................................... 186
8.2.Moving and Copying Nodes and Elements ..................................................................................... 187
8.3. Keeping Track of Element Faces and Orientations .......................................................................... 189
8.3.1. Controlling Area, Line, and Element Normals ......................................................................... 190
8.3.1.1. Reorienting Shell Element Normals .............................................................................. 191
8.3.1.2. Reorienting Area Normals ............................................................................................ 191
8.3.1.3. Reversing the Normals of Existing Shell Elements ......................................................... 192
8.3.1.4.Reversing the Normal of a Line ..................................................................................... 192
8.3.1.5. Reversing the Normal of an Area .................................................................................. 192
8.4. Revising a Meshed Model: Clearing and Deleting ........................................................................... 193
8.4.1.Clearing a Mesh .................................................................................................................... 193
8.4.1.1. Modifying Element Attributes ...................................................................................... 194
8.4.1.2.The Brute Force Method ............................................................................................... 194
8.4.2. Deleting Solid Model Entities ................................................................................................ 195
8.4.3. Modifying Solid Model Entities ............................................................................................. 195
8.5. Understanding Solid Model Cross-Reference Checking .................................................................. 196
8.5.1.Circumventing Cross-Reference Checking (A Risky Activity) ................................................... 197
9. Direct Generation ................................................................................................................................ 199
9.1. Nodes ........................................................................................................................................... 199
9.1.1. Reading and Writing Text Files That Contain Nodal Data ........................................................ 202
9.2. Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 202
9.2.1.Prerequisites for Defining Element Attributes ........................................................................ 202
9.2.2. Defining Elements ................................................................................................................ 204
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9.2.3.Reading and Writing Text Files That Contain Element Data ..................................................... 206
9.2.4. A Note About Overlapping Elements .................................................................................... 206
9.2.5.Modifying Elements By Changing Nodes ............................................................................... 206
9.2.6.Modifying Elements By Changing Element Attributes ............................................................ 207
9.2.7. A Note About Adding and Deleting Midside Nodes .............................................................. 207
10. Number Control and Element Reordering ........................................................................................ 209
10.1. Number Control .......................................................................................................................... 209
10.1.1. Merging Coincident Items .................................................................................................. 209
10.1.2. Compressing Item Numbers ............................................................................................... 212
10.1.3. Setting Starting Numbers ................................................................................................... 213
10.1.4. Adding Number Offsets ...................................................................................................... 213
10.2. Element Reordering .................................................................................................................... 214
11. Coupling and Constraint Equations .................................................................................................. 217
11.1.What Is Coupling? ....................................................................................................................... 217
11.2.How to Create Coupled Degree of Freedom Sets .......................................................................... 217
11.2.1.Creating and Modifying Coupled Sets at Specified Nodes .................................................... 217
11.2.2. Coupling Coincident Nodes ................................................................................................ 218
11.2.3. Generating More Coupled Sets ........................................................................................... 218
11.2.4. Listing and Deleting Coupled Sets ...................................................................................... 218
11.3. Additional Considerations for Coupling ....................................................................................... 219
11.4.What Are Constraint Equations? ................................................................................................... 219
11.5. How to Create Constraint Equations ............................................................................................ 219
11.5.1.The Direct Method .............................................................................................................. 219
11.5.1.1.Periodic Conditions .................................................................................................... 220
11.5.2. Modifying Constraint Equations .......................................................................................... 221
11.5.3.Direct vs.Automatic Constraint Equation Generation ........................................................... 222
11.5.3.1.Creating a Rigid Region .............................................................................................. 222
11.5.3.2.Tying Dissimilarly Meshed Regions Together ............................................................... 222
11.5.3.2.1.Using the CEINTF Command .............................................................................. 222
11.5.3.2.2. Using Contact Elements .................................................................................... 223
11.5.3.3.Generating Sets of Constraint Equations from Existing Sets ......................................... 223
11.5.4.Listing and Deleting Constraint Equations ........................................................................... 223
11.5.5. Program Modification of Constraint Equations .................................................................... 223
11.5.6.Troubleshooting Problems with Constraint Equations .......................................................... 223
11.6. Additional Considerations for Constraint Equations ..................................................................... 224
12. Combining and Archiving Models .................................................................................................... 225
12.1.Combining Models ...................................................................................................................... 225
12.2. Archiving Models ........................................................................................................................ 225
12.2.1. Log File (File.LOG) .......................................................................................................... 226
12.2.1.1. Pros ........................................................................................................................... 226
12.2.1.2. Cons .......................................................................................................................... 226
12.2.2. Database File (File.DB) ................................................................................................... 226
12.2.2.1. Pros ........................................................................................................................... 226
12.2.2.2. Cons .......................................................................................................................... 227
12.2.3. CDWRITE File(s) .................................................................................................................. 227
12.2.3.1. Pros ........................................................................................................................... 227
12.2.3.2. Cons .......................................................................................................................... 227
13. Interfaces With Other Programs ....................................................................................................... 229
13.1.Interfacing With Computer Aided Design (CAD) Products ............................................................. 229
13.2. Other Interfaces .......................................................................................................................... 229
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 231
viii

List of Figures
2.1. Area and Volume Types ........................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Comparable Grids ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.Equivalent Nodal Allocations ................................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Avoid Midside Nodes at Gaps and Nodal-based Contact Surfaces ............................................................ 8
2.5.Avoid Midside-to-Corner Node Connections Between Elements ............................................................... 8
2.6.Avoid Mismatched Midside Nodes at Element Interconnections ............................................................... 9
2.7.Examples of Symmetry .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.8.An X-direction Offset Represents an Axisymmetric Hole ......................................................................... 12
3.1. Global Coordinate Systems ................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.Euler Rotation Angles ............................................................................................................................ 17
3.3. Coordinate System Types ...................................................................................................................... 18
3.4. Surfaces of Constant Value .................................................................................................................... 19
3.5. Meshed Surfaces of Constant Value ....................................................................................................... 20
3.6. Singularity Points .................................................................................................................................. 21
3.7. Nodal Coordinate Systems .................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.Relationships Among Display Screen,Cursor,Working Plane,and Picked Point ........................................ 25
4.2. Snap Increment .................................................................................................................................... 29
4.3.Polar Working Plane Grid ....................................................................................................................... 30
4.4.Working Plane/Coordinate System Mismatch ......................................................................................... 30
4.5. Matched Working Plane Coordinate System (CSYS,WP) .......................................................................... 31
5.1. Bottom Up Construction ....................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.Top Down Constructions (Primitives) ..................................................................................................... 34
5.3. Create Complex Shapes With Boolean Operations ................................................................................. 34
5.4. Dragging an Area to Create a Volume (VDRAG) ..................................................................................... 35
5.5. Copying an Area ................................................................................................................................... 35
5.6. Free and Mapped Meshes ..................................................................................................................... 35
5.7. Copying a Meshed Area ........................................................................................................................ 36
5.8. Revising a Meshed Solid Model ............................................................................................................. 37
5.9.Basic Solid Model Entities ...................................................................................................................... 37
5.10. Drag Operation Suggestions ............................................................................................................... 43
5.11. Area Command Operations ................................................................................................................. 46
5.12. Loops Bound an Area .......................................................................................................................... 47
5.13.Volume Command Operations ............................................................................................................ 49
5.14. Extruding (and Scaling) Meshed Areas Into Meshed Volumes ............................................................... 51
5.15.Arc Sectors of Circular Geometric Primitives ......................................................................................... 53
5.16.Torus Primitive .................................................................................................................................... 55
5.17.Toroidal Sector .................................................................................................................................... 56
5.18. Boolean Keep Options ........................................................................................................................ 57
5.19.LINL (Line Intersect Line) ..................................................................................................................... 59
5.20. AINA (Area Intersect Area) .................................................................................................................. 59
5.21. VINV (Volume Intersect Volume) ......................................................................................................... 60
5.22. LINA (Line Intersect Area) ................................................................................................................... 60
5.23. AINV (Area Intersect Volume) .............................................................................................................. 60
5.24. LINV (Line Intersect Volume) ............................................................................................................... 61
5.25. LINP (Line Intersect Pairwise) .............................................................................................................. 61
5.26. AINP (Area Intersect Pairwise) ............................................................................................................. 62
5.27. VINP (Volume Intersect Pairwise) ........................................................................................................ 63
5.28. AADD (Add Areas) .............................................................................................................................. 64
5.29. VADD (Add Volumes) .......................................................................................................................... 64
5.30. LSBL (Line Subtract Line) .................................................................................................................... 66
ix

5.31. ASBA (Area Subtract Area) .................................................................................................................. 67
5.32. VSBV (Volume Subtract Volume) ......................................................................................................... 67
5.33. LSBA (Line Subtract Area) ................................................................................................................... 67
5.34.LSBV (Line Subtract Volume) ............................................................................................................... 68
5.35.ASBV (Area Subtract Volume) .............................................................................................................. 68
5.36. ASBL (Area Subtract Line) ................................................................................................................... 68
5.37. VSBA (Volume Subtract Area) ............................................................................................................. 69
5.38. LSBL (Multiple Line Subtract a Line) .................................................................................................... 69
5.39. ASBA (Multiple Area Subtract an Area) ................................................................................................ 69
5.40. VSBV (Multiple Volume Subtract a Volume) ......................................................................................... 70
5.41. LSBA (Multiple Line Subtract an Area) ................................................................................................. 70
5.42.LSBV (Multiple Line Subtract a Volume) ............................................................................................... 70
5.43.ASBV (Multiple Area Subtract a Volume) .............................................................................................. 71
5.44. ASBL (Multiple Area Subtract a Line) ................................................................................................... 71
5.45.VSBA (Single Volume Subtract Multiple Areas) ..................................................................................... 71
5.46. LSBW (Line Subtract Working Plane) ................................................................................................... 72
5.47. ASBW (Area Subtract Working Plane) .................................................................................................. 73
5.48.VSBW (Volume Subtract Working Plane) .............................................................................................. 73
5.49. LCSL (Line Classify Line) ...................................................................................................................... 73
5.50. LOVLAP (Line Overlap Line) ................................................................................................................ 74
5.51. AOVLAP (Area Overlap Area) .............................................................................................................. 74
5.52. VOVLAP (Volume Overlap Volume) ..................................................................................................... 75
5.53. LPTN (Line Partition) ........................................................................................................................... 75
5.54.APTN (Area Partition) .......................................................................................................................... 76
5.55. VPTN (Volume Partition) ..................................................................................................................... 76
5.56.LGLUE (Line Glue Line) ........................................................................................................................ 77
5.57. AGLUE (Area Glue Area) ...................................................................................................................... 77
5.58.VGLUE (Volume Glue Volume) ............................................................................................................. 77
5.59.Hollow Spherical Segment Created With One Command ...................................................................... 78
5.60.Automatic Boolean Updating With AFILLT ........................................................................................... 79
5.61. Copying an Area ................................................................................................................................. 79
5.62. Scaling Entities ................................................................................................................................... 82
5.63. Cone Surface Maps to a Parametric Square .......................................................................................... 86
5.64. Plotting of Geometric Degeneracies .................................................................................................... 87
5.65.Examples of Degeneracies ................................................................................................................... 88
5.66.Topologically Degenerate Loop ........................................................................................................... 89
5.67. Examples of Topologically Degenerate Loops and Shells ...................................................................... 89
5.68. Lines and Areas Containing Discontinuities ......................................................................................... 90
5.69. Boolean Operation Involving Entities With Discontinuities ................................................................... 91
5.70. Decompose a Single Operation into a Series of Operations .................................................................. 92
5.71. Change the Order of a Series of Operations ......................................................................................... 93
5.72.Switching to Lower-Dimension ............................................................................................................ 94
7.1. Free and Mapped Meshes ................................................................................................................... 101
7.2. Element Attribute Tables ..................................................................................................................... 103
7.3. Original Elements ............................................................................................................................... 106
7.4. Shell Elements with Thickness Shown .................................................................................................. 107
7.5. An Example of a Degenerate Element Shape ....................................................................................... 108
7.6.Default Element Sizes .......................................................................................................................... 110
7.7.Varying SmartSize Levels for the Same Model ...................................................................................... 113
7.8. Changing Default Element Sizes .......................................................................................................... 115
7.9.Previewing the Default Mesh ............................................................................................................... 116
7.10. Previewing the Modified Mesh .......................................................................................................... 116
x

7.11. Area Mesh Without and With Mesh Expansion ................................................................................... 119
7.12. Area Mesh With Expansion and Transition Control (MOPT Command) ................................................ 120
7.13. Quadrilateral and Q-Morph Mesher ................................................................................................... 122
7.14.Results of Quadrilateral Splitting ........................................................................................................ 123
7.15.Creation of Transitional Pyramid Elements at an Interface ................................................................... 125
7.16. Line-Graded Layer Mesh .................................................................................................................... 130
7.17.Example of Fan Type Meshing ............................................................................................................ 132
7.18.Area Mapped Meshes ........................................................................................................................ 134
7.19.Transferred Hard LESIZE Controls Override ESIZE Controls ................................................................ 134
7.20. Line Combination and Concatenation Can Enable Mapped Meshing .................................................. 135
7.21. ESIZE Applies to Original (Not Concatenated) Lines ........................................................................... 136
7.22. Simplified Mapped Meshing (AMAP) ................................................................................................. 136
7.23. Examples of Transition Mapped Quadrilateral Meshes ........................................................................ 137
7.24. Applicable Transition Patterns-Transition Mapped Quadrilateral Meshes ............................................ 137
7.25. Mapped Meshes ............................................................................................................................... 139
7.26. Examples of Element Divisions for Mapped Volume Meshing ............................................................. 140
7.27. Area Concatenation .......................................................................................................................... 141
7.28. Examples of Transition Mapped Hexahedral Meshes .......................................................................... 142
7.29. Applicable Transition Patterns-Transition Mapped Hexahedral Meshes ............................................... 143
7.30. Input Lines in a Concatenation .......................................................................................................... 144
7.31. LMESH of an Arc ............................................................................................................................... 147
7.32. Placement of Orientation Keypoints and Element Orientation ............................................................ 149
7.33. Constant Orientation vs. Pre-Twist ..................................................................................................... 150
7.34. Specifying Volume Sweeping ............................................................................................................ 154
7.35. Sweeping Adjacent Volumes ............................................................................................................. 155
7.36.Strategies for Avoiding Stretched Elements ........................................................................................ 158
7.37. Sweep About Zero-Radius Axis .......................................................................................................... 159
7.38. Components of an Interface Mesh ..................................................................................................... 160
7.39. Flawed Mesh (elements“folded”) ....................................................................................................... 168
7.40.Avoiding Sharp Corners ..................................................................................................................... 172
7.41. Avoiding Extreme Element Size Transitions ........................................................................................ 172
7.42.Use of MSHMID,1 to Force Straight-Sided Elements ........................................................................... 173
7.43.Prior to Coupling ............................................................................................................................... 174
7.44. After Coupling .................................................................................................................................. 174
7.45. Illustration of High and Low Boundary Sector Boundaries .................................................................. 175
7.46. Illustration of Low Sector Boundary ................................................................................................... 176
7.47. Low and High Sector Boundaries Selected ......................................................................................... 176
7.48.Illustration of Meshed Volume(s) ........................................................................................................ 177
8.1.Examples of Local Mesh Refinement .................................................................................................... 181
8.2.Tetrahedral Mesh Refinement Around an Area ..................................................................................... 181
8.3. All-Quadrilateral Mesh ........................................................................................................................ 183
8.4. Nodes and Elements are Projected to Underlying Geometry ................................................................ 185
8.5. Mesh Refinement Will Not Cross Area Boundaries ................................................................................ 186
8.6.Only Selected Elements are Refined ..................................................................................................... 186
8.7. Generating Meshed Volumes With Matching Node Patterns at Interfaces ............................................. 189
8.8.Positive Normal Direction as Defined by the Right-Hand Rule ............................................................... 190
8.9. Nodes at Boundary of Two Areas ......................................................................................................... 193
8.10.Why We Have Solid Model Cross-Reference Checking ......................................................................... 197
10.1. Default Merge Tolerances .................................................................................................................. 211
10.2. Example of NUMMRG Application ..................................................................................................... 212
11.1. Establishing Relationships Between Rotational and Translational DOF ................................................ 220
11.2. Example of Specifying a Periodic Condition ....................................................................................... 221
xi

List of Tables
5.1. Commands That Automatically Update Entities ..................................................................................... 78
7.1.Supported Combinations of Element Shape and Meshing Type ............................................................ 110
7.2.Failure to Specify Element Shape and/or Meshing Type ........................................................................ 111
7.3. Allowable Combinations of ELEM1 and ELEM2 ................................................................................... 127
9.1. Defining Nodes ................................................................................................................................... 199
9.2.Generating Additional Nodes from Existing Nodes ............................................................................... 200
9.3.Maintaining Nodes .............................................................................................................................. 200
9.4. Moving Nodes .................................................................................................................................... 201
9.5. Rotating a Node's Coordinate System .................................................................................................. 201
9.6. Reading and Writing Files Containing Nodal Data ................................................................................ 202
9.7. Assembling Element Tables ................................................................................................................. 203
9.8. Pointing to Entries in Element Tables ................................................................................................... 203
9.9.Reviewing the Contents of Element Tables ........................................................................................... 203
9.10. Maintaining Elements ....................................................................................................................... 204
9.11.Generating Additional Elements From Existing Elements .................................................................... 205
9.12. Using Special Methods for Generating Elements ................................................................................ 205
xii

Chapter 1: Understanding Model Generation
The ultimate purpose of a finite element analysis is to recreate mathematically the behavior of an actual
engineering system. In other words, the analysis must be an accurate mathematical model of a physical
prototype. In the broadest sense, this model comprises all the nodes, elements, material properties, real
constants, boundary conditions, and other features that are used to represent the physical system.
The following model-generation topics are available:
1.1.What Is Model Generation?
1.2.Typical Steps Involved in Model Generation Within ANSYS
1.3.Importing Solid Models Created in CAD systems
1.1.What Is Model Generation?
In ANSYS terminology, model generation usually takes on the narrower meaning of generating the nodes
and elements that represent the spatial volume and connectivity of the actual system. Thus, model generation
in this discussion means the process of defining the geometric configuration of the model's nodes and elements.
The ANSYS program offers the following approaches to model generation:
• Creating a solid model within ANSYS.
• Using direct generation.
• Importing a model created in a computer-aided design (CAD) system.
1.2.Typical Steps Involved in Model Generation Within ANSYS
A common modeling session might follow this general outline (detailed information on italicized subjects
can be found elsewhere in this guide):
• Begin by planning your approach. Determine your objectives, decide what basic form your model will
take, choose appropriate element types, and consider how you will establish an appropriate mesh
density. You will typically do this general planning before you initiate your ANSYS session.
• Enter the preprocessor (PREP7) to initiate your model-building session. Most often, you will build your
model using solid modeling procedures.
• Establish a working plane.
• Generate basic geometric features using geometric primitives and Boolean operators.
• Activate the appropriate coordinate system.
• Generate other solid model features from the bottom up. That is, create keypoints, and then define lines,
areas, and volumes as needed.
• Use more Boolean operators or number controls to join separate solid model regions together as appro-
priate.
• Create tables of element attributes (element types, real constants, material properties, and element coordin-
ate systems).
• Set element attribute pointers.
1

• Set meshing controls to establish your desired mesh density if desired. This step is not always required
because default element sizes exist when you enter the program (see Generating the Mesh (p. 101)). (If
you want the program to refine the mesh automatically, exit the preprocessor at this point, and activate
adaptive meshing.)
• Create nodes and elements by meshing your solid model.
• After you have generated nodes and elements, add features such as surface-to-surface contact elements,
coupled degrees of freedom, and constraint equations.
• Save your model data to Jobname.DB.
• Exit the preprocessor.
Note
The solid modeling features of ANSYS are known to have robustness issues. By careful planning
and use of alternative strategies, you can successfully create the model required for analysis.
However, you may be better served using your CAD modeler to create your model or using
DesignModeler under the ANSYS Workbench environment to create your model.
1.2.1.Comparing Solid Modeling and Direct Generation
You can use two different methods to generate your model: solid modeling and direct generation. With solid
modeling, you describe the geometric boundaries of your model, establish controls over the size and desired
shape of your elements, and then instruct the ANSYS program to generate all the nodes and elements
automatically. By contrast, with the direct generation method, you determine the location of every node and
the size, shape, and connectivity of every element prior to defining these entities in your ANSYS model.
Although some automatic data generation is possible, the direct generation method is essentially a hands-
on, "manual" method that requires you to keep track of all your node numbers as you develop your finite
element mesh. This detailed bookkeeping can become tedious for large models, contributing to the potential
for modeling errors. Solid modeling is usually more powerful and versatile than direct generation, and is
commonly the preferred method for generating your model.
In spite of the many advantages of solid modeling, you might occasionally encounter circumstances where
direct generation will be more useful. You can easily switch back and forth between direct generation and
solid modeling, using the different techniques as appropriate to define different parts of your model.
Detailed discussions of solid modeling and direct generation can be found in Solid Modeling (p. 33) and
Direct Generation (p. 199), respectively. To help you judge which method might be more suitable for a given
situation, the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are summarized here.
1.2.1.1.Solid Modeling
On the plus side, solid modeling
• Is generally more appropriate for large or complex models, especially 3-D models of solid volumes.
• Allows you to work with a relatively small number of data items.
• Allows geometric operations (such as dragging and rotations) that cannot be done with nodes and
elements.
• Supports the use of "primitive" areas and volumes (such as polygonal areas and cylindrical volumes)
and Boolean operations (intersections, subtractions, etc.) for "top down" construction of your model.
2
Chapter 1:Understanding Model Generation

• Facilitates your use of the ANSYS program's design optimization features.
• Is required for adaptive meshing.
• Is required in order to do area mesh refinement after loads have been applied (solid model loads are
also required).
• Readily allows modifications to geometry.
• Facilitates changes to element distribution; you are not bound to one analysis model.
However, solid modeling
• Can sometimes require large amounts of CPU time.
• Can (for small, simple models) sometimes be more cumbersome, requiring more data entries than direct
generation.
• Can sometimes "fail" (the program will not be able to generate the finite element mesh) under certain
circumstances.
1.2.1.2.Direct Generation
On the plus side, direct generation
• Is convenient for small or simple models.
• Provides you with complete control over the geometry and numbering of every node and every element.
However, direct generation
• Is usually too time consuming for all but the simplest models; the volume of data you must work with
can become overwhelming.
• Cannot be used with adaptive meshing.
• Makes design optimization less convenient.
• Makes it difficult to modify the mesh (tools such as area mesh refinement, SmartSizing, etc. cannot be
used).
• Can become tedious, requiring you to pay more attention to every detail of your mesh; tedium can
sometimes cause you to become more prone to committing errors.
As an alternative to creating your solid models within ANSYS, you can create them in your favorite CAD
system and then import them into ANSYS for analysis, by saving them in the IGES file format or in a file
format supported by an ANSYS Connection product. Creating a model using a CAD package has the following
advantages:
• You avoid a duplication of effort by using existing CAD models to generate solid models for analysis.
• You use more familiar tools to create models.
However, models imported from CAD systems may require extensive repair if they are not of suitable quality
for meshing.
For more information on importing solid models from IGES files, see Importing Solid Models from IGES
Files (p. 97). For more information on importing solid models from other types of files, see the ANSYS Con-
nection User's Guide.
3

4

Chapter 2: Planning Your Approach
As you begin to create your model, you will make a number of decisions that determine how you will
mathematically simulate the physical system. For example: What are the objectives of your analysis? Will
you model all, or just a portion, of the physical system? How much detail will you include in your model?
What kinds of elements will you use? How dense should your finite element mesh be?
In general, you will attempt to balance computational expense (such as CPU time) against precision of results
as you answer these questions. The decisions you make in the planning stage of your analysis will largely
govern the success or failure of your analysis efforts.
This first step of your analysis relies not on the capabilities in the ANSYS program, but on your own education,
experience, and professional judgment. Only you can determine what the objectives of your analysis must
be. The objectives you establish at the start will influence the remainder of your choices as you generate
the model.
The following model-planning topics are available:
2.1.Choosing a Model Type (2-D,3-D,etc.)
2.2.Choosing Between Linear and Higher Order Elements
2.3.Limitations on Joining Different Elements
2.4.Finding Ways to Take Advantage of Symmetry
2.5.Determining How Much Detail to Include
2.6.Determining the Appropriate Mesh Density
2.1.Choosing a Model Type (2-D,3-D,etc.)
Your finite element model may be categorized as being 2-D or 3-D, and as being composed of point elements,
line elements, area elements, or solid elements. Of course, you can intermix different kinds of elements as
required (taking care to maintain the appropriate compatibility among degrees of freedom). For example,
you might model a stiffened shell structure using 3-D shell elements to represent the skin and 3-D beam
elements to represent the ribs. Your choice of model dimensionality and element type will often determine
which method of model generation will be most practical for your problem.
LINE models can represent 2-D or 3-D beam or pipe structures, as well as 2-D models of 3-D axisymmetric
shell structures. Solid modeling usually does not offer much benefit for generating line models; they are
more often created by direct generation methods.
2-D SOLID analysis models are used for thin planar structures (plane stress), "infinitely long" structures having
a constant cross section (plane strain), or axisymmetric solid structures. Although many 2-D analysis models
are relatively easy to create by direct generation methods, they are usually easier to create with solid mod-
eling.
3-D SHELL models are used for thin structures in 3-D space. Although some 3-D shell analysis models are
relatively easy to create by direct generation methods, they are usually easier to create with solid modeling.
3-D SOLID analysis models are used for thick structures in 3-D space that have neither a constant cross section
nor an axis of symmetry. Creating a 3-D solid analysis model by direct generation methods usually requires
considerable effort. Solid modeling will nearly always make the job easier.
5

2.2.Choosing Between Linear and Higher Order Elements
The ANSYS program's element library includes two basic types of area and volume elements: linear (with or
without extra shapes), and quadratic. These basic element types are represented schematically in Figure
2.1 (p. 6). Let's examine some of the considerations involved in choosing between these two basic element
types:
Basic area and volume types available in the ANSYS program
(a) Linear isoparametric
(b) Linear isoparametric with extra shapes
(c) Quadratic
Figure 2.1 Area and Volume Types
(a) (b) (c)
2.2.1.Linear Elements (No Midside Nodes)
For structural analyses, these corner node elements with extra shape functions will often yield an accurate
solution in a reasonable amount of computer time. When using these elements, it is important to avoid their
degenerate forms in critical regions. That is, avoid using the triangular form of 2-D linear elements and the
wedge or tetrahedral forms of 3-D linear elements in high results-gradient regions, or other regions of special
interest. You should also take care to avoid using excessively distorted linear elements. In nonlinear structural
analyses, you will usually obtain better accuracy at less expense if you use a fine mesh of these linear elements
rather than a comparable coarse mesh of quadratic elements.
Figure 2.2 Comparable Grids
(a) (b)
Examples of (a) linear and (b) quadratic elements are shown in Figure 2.2 (p. 6).
When modeling a curved shell, you must choose between using curved (that is, quadratic) or flat (linear)
shell elements. Each choice has its advantages and disadvantages. For most practical cases, the majority of
problems can be solved to a high degree of accuracy in a minimum amount of computer time with flat
elements. You must take care, however, to ensure that you use enough flat elements to model the curved
surface adequately. Obviously, the smaller the element, the better the accuracy. It is recommended that the
6
Chapter 2:Planning Your Approach

3-D flat shell elements not extend over more than a 15° arc. Conical shell (axisymmetric line) elements should
be limited to a 10° arc (or 5° if near the Y axis).
For most non-structural analyses (thermal, magnetic, etc.), the linear elements are nearly as good as the
higher order elements, and are less expensive to use. Degenerate elements (triangles and tetrahedra) usually
produce accurate results in non-structural analyses.
2.2.2.Quadratic Elements (Midside Nodes)
For linear structural analyses with degenerate element shapes (that is, triangular 2-D elements and wedge
or tetrahedral 3-D elements), the quadratic elements will usually yield better results at less expense than
will the linear elements. However, in order to use these elements correctly, you need to be aware of a few
peculiar traits that they exhibit:
• Distributed loads and edge pressures are not allocated to the element nodes according to "common
sense," as they are in the linear elements. (See Figure 2.3 (p. 7).) Reaction forces from midside-node
elements exhibit the same nonintuitive interpretation.
• 3-D thermal elements with midside nodes subject to convection loading inherently distribute the heat
flow such that it flows in one direction at the midside node and in the other direction at the corner
nodes.
• Since the mass at the midside nodes is also greater than at the corner nodes, it is usually better to pick
master degrees of freedom (for reduced analyses) at the midside nodes.
Equivalent nodal allocations of a unit uniform surface load
(a) 2-D elements
(b) 3-D elements
(c) triangular 3-D elements
Figure 2.3 Equivalent Nodal Allocations
1/2 1/2
1/6 2/3 1/6
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
-1/12
-1/12
-1/12
-1/12
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
(a) (b)
1/3 1/3
1/3
(c)
0 0
0
7

• In dynamic analyses where wave propagation is of interest, midside-node elements are not recommended
because of the nonuniform mass distribution.
• Do not define nodal-based contact elements (such as COMBIN40, CONTA175, and CONTA178) at, or
connect gap elements to, faces with midside nodes. Similarly for thermal problems, do not apply radiation
links or nonlinear convection surfaces to edges with midside nodes. Where nodal-based contact is ne-
cessary on surfaces with midside nodes, the midside nodes should be removed, if possible. This caution
does not apply to the surface-to-surface, line-to-line, and line-to-surface contact elements (TARGE169,
TARGE170, CONTA171, CONTA172, CONTA173, CONTA174, CONTA176, and CONTA177). Meshing of
solid models provides ways to omit certain midside nodes.
Figure 2.4 Avoid Midside Nodes at Gaps and Nodal-based Contact Surfaces
(Not Recommended) (Recommended)
• When constraining degrees of freedom at an element edge (or face), all nodes on the face, including
the midside nodes, must be constrained.
• The corner node of an element should only be connected to the corner node, and not the midside
node of an adjacent element. Adjacent elements should have connected (or common) midside nodes.
Figure 2.5 Avoid Midside-to-Corner Node Connections Between Elements
• For elements having midside nodes, it is generally preferred that each such node be located at the
straight-line position halfway between the corresponding corner nodes. There are, however, situations
where other locations may be more desirable:
– Nodes following curved geometric boundaries will usually produce more accurate analysis results -
and all ANSYS meshers place them there by default.
– Even internal edges in some meshes may have to curve to prevent elements from becoming inverted
or otherwise overly distorted. ANSYS meshers sometimes produce this type of curvature.
8

– It is possible to mimic a crack-tip singularity with "quarter point" elements, with midside nodes de-
liberately placed off-center. You can produce this type of specialized area mesh in ANSYS by using
the KSCON command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Concentrat KPs>
Create).
• Midside node positions are checked by the element shape test described below. (For information about
controlling element shape checking, see Generating the Mesh (p. 101) of this manual.)
– All solid and shell elements except 3-node triangles and 4-node tetrahedra are tested for uniformity
of the mapping between "real" 3-D space and the element's own "natural" coordinate space. A large
Jacobian ratio indicates excessive element distortion, which may or may not be caused by poorly
located midside nodes. For details about Jacobian ratio tests, refer to the section on element shape
testing in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications.
• If you do not assign a location for a midside node, the program will automatically place that node
midway between the two corner nodes, based on a linear Cartesian interpolation. Nodes located in this
manner will also have their nodal coordinate system rotation angles linearly interpolated.
• Connecting elements should have the same number of nodes along the common side. When mixing
element types it may be necessary to remove the midside node from an element. For example, node
N of the 8-node element shown below should be removed (or given a zero-node number when the
element is created [E]) when the element is connected to a 4-node element.
Figure 2.6 Avoid Mismatched Midside Nodes at Element Interconnections
L K
O
P
M
I J
N
L K
O
P
M
I J
Removed midside
node "N"
Note
The program will automatically remove midside nodes along the common sides of linear and
quadratic elements in the following situation: one area (or volume) is meshed [AMESH,
VMESH, FVMESH] with linear elements, then an adjacent area (or volume) is meshed with
quadratic elements. Midside nodes will not be removed if the order of meshing is reversed
(quadratic elements followed by linear elements).
• A removed midside node implies that the edge is and remains straight, resulting in a corresponding
increase in the stiffness. It is recommended that elements with removed nodes be used only in transition
regions and not where simpler linear elements with added shape functions will do. If needed, nodes
may be added or removed after an element has been generated, using one of the following methods:
Command(s): EMID, EMODIF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Add Mid Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Remove Mid Nd
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Modify Nodes
9

• A quadratic element has no more integration points than a linear element. For this reason, linear elements
will usually be preferred for nonlinear analyses.
• One-element meshes of higher-order quadrilateral elements such as PLANE183 may produce a singularity
due to zero energy deformation.
• In postprocessing, the program uses only corner nodes for section and hidden line displays. Similarly,
nodal stress data for printout and postprocessing are available only for the corner nodes.
• In graphics displays, midside-node elements, which actually use a curved edge in the element formulation,
are displayed with straight-line segments (unless PowerGraphics is used). Models will therefore look
"cruder" than they actually are.
2.3.Limitations on Joining Different Elements
You must be careful when you directly join elements that have differing degrees of freedom (DOFs), because
there will be inconsistencies at the interface. When elements are not consistent with each other, the solution
may not transfer appropriate forces or moments between different elements.
To be consistent, two elements must have the same DOFs; for example, they must both have the same
number and type of displacement DOFs and the same number and type of rotational DOFs. Furthermore,
the DOFs must overlay (be tied to) each other; that is, they must be continuous across the element bound-
aries at the interface.
Consider three examples of the use of inconsistent elements:
• Elements having a different number of DOFs are inconsistent.
SHELL181 has three displacement and three rotational DOFs per node. SOLID185 elements have three
displacement DOFs per node, but lack rotational DOFs. If a SOLID185 element is joined to a SHELL181
element, the nodal forces corresponding to displacement DOFs are transmitted to the solid element;
however, the nodal moments corresponding to the rotational DOFs of the SHELL181 element are not
transmitted to the SOLID185 element.
• Elements having the same number of DOFs may nevertheless be inconsistent.
For example, a beam element and a shell element may both have three DOFs per node; however, the
shell element may have three displacement DOFs (UX, UY and UZ) while the beam element has only
two (UX and UY), so the UZ result reflects the stiffness of the shell element only. Furthermore, the shell
element may not have the rotational DOF (ROTZ) that the beam element has, so the nodal moment
corresponding to the beam element's rotational DOF is not transmitted to the shell element; the interface
behaves as if the beam were "pinned."
• Both 3-D beam elements and 3-D shell elements have six DOFs per node, but may be joined in a
manner that is inconsistent.
The ROTZ degree of freedom of the shell element (the drilling mode) is associated with the in-plane
rotational stiffness. This is normally a fictitious stiffness; that is, it is not the result of a mathematical
calculation of the true stiffness; thus, the ROTZ degree of freedom of the shell element is not a true
DOF. It is therefore inconsistent to connect only one node of a 3-D beam element to a 3-D shell element
such that a rotational DOF of the beam element corresponds to the ROTZ of the shell element; beams
should not be joined to shells in such a manner.
Similar inconsistencies may exist between other elements with differing number and/or types of DOFs.
Such problems may not invalidate your analysis, but you should at least be aware of the conditions at the
interface between two different element types.
10

2.4.Finding Ways to Take Advantage of Symmetry
Many objects have some kind of symmetry, be it repetitive symmetry (such as evenly spaced cooling fins
on a long pipe), reflective symmetry (such as a molded plastic container), or axisymmetry (such as a light
bulb). When an object is symmetric in all respects (geometry, loads, constraints, and material properties),
you can often take advantage of that fact to reduce the size and scope of your model.
Figure 2.7 Examples of Symmetry
Top View
Side View
(a) Repetitive symmetry
(cooling pipe)
(b) Repetitive symmetry
(molded container)
(c) Axisymmetry
(light bulb)
C
Symmetry
Symmetry
2.4.1.Some Comments on Axisymmetric Structures
Any structure that displays geometric symmetry about a central axis (such as a shell or solid of revolution)
is an axisymmetric structure. Examples would include straight pipes, cones, circular plates, domes, and so
forth.
Models of axisymmetric 3-D structures may be represented in equivalent 2-D form. You may expect that
results from a 2-D axisymmetric analysis will be more accurate than those from an equivalent 3-D analysis.
By definition, a fully axisymmetric model can only be subjected to axisymmetric loads. In many situations,
however, axisymmetric structures experience non-axisymmetric loading. You must use a special type of
element, known as a general axisymmetric element, to create a 2-D model of an axisymmetric structure with
nonaxisymmetric loads. See General Axisymmetric Elements in the Element Reference for details.
2.4.1.1.Some Special Requirements for Axisymmetric Models
Special requirements for axisymmetric models include:
• The axis of symmetry must coincide with the global Cartesian Y-axis.
11
2.4.1.Some Comments on Axisymmetric Structures

• Negative nodal X-coordinates are not permitted.
• The global Cartesian Y-direction represents the axial direction, the global Cartesian X-direction represents
the radial direction, and the global Cartesian Z-direction corresponds to the circumferential direction.
• Your model should be assembled using appropriate element types:
– For axisymmetric models, use applicable 2-D solids with KEYOPT(3) = 1, and/or axisymmetric shells.
In addition, various link, contact, combination, and surface elements can be included in a model
that also contains axisymmetric solids or shells. (The program will not realize that these "other" ele-
ments are axisymmetric unless axisymmetric solids or shells are present.) If the Element Reference
does not discuss axisymmetric applications for a particular element type, do not use that element
type in an axisymmetric analysis.
– For axisymmetric harmonic models, use only axisymmetric harmonic elements.
• The SHELL61 element cannot lie on the global Y-axis.
• For models containing 2-D solid elements in which shear effects are important, at least two elements
through the thickness should be used.
2.4.1.2.Some Further Hints and Restrictions
If your structure contains a hole along the axis of symmetry, don't forget to provide the proper spacing
between the Y-axis and the 2-D axisymmetric model. (See Figure 2.8 (p. 12).) See "Loading" in the Basic
Analysis Guide for a discussion of axisymmetric loads.
Figure 2.8 An X-direction Offset Represents an Axisymmetric Hole
Hole Radius
2.5.Determining How Much Detail to Include
Small details that are unimportant to the analysis should not be included in the solid model, since they will
only make your model more complicated than necessary. However, for some structures, "small" details such
as fillets or holes can be locations of maximum stress, and might be quite important, depending on your
analysis objectives. You must have an adequate understanding of your structure's expected behavior in order
to make competent decisions concerning how much detail to include in your model.
In some cases, only a few minor details will disrupt a structure's symmetry. You can sometimes ignore these
details (or, conversely, treat them as being symmetric) in order to gain the benefits of using a smaller sym-
metric model. You must weigh the gain in model simplification against the cost in reduced accuracy when
deciding whether or not to deliberately ignore unsymmetric features of an otherwise symmetric structure.
12

A question that frequently arises in a finite element analysis is, "How fine should the element mesh be in
order to obtain reasonably good results?" Unfortunately, no one can give you a definitive answer to this
question; you must resolve this issue for yourself. Some of the techniques you might employ to resolve this
question include:
• Use adaptive meshing to generate a mesh that meets acceptable energy error estimate criteria. (This
technique is available only for linear static structural or steady state thermal problems. Your judgement
as to what constitutes an "acceptable" error level will depend on your analysis requirements.) Adaptive
meshing requires solid modeling.
• Compare the results of a preliminary analysis with independently derived experimental or known accurate
analytical results. Refine the mesh in regions where the discrepancy between known and calculated
results is too great. (For all area meshes and for volume meshes composed of tetrahedra, you can refine
the mesh locally with the NREFINE, EREFINE, KREFINE, LREFINE, and AREFINE commands (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> entity type).)
• Perform an initial analysis using what seems to you to be a "reasonable" mesh. Reanalyze the problem
using twice as many elements in critical regions, and compare the two solutions. If the two meshes give
nearly the same results, then the mesh is probably adequate. If the two meshes yield substantially dif-
ferent results, then further mesh refinement might be required. You should keep refining your mesh
until you obtain nearly identical results for succeeding meshes.
• If mesh-refinement testing reveals that only a portion of your model requires a finer mesh, you can use
submodeling to "zoom in" on critical regions.
Mesh density is extremely important. If your mesh is too coarse, your results can contain serious errors. If
your mesh is too fine, you will waste computer resources, experience excessively long run times, and your
model may be too large to run on your computer system. To avoid such problems, always address the issue
of mesh density before you begin your model generation.
13

14

Chapter 3: Coordinate Systems
The ANSYS program uses several types of coordinate systems, each used for a different purpose:
• Global and local coordinate systems are used to locate geometry items (nodes, keypoints, etc.) in space.
• The display coordinate system determines the system in which geometry items are listed or displayed.
• The nodal coordinate system defines the degree of freedom directions at each node and the orientation
of nodal results data.
• The element coordinate system determines the orientation of material properties and element results
data.
• The results coordinate system is used to transform nodal or element results data to a particular coordinate
system for listings, displays, or general postprocessing operations (POST1).
The working plane, which is separate from the coordinate systems discussed here, is for locating geometric
primitives during the modeling process. See Using Working Planes (p. 25) for more information about the
working plane.
The following coordinate system topics are available:
3.1.Global and Local Coordinate Systems
3.2.Display Coordinate System
3.3.Nodal Coordinate Systems
3.4.Element Coordinate Systems
3.5.The Results Coordinate System
3.1.Global and Local Coordinate Systems
Global and local coordinate systems are used to locate geometry items. When you define a node or a key-
point, its coordinates are interpreted in the global Cartesian system by default. For some models, however,
it may be more convenient to define the coordinates in a system other than global Cartesian. You can input
the geometry in any of three predefined (global) coordinate systems, or in any number of user defined
(local) coordinate systems.
3.1.1.Global Coordinate Systems
A global coordinate system can be thought of as an absolute reference frame. Three predefined global systems
are available: Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical. All three of these systems are right-handed and, by definition,
share the same origin. They are identified by their coordinate system (C.S.) numbers: 0 for Cartesian, 1 and
5 for cylindrical, and 2 for spherical. (See Figure 3.1 (p. 16).)
15

Figure 3.1 Global Coordinate Systems
• (a) Cartesian (X, Y, Z components) coordinate system 0 (C.S.0)
• (b) Cylindrical (R, θ, Z components) coordinate system 1 (C.S.1)
• (c) Spherical (R, θ, φ components) coordinate system 2 (C.S.2)
• (d) Cylindrical (R, θ, Y components) coordinate system 5 (C.S.5)
3.1.2.Local Coordinate Systems
In many cases, it may be necessary to establish your own coordinate system, whose origin is offset from the
global origin, or whose orientation differs from that of the predefined global systems. (See Figure 3.2 (p. 17)
for an example of a coordinate system defined by used for local, nodal, or working plane coordinate system
rotations.) Such user defined coordinate systems, known as local coordinate systems, can be created in the
following ways:
• Define the local system in terms of global Cartesian coordinates.
Command(s): LOCAL
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> At Specified Loc
• Define the local system in terms of existing nodes.
Command(s): CS
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> By 3 Nodes
• Define the local system in terms of existing keypoints.
Command(s): CSKP
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> By 3 Keypoints
• Define the local system to be centered at the origin of the presently defined working plane.
Command(s): CSWPLA
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> At WP Origin
• Define the local system in terms of the active coordinate system with the CLOCAL command (see The
Active Coordinate System (p. 18)). (There is no GUI equivalent for the CLOCAL command.)
When a local coordinate system is defined, it becomes the active coordinate system. As you create a local
system, you assign it a C.S. identification number (which must be 11 or greater). You can create (or delete)
local coordinate systems in any phase of your ANSYS session. To delete a local system, use one of the following
methods:
16
Chapter 3:Coordinate Systems

Command(s): CSDELE
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Delete Local CS
To view the status of all global and local coordinate systems, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): CSLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Other> Local Coord Sys
Your local coordinate systems can be Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical, similar in form to the three predefined
global systems. Note that you may define local cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems in either circular
or elliptical configuration. Additionally, you can define a toroidal local coordinate system, as illustrated in
Figure 3.3 (p. 18).
Note
Solid modeling operations in a toroidal coordinate system are not recommended. Areas or volumes
generated may not be what you expect.
Figure 3.2 Euler Rotation Angles
17
3.1.2.Local Coordinate Systems

Figure 3.3 Coordinate System Types
3.1.3.The Active Coordinate System
You may define as many coordinate systems as you like, but only one of these systems may be active at a
time. The choice of active coordinate system is determined as follows: Initially, the global Cartesian system
is active by default. Each time you define a local coordinate system, that newly-defined system then auto-
matically becomes the active one. If you want to activate one of the global coordinate systems or some
other previously defined coordinate system, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): CSYS
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cartesian
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cylindrical
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Spherical
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Specified Coord Sys
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Working Plane
You can activate a coordinate system in any phase of your ANSYS session. That same coordinate system will
remain active in all subsequent phases until you change it explicitly.
Note
When you define a keypoint or a node, the program response labels the coordinates as X, Y, and
Z, regardless of which coordinate system is active. You should make the appropriate mental
substitutions if the active coordinate system is not Cartesian (R, θ, Z for cylindrical and R, θ, Φ for
spherical or toroidal).
3.1.4.Surfaces
Specifying a constant value for a single coordinate implies a surface. For example, X = 3 represents the Y-Z
plane (or surface) at X = 3 in a Cartesian system. Implied surfaces are used with various operations, such as
18

selecting (xSEL commands) and moving (MOVE, KMOVE, etc.) entities. Some surfaces of constant value (C)
are illustrated in the following figures. These surfaces may be located in either global or local coordinate
systems to allow for any desired orientation. Note that for surfaces in elliptical coordinate systems, a constant
R value (R = C) represents the value of R along the X-axis.
Figure 3.4 Surfaces of Constant Value
19
3.1.4.Surfaces

Figure 3.5 Meshed Surfaces of Constant Value
3.1.5.Closed Surfaces and Surface Singularities
Open surfaces are assumed to be infinite. Cylindrical circular surfaces have a singularity at θ = ± 180°, as
shown in Figure 3.6 (p. 21), so that a fill generation of a string of nodes [FILL] or keypoints [KFILL] does not
cross the 180° line. A fill operation defined from A to C will pass through B. A fill operation from A to D will
pass through E. A fill operation from C to D will pass through B, A, and E.
For a specified cylindrical coordinate system, you can move the singularity point to θ = 0° (or 360°) so that
a fill operation from C to D will not pass through B, A, or E. To move the singularity point, use one of the
following methods:
Command(s): CSCIR
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Move Singularity
20

Figure 3.6 Singularity Points
A similar singularity occurs in the toroidal coordinate system at Φ = ± 180° and can also be moved by the
above methods. Singularities also occur in the spherical coordinate system at Φ = ± 90°, such that these
locations should not be used.
Note that solid model lines will not be affected by these singularity locations. A curved line between two
keypoints will take the shortest path in the angular direction, without regard to the location of the singularity
point. (As a result, curved lines cannot span an arc of more than 180°.) Thus, in the figure above, circular
lines from B to D or from D to B will pass through C.
3.2.Display Coordinate System
By default, a listing of nodes or keypoints always shows their global Cartesian coordinates, even if they were
defined in a different coordinate system. You can change the display coordinate system used in such listings
by one of the following methods:
Command(s): DSYS
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Display CS to> Global Cartesian
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Display CS to> Global Cylindrical
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Display CS to> Global Spherical
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Display CS to> Specified Coord Sys
Changing the display coordinate system will also affect your graphical displays. Unless you desire a specific
effect in your displays, you should usually reset the display coordinate system to C.S. 0 (the global Cartesian
system) before issuing any graphics display action commands (such as NPLOT, EPLOT, etc.). (Keypoint plots
[KPLOT], line plots [LPLOT], area plots [APLOT], and volume plots [VPLOT] are not affected by DSYS.)
While global and local coordinate systems locate geometry items, the nodal coordinate system orients the
degree of freedom directions at each node. Each node has its own nodal coordinate system, which, by default,
is parallel to global Cartesian (regardless of the active coordinate system in which the node was defined).
21

You can rotate the nodal coordinate system at any node to a desired orientation using one of the following
methods:
• Rotate the nodal coordinate system into the active coordinate system. That is, the nodal X-axis is rotated
to be parallel to the X or R axis of the active system, the nodal Y-axis is rotated to be parallel to the Y
or θ axis of the active system, and the nodal Z-axis is rotated to be parallel to the Z or Φ axis of the
active system.
Command(s): NROTAT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> Rotate Node CS> To Active CS
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Rotate Node CS> To Active CS
• Rotate the nodal coordinate system by known rotation angles. (Since you will usually not know these
rotation angles explicitly, you will probably find the NROTAT method to be more useful.) You can define
the rotation angles at the time the node is created [N], or you can specify rotation angles for existing
nodes [NMODIF].
Command(s): N
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> In Active CS
Command(s): NMODIF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> Rotate Node CS> By Angles
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Rotate Node CS> By Angles
• Rotate the nodal coordinate system by direction cosine components.
Command(s): NANG
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> Rotate Node CS> By Vectors
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Rotate Node CS> By Vectors
• Rotate the nodal coordinate system to surface normal.
Command(s): NORA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> RotateNode> To Surf Norm> On
Areas
You can list the nodal coordinate rotation angles with respect to the global Cartesian system using one of
the following methods:
Command(s): NLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Nodes
Utility Menu> List> Picked Entities> Nodes
Figure 3.7 Nodal Coordinate Systems
22

3.3.1.Data Interpreted in the Nodal Coordinate System
Input data that are interpreted in the nodal coordinate system include component values of the following:
• Degree of freedom constraints
• Forces
• Master DOF
• Coupled nodes
• Constraint equations
The following results data are reported in the nodal coordinate system on the output file and in POST26:
• Degree of freedom solution
• Nodal loads
• Reaction loads
In POST1, results data are reported in terms of the results coordinate system [RSYS], not the nodal coordinate
system.
Every element has its own coordinate system, the element coordinate system, that determines the direction
of orthotropic material properties, applied pressures, and results (such as stresses and strains) for that element.
All element coordinate systems are right-handed orthogonal systems.
The default orientations for most elements' coordinate systems fit the following patterns:
• Line elements usually have the element X-axis directed from their node I toward their node J.
• Shell elements usually have the element X-axis similarly directed (from I toward J), the Z-axis normal to
the shell surface (with the positive direction determined by the right-hand rule around the element
from node I to J to K), and the Y-axis perpendicular to the X and Z axes.
• For 2-D and 3-D solid elements, the element coordinate system is usually parallel to the global Cartesian
system.
However, not all elements correspond to these patterns; see specific element descriptions in the Element
Reference for the default element coordinate system orientation for such elements.
Many element types have key options (KEYOPTs; input at the time the element is defined [ET] or on the
KEYOPT command) that allow you to change the default element coordinate system orientation. For area
and volume elements, you can also change the orientation to align the element coordinate system with a
previously defined local system by using one of the following methods:
Command(s): ESYS
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes
If you specify both KEYOPTs and ESYS, the ESYS definition overrides. For some elements, you can define a
further rotation, relative to the previous orientation, by entering an angle as a real constant.
23

3.5.The Results Coordinate System
Results data are calculated during solution and consist of displacements (UX, UY, ROTX, etc.), gradients (TGX,
TGY, etc.), stresses (SX, SY, SZ, etc.), strains (EPPLX, EPPLXY, etc.), etc. These data are stored in the database
and on the results file in either the nodal coordinate system (for the primary, or nodal data) or the element
coordinate system (for the derived, or element data). However, results data are generally rotated into the
active results coordinate system (which is by default the global Cartesian system) for displays, listings, and
element table data storage [ETABLE].
You can change the active results coordinate system to another system (such as the global cylindrical system
or a local coordinate system), or to the coordinate systems used during solution (i.e., the nodal and element
coordinate systems). If you then list, display, or operate on the results data, they are rotated to this results
coordinate system first. Use one of the following methods to change the results coordinate system:
Command(s): RSYS
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Options for Output
Utility Menu> List> Results> Options
See The General Postprocessor (POST1) of the Basic Analysis Guide for details on rotating results to a different
coordinate system for postprocessing.
24

Chapter 4: Using Working Planes
Although your cursor appears as a point on your screen, it actually represents a line through space, normal
to the screen. In order to be able to pick a point with your cursor, you first need to define an imaginary
plane that, when intersected by the normal line of your cursor, will yield a unique point in space. This ima-
ginary plane is called a working plane. Another way to think of the interaction between your cursor and your
working plane is to picture your cursor as a point that moves around on your working plane. The working
plane, then, acts as a "tablet" on which you write with your cursor. (The working plane need not be parallel
to your display screen.)
Figure 4.1 Relationships Among Display Screen, Cursor, Working Plane, and Picked Point
x
screen
cursor point
Cursor line (perpendicular
to screen)
Working plane (need not
be parallel to screen)
Working plane
origin and
coordinate
system
Picked point is defined at the
intersection between the cursor
line and the working plane
y
A working plane is an infinite plane with an origin, a 2-D coordinate system, a snap increment, and a display
grid. You can define only one working plane at a time. (Creating a new working plane eliminates your existing
working plane.) The working plane is separate from the coordinate systems; for example, the working plane
can have a different point of origin and rotation than the active coordinate system. To learn how to force
the active coordinate system to track the working plane, see Working Plane Tracking (p. 30).
The following working plane topics are available:
4.1.Creating a Working Plane
4.2.Working Plane Enhancements
25

4.1.Creating a Working Plane
By default, when you initiate your ANSYS session, there is a working plane located on the global Cartesian
X-Y plane, with its x and y axes colinear with the global Cartesian X and Y axes.
The following topics are available to help you create and use a working plane:
4.1.1.Defining a New Working Plane
4.1.2.Controlling the Display and Style of the Working Plane
4.1.3.Moving the Working Plane
4.1.4.Rotating the Working Plane
4.1.5.Recreating a Previously-defined Working Plane
4.1.1.Defining a New Working Plane
You can define a new working plane by using any of these methods:
• To define a working plane by three points, or by locating it on the plane normal to a viewing vector at
a specified point, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WPLANE
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> XYZ Locations
• To define a working plane by three nodes, or by locating it on the plane normal to a viewing vector at
a specified node, use one of these methods:
Command(s): NWPLAN
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Nodes
• To define a working plane by three keypoints, or by locating it on the plane normal to a viewing vector
at a specified keypoint, use one of these methods:
Command(s): KWPLAN
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Keypoints
• To define a working plane by locating it on the plane normal to a viewing vector at a specified point
on a line, use one of these methods:
Command(s): LWPLAN
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Plane Normal to Line
• To define a working plane by locating it on the X-Y (or R-θ) plane of an existing coordinate system, use
one of these methods:
Command(s): WPCSYS
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Active Coord Sys
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Global Cartesian
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Specified Coord Sys
4.1.2.Controlling the Display and Style of the Working Plane
To obtain the current status (that is, the location, orientation, and enhancements) of the working plane, use
one of these methods:
Command(s): WPSTYL,STAT
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Status> Working Plane
26
Chapter 4:Using Working Planes

To reset the working plane to its default location and style, use the command WPSTYL,DEFA.
4.1.3.Moving the Working Plane
You can move a working plane to a new location (that is, a new origin) using any of the following methods
(all of which translate the working plane to a new location parallel to its original location):
• To move the working plane origin to the average location of keypoints, use one of these methods:
Command(s): KWPAVE
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Keypoints
• To move the working plane origin to the average location of nodes, use one of these methods:
Command(s): NWPAVE
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Nodes
• To move the working plane origin to the average of specified points, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WPAVE
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Global Origin
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Origin of Active CS
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> XYZ Locations
• To offset the working plane, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WPOFFS
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP by Increments
4.1.4.Rotating the Working Plane
You can rotate your working plane to a new orientation in two ways: by rotating the working plane's x-y
coordinate system within the plane, or by rotating the entire plane to a new position. (If you do not know
the rotation angles explicitly, you might find it easier to simply define a new working plane at the correct
orientation using one of the methods described above.) To rotate the working plane, use one of these
methods:
Command(s): WPROTA
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP by Increments
Although you cannot actually "save" a working plane, you can create a local coordinate system at the
working plane origin, and then use this local coordinate system to recreate a previously-defined working
plane.
• To create a local coordinate system at the working plane origin, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CSWPLA
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> At WP Origin
• To use the local coordinate system to recreate a previously-defined working plane, use one of these
methods:
Command(s): WPCSYS
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Active Coord Sys
27

Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Global Cartesian
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Align WP with> Specified Coord Sys
4.2.Working Plane Enhancements
Using the WPSTYL command or GUI path described earlier, you can enhance your working plane with a
snap increment, a display grid, retrieval tolerance, and coordinate type. Then, you can force your coordinate
system to follow your working plane as the working plane is moved using one of these methods:
Command(s): CSYS
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cartesian
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cylindrical
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Spherical
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Specified Coordinate Sys
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Working Plane
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Global Origin
The following additional topics are available to help you refine your working plane:
4.2.1.Snap Increment
4.2.2.Display Grid
4.2.3.Retrieval Tolerance
4.2.4.Coordinate Type
4.2.5.Working Plane Tracking
4.2.1.Snap Increment
It is difficult, if not impossible, to position your cursor at a precisely defined spot on the working plane. In
order to pick with precision, you can use the WPSTYL command or GUI path to establish a snap increment.
Once a snap increment is defined, any point that you create by picking will be located at the nearest snap
point in your working plane. Stated mathematically, when your cursor falls within the range
N*SNAP - SNAP/2 ≤ X < N*SNAP + SNAP/2
for any integer N, the x coordinate picked is assigned the value
xp = N*SNAP.
(The same snap increment is used for both x and y coordinates, where x and y are in terms of the working
plane coordinate system.) You can visualize the snap increment as creating a pattern of square boxes, as
shown below. Any locational pick you make will "snap" to the center of its box.
28

Figure 4.2 Snap Increment
Snap increment Snap/2
Snap/2
Snap
increment Picked location
Assigned location
WX
WY
4.2.2.Display Grid
You can create a square display grid to help you visualize the location and orientation of your working plane.
The grid spacing, style, and boundaries are established with the WPSTYL command. (This grid is not related
in any way to your snap points.) By issuing WPSTYL without arguments, you can toggle the display of the
grid on and off.
4.2.3.Retrieval Tolerance
An existing entity that you want to pick might lie close to, but not exactly on, your working plane. By spe-
cifying a retrieval tolerance with the WPSTYL command or GUI path, you can instruct the program to consider
entities that are within that tolerance to be on the working plane. This tolerance, in effect, gives "thickness"
to your working plane, for retrieval picking purposes.
There are two types of working planes that you can choose from: Cartesian and polar. Discussion up to this
point has concentrated on Cartesian working planes but polar working planes may be used if your geometry
is easily described in polar (radius, theta) coordinates. Figure 4.3 (p. 30) shows a polar working plane grid
that was activated with the WPSTYL command. Picking with a polar working plane works the same way as
picking on a Cartesian working plane. Grid point locations for the snap feature are located by specifying the
radial distance between snap points (SNAP on WPSTYL) and the angle between snap points (SNAPANG).
29

Figure 4.3 Polar Working Plane Grid
If you've used working planes in conjunction with coordinate systems to define your geometry, you've
probably discovered that working planes are completely separate from coordinate systems. When you change
or move the working plane, for instance, the coordinate system does not change to reflect the new working
plane type or location. This can be frustrating if you are using a combination of picking (based on the
working plane), and keyboard input of entities such as keypoints (based on active coordinate system). For
instance, if you move the working plane from its default position, then wish to define a keypoint at the new
origin of the working plane with keyboard input (that is K,1205,0,0,0), you'll find that the keypoint is located
at the coordinate system origin rather than the working plane origin (see Figure 4.4 (p. 30)).
Figure 4.4 Working Plane/Coordinate System Mismatch
30

If you find yourself forcing the active coordinate system to follow the working plane around as you model,
consider using an option on the CSYS command or GUI path to do this automatically. The command CSYS,WP
or CSYS,4 will force the active coordinate system to be of the same system type (for example, Cartesian)
and in the same location as the working plane. Then, as long as you leave the active coordinate system be
WP or 4, as you move the working plane, the coordinate system will move with it. The coordinate system
is also updated if you change the type of working plane that you are using. For instance, if you change the
working plane from Cartesian to polar, the active coordinate system will change from Cartesian to cylindrical.
To revisit the example discussed above, suppose that you wish to place a keypoint at the origin of your
working plane after you've moved that plane. You moved your plane, as before, but this time you activated
working plane tracking (CSYS,WP) before you moved the plane. Now, when you use the keyboard to locate
your keypoint (that is K,1205,0,0,0), the keypoint is placed at the origin of the working plane because the
coordinate system is in the same location as the working plane (see Figure 4.5 (p. 31)).
Figure 4.5 Matched Working Plane Coordinate System (CSYS,WP)
31

32

Chapter 5: Solid Modeling
The purpose of using a solid model is to relieve you of the time-consuming task of building a complicated
finite element model by direct generation. Some solid modeling and meshing operations can help you to
speed up the creation of your final analysis model
The solid modeling features of ANSYS are known to have robustness issues. With careful planning and altern-
ative strategies, you can successfully create the model required for analysis. However, you may be better
served using your CAD modeler or ANSYS DesignModeler under the ANSYS Workbench environment to
create your model.
The followng solid modeling topics are available:
5.1.An Overview of Solid Modeling Operations
5.2.Creating Your Solid Model from the Bottom Up
5.3.Creating Your Solid Model from the Top Down:Primitives
5.4.Sculpting Your Model with Boolean Operations
5.5.Updating after Boolean Operations
5.6.Moving and Copying Solid Model Entities
5.7.Scaling Solid Model Entities
5.8.Solid Model Loads
5.9.Mass and Inertia Calculations
5.10.Considerations and Cautions for Solid Modeling
The points that define the vertices of your model are called keypoints and are the "lowest-order" solid
model entities. If, in building your solid model, you first create your keypoints, and then use those keypoints
to define the "higher-order" solid model entities (that is, lines, areas, and volumes), you are said to be
building your model "from the bottom up." Models built from the bottom up are defined within the currently
active coordinate system.
Figure 5.1 Bottom Up Construction
Areas
Volume
Keypoints
Lines
33

Building your model from the top down: The ANSYS program also gives you the ability to assemble your
model using geometric primitives, which are fully-defined lines, areas, and volumes. As you create a primitive,
the program automatically creates all the "lower" entities associated with it. If your modeling effort begins
with the "higher" primitive entities, you are said to be building your model "from the top down." You can
freely combine bottom up and top down modeling techniques, as appropriate, in any model. Remember
that geometric primitives are built within the working plane while bottom up techniques are defined against
the active coordinate system. If you are mixing techniques, you may wish to consider using the CSYS,WP
or CSYS, 4 command to force the coordinate system to follow the working plane.
Figure 5.2 Top Down Constructions (Primitives)
Note
Using Boolean operators: You can "sculpt" your solid model using intersections, subtractions, and other
Boolean operations. Booleans allow you to work directly with higher solid model entities to create complex
shapes. (Both bottom up and top down creations can be used in Boolean operations.)
Figure 5.3 Create Complex Shapes With Boolean Operations
Dragging and rotating: Boolean operators, although convenient, can be computationally expensive.
Sometimes a model can be constructed more efficiently by dragging, or rotating.
34
Chapter 5:Solid Modeling

Figure 5.4 Dragging an Area to Create a Volume (
VDRAG)
Moving and copying solid model entities: A complicated area or volume that appears repetitively in your
model need only be constructed once; it can then be moved, rotated, and copied to a new location on your
model. You might also find it more convenient to place geometric primitives in their proper location by
moving them, rather than by changing the working plane.
Figure 5.5 Copying an Area
Meshing: Your ultimate objective in building a solid model is to mesh that model with nodes and elements.
Once you have completed the solid model, set element attributes, and established meshing controls, you
can then turn the ANSYS program loose to generate the finite element mesh. By taking care to meet certain
requirements, you can request a "mapped" mesh containing all quadrilateral, all triangular, or all brick ele-
ments.
Figure 5.6 Free and Mapped Meshes
Moving and copying nodes and elements: Automatic meshing is a huge improvement over direct gener-
ation of nodes and elements, but it can sometimes be computationally time consuming. If your model
35

contains repetitive features, you might find that the most efficient approach to model generation would be
to model and mesh a pattern region of your model, then generate copies of that meshed region. (Copying
a mesh in this manner will generally be faster than separately meshing repeated features.)
Figure 5.7 Copying a Meshed Area
Solid model loads: In the ANSYS program, loads are normally associated with nodes and elements. However,
using solid modeling, you will often find it inconvenient to define loads at nodes and elements. Fortunately,
you may assign loads directly to the solid model; when you initiate the solution calculations (with a SOLVE
command), the program will automatically transfer these solid model loads to the finite element model.
Revising your model (clearing and deleting): Before you can revise your model, you need to be aware of
the hierarchy of solid model and finite element model entities. A lower order entity cannot be deleted if it
is attached to a higher-order entity. Thus, a volume cannot be deleted if it has been meshed, a line cannot
be deleted if it is attached to an area, and so forth. If an entity is attached to any loads, deleting or redefining
that entity will delete the attached loads from the database. The hierarchy of modeling entities is as listed
below:
Elements (and Element Loads)
Highest
Nodes (and Nodal Loads)
Volumes (and Solid-Model Body Loads)
Areas (and Solid-Model Surface Loads)
Lines (and Solid-Model Line Loads)
Keypoints (and Solid-Model Point Loads)
Lowest
If you need to revise a solid model after it has been meshed, you must usually first delete all the nodes and
elements in the portion of the model to be revised, using the xCLEAR commands (Main Menu> Prepro-
cessor> Meshing> Clear). Once the solid model is cleared, you can delete (from the top down) and redefine
solid model entities to revise your model. As an alternative to clearing, deleting, and redefining, you can
sometimes consider modifying the keypoints directly, using one of these methods:
Command(s): KMODIF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Keypoints> Set of KPs
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Keypoints> Single KP
By using KMODIF, you automatically clear and redefine the attached lines, areas, and volumes. After you
have revised your solid model, you will need to remesh the portions that were cleared.
36

Figure 5.8 Revising a Meshed Solid Model
Any solid model, whether assembled from the bottom up or from the top down, is defined in terms of
keypoints, lines, areas, and volumes. Figure 5.9 (p. 37) illustrates these entities.
Figure 5.9 Basic Solid Model Entities
Keypoints are the vertices, lines are the edges, areas are the faces, and volumes are the interior of the object.
Notice that there is a hierarchy in these entities: volumes, the highest-order entities, are bounded by areas,
which are bounded by lines, which in turn are bounded by keypoints.
37

Caution
In bottom up construction, you first create keypoints and use those keypoints to define higher-order solid
model entities (lines, areas, and volumes).
5.2.1.Keypoints
When building your model from the bottom up, you begin by defining the lowest-order solid model entities,
keypoints. Keypoints are defined within the currently active coordinate system. You can then define lines,
areas, and volumes connecting these keypoints. You do not always have to explicitly define all entities in
ascending order to create higher-order entities: you can define areas and volumes directly in terms of the
keypoints at their vertices. The intermediate entities will then be generated automatically as needed. For
example, if you define a brick-like volume in terms of the eight keypoints at its corners, the program will
automatically generate the bounding areas and lines.
To define individual keypoints, use one of the methods listed in the following table. See the Command Ref-
erence for more information on the individual commands.
GUI
Com-
mand
Define a Keypoint
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints>
In Active CS
K
in the active coordinate sys-
tem
On Working Plane
On Line
KL
at a given location on an ex-
isting line
On Line w/Ratio
Once you create an initial pattern of keypoints, you can generate additional keypoints and work with existing
keypoints using the methods described in the following table. Many Boolean operations (see Sculpting Your
Model with Boolean Operations (p. 56)) will also create keypoints.
GUI
Com-
mand
KP between KPs
KBETW
create a keypoint between
two existing keypoints
Fill between KPs
KFILL
generatekeypointsbetween
two keypoints
KP at Center
KCENTER
create a keypoint at the
center of a circular arc
defined by three locations
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Keypoints
KGEN
generate additional keypo-
ints from a pattern of keypo-
ints
38

GUI
Com-
mand
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
KSCALE
generate a scaled pattern of
keypoints from a given key-
point pattern
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Keypoints
KSYMM
generate a reflected set of
keypoints
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify>
Transfer Coord> Keypoints
KTRAN
transfer a pattern of keypo-
ints to another coordinate
system
SOURCE
define a default location for
undefined nodes or keypo-
ints
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Key-
point> To Intersect
KMOVE
calculateandmoveakeypo-
int to an intersection
On Node
KNODE
defineakeypointatanexist-
ing node location
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Check Geom> KP
distances
KDIST
calculate the distance
between two keypoints
Keypoints> Set of KPs
KMODIF
modify the coordinates de-
fining a keypoint [1]
Keypoints> Single KP
1. Modifying the coordinates will automatically clear any meshed region attached to the specified keypoint,
and will also redefine the higher-order entities attached to that keypoint. (A keypoint can also be re-
defined using the K command, but only if it is still "free"; that is, not yet attached to a line, nor meshed.)
You can maintain keypoints using the methods listed in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Maintenance
Utility Menu> List> Keypoint> Coordinates +Attributes
KLIST
list defined keypoints
Utility Menu> List> Keypoint> Coordinates only
Utility Menu> List> Keypoint> Hard Points
Utility Menu> Select> Entities
KSEL
select keypoints
Utility Menu> Plot> Keypoints> Keypoints
KPLOT
display selected keypoints
Utility Menu> Plot> Specified Entities> Keypoints
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Keypoints
KDELE
deleteunmeshedkeypoints
If you have issued the command /PNUM,KP,1 (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering), keypoint numbers
will also appear in line, area, and volume displays [LPLOT, APLOT, and VPLOT] for keypoints attached to
these higher-order entities.
39
5.2.1.Keypoints

5.2.2.Hard Points
Hard points are actually a special type of keypoints. You can use hard points to apply loads or obtain data
from arbitrary points on lines and areas within your model. Hard points do not modify either the geometry
or topology of your model. Most of the keypoint commands, such as FK, KLIST, and KSEL, can be applied
to hard points. In addition, hard points have their own set of commands and extension in the GUI.
If you issue any commands that update the geometry of an entity, such as Boolean or simplification com-
mands, any hard points associated with that entity are deleted. Therefore, you should add any hard points
after completing the solid model. If you delete an entity that has associated hard points, those hard points
are either
• Deleted along with the entity (if the hard point is not associated with any other entities).
• Detached from the deleted entity (if the hard point is associated with additional entities).
You cannot manipulate hard points with commands to copy, move, modify, or modify keypoints. Hard points
have their own suite of commands and GUI controls. Mapped meshing is not supported when hard points
are used. Hard point information cannot be written to the IGES file. The Jobname.cdb file can be written
with the CDWRITE,DB option.
You can define hard points on existing lines or areas. In both cases, you can define the location of hard
points on such entities by
• Picking (unavailable for models imported from IGES files).
• Specifying ratios (available for lines only).
• Specifying global X, Y, and Z coordinates.
To create hard points, use one of the methods listed in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Define individual hard
points
Hard PT on line> Hard PT by ratio
HPTCRE-
ATE,LINE
on an existing line
Hard PT on line> Hard PT by coordinates
Hard PT on line> Hard PT by picking
Hard PT on line> Hard PT by coordinates
HPTCRE-
ATE,AREA
on an existing area
Hard PT on line> Hard PT by picking
You can select hard points or geometric entities with associated hard points using any of the methods de-
scribed in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Select
Utility Menu> Select> Entities [1]
KSEL
hard points
40

GUI
Com-
mand
Select
LSEL
lines with associated hard
points
ASEL
areas with associated hard
points
1. Choose both Keypoints and By Hard Points in the Select Entities dialog box.
2. Choose both Lines and By Hard Points in the Select Entities dialog box.
3. Choose both Areas and By Hard Points in the Select Entities dialog box.
You can maintain hard points using the methods described in the table below.
GUI
Com-
mand
Maintenance
Utility Menu> List> Keypoint> Hard Points
KLIST
list hard points
LLIST
list lines with associated
hard points
ALIST
list areas with associated
hard points
Utility Menu> Plot> Keypoints> Hard Points
KPLOT
display hard points
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Hard Points
HPTDE-
LETE
delete hard points
5.2.3.Lines
Lines are mainly used to represent the edges of an object. As with keypoints, lines are defined within the
currently active coordinate system. You do not always need to define all lines explicitly, because the program
will generate the necessary lines in many instances when an area or volume is defined. Lines are required
if you want to generate line elements (such as beams) or to create areas from lines.
If you need to explicitly define a line, you can use one of the methods described in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Generate a
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines>
In Active Coord
L
“straight”or cubic line
between two specified
keypoints
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Arcs>
By End KPs & Rad
LARC
circular line through three
keypoints(orbetweentwo
Through 3 KPs
keypoints if you specify a
radius)
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines>
Splines> Spline thru KPs
BSPLIN
cubic line from a spline fit
to a series of keypoints
Splines> Spline thru Locs
41
5.2.3.Lines

GUI
Com-
mand
Generate a
Splines> With Options> Spline thru KPs
Splines> With Options> Spline thru Locs
By Cent & Radius
CIRCLE
circular arc line
Full Circle
Splines> Segmented Spline
SPLINE
segmentedsplinethrough
a series of keypoints
Splines> With Options> Segmented Spline
At Angle to Line
LANG
straight line at an angle
with a line
Normal to Line
Angle to 2 Lines
L2ANG
line at an angle with two
existing lines
Norm to 2 Lines
Tan to 2 Lines
LTAN
line at the end of,and tan-
gent to,an existing line
Tan to 2 Lines
L2TAN
line tangent to two lines
Overlaid on Area
LAREA
shortest line between two
keypoints on an area
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Extrude>
Lines> Along Lines
LDRAG
line by sweeping a keypo-
int pattern along a path [1]
Lines> About Axis
LROTAT
circular line by rotating a
keypointpatternaboutan
axis
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Line
Fillet
LFILLT
fillet line between two in-
tersecting lines
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Create>Lines>Lines>StraightLine
LSTR
truly straight line no mat-
ter what coordinate sys-
tem is active
1. For best results when using drag operations (LDRAG), minimize the distance (shown as distance "d"
in Figure 5.10 (p. 43)) from the drag path plane to the entities to be dragged. Also the entity plane
should be as close to parallel to the drag path plane as possible. Both of these guidelines can be met
if the entities to be dragged are in the drag path plane. The drag path plane is automatically defined
to be orthogonal to and located at the start of the drag path.
42

Figure 5.10 Drag Operation Suggestions
Drag path
d
Entities to
be dragged Drag path plane
(orthogonal to start
of drag path)
.
For those commands that create a "straight" line, the actual shape of the line will be determined by the
active coordinate system. Thus, for a "straight" line in a Cartesian coordinate system, dX/dL, dY/dL, and dZ/dL
will each be constant along the length (L) of that line, producing a line that is truly straight. For a "straight"
line in a cylindrical coordinate system, dR/dL, dθ/dL, and dZ/dL will each be constant, producing a line that
could be a helical spiral (if all three components of slope were nonzero).
Copy a pattern of lines to generate additional lines using any of the methods described in the following
table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Lines
LGEN
generate additional lines
from a pattern of lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Lines
LSYMM
generate lines from a line
pattern by symmetry re-
flection
43
5.2.3.Lines

GUI
Com-
mand
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Move/Modify>Transfer
Coord> Lines
LTRAN
transfer a pattern of lines
toanothercoordinatesys-
tem
You can modify an existing line by redefining it (by reissuing the L command) or by using one of the
methods described in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Modification
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans>
Divide> Line into 2 Ln's
LDIV
divide up a line into smal-
ler lines
Divide> Line into N Ln's
Divide> Lines w/ Options
Add> Lines
LCOMB
combine a line with a
second line
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Extend Line
LEXTND
extend a line at one end
You can also use several geometric primitives and Boolean commands to generate or modify lines. See
Creating Your Solid Model from the Top Down: Primitives (p. 52) for more information on geometric primitives
and Sculpting Your Model with Boolean Operations (p. 56) for more information on Boolean operations.
You can maintain lines using the methods listed in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Maintenance
Utility Menu> List> Lines
LLIST
list lines
Utility Menu> List> Picked Entities> Lines
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines
LPLOT
display lines
Utility Menu> Plot> Specified Entities> Lines
LSEL
select lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Line and Be-
low
LDELE
delete lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Lines Only
Only unmeshed lines that are not attached to an area can be redefined, modified, or deleted. LDIV, LCOMB,
and LFILLT provide exceptions to this rule. You can use these three commands to modify unmeshed lines,
even if they are attached to areas. The attached areas will be updated, even if they are attached to volumes.
If you have issued the command /PNUM,Line,1 (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering), line numbers will
also appear in area and volume displays (APLOT and VPLOT) for lines that are attached to these higher-order
entities.
44

5.2.4.Areas
Flat areas are used to represent 2-D solid objects (such as flat plates or axisymmetric solids). Curved as well
as flat areas are used to represent 3-D surfaces, such as shells, and the faces of 3-D solid objects. Areas are
required if you wish to use area elements or if you wish to create volumes from areas. Most commands that
create areas will also automatically generate the necessary lines and keypoints; similarly, many areas can be
conveniently generated by defining volumes.
You can use any of the methods described in the following table to explicitly define areas. Several geometric
primitives and Boolean commands can also be used to generate or modify areas. See Creating Your Solid
Model from the Top Down: Primitives (p. 52) for more information on geometric primitives and Sculpting Your
Model with Boolean Operations (p. 56) for more information on Boolean operations.
GUI
Com-
mand
Define an area
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Arbit-
rary> Through KPs
A
in terms of its vertices
(through keypoints)
rary> By Lines
AL
intermsofitsboundaries
(asetoflinesdefiningthe
perimeter)
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Extrude>Along
Lines
ADRAG
by“sweeping”a line
along a characteristic
path [1]
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Extrude>About
Axis
AROTAT
by rotating a line pattern
about an axis
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Area
Fillet
AFILLT
of constant fillet radius at
the intersection of two
areas [2]
rary> By Skinning
ASKIN
by“skinning”a surface
through guiding lines
rary> By Offset
AOFFST
by offsetting an existing
area (similar to what
happens when a balloon
is inflated or deflated) [3]
1. For best results when using drag operations (ADRAG), minimize the distance (shown as distance "d"
2. You might experience difficulties due to the underlying Boolean operations used by this command.
You may wish to use rotate or extrude operations (VROTAT or VEXT) to perform the same operations.
See When a Boolean Operation Fails (p. 86) for additional information.
3. You might experience difficulties if you attempt to "deflate" an area by a distance that equals or exceeds
its least radius of curvature. Using this process will not generate a new surface when such problems
arise (you will receive a warning if the process fails).
Figure 5.11 (p. 46) for examples of the operations you can perform with the AROTAT, ADRAG, AFILLT,
ASKIN, and AOFFST commands.
45
5.2.4.Areas

Figure 5.11 Area Command Operations
You can copy existing areas to generate additional areas using the methods described in the following table.
Several geometric primitives and Boolean commands can also be used to generate or modify areas. See
Creating Your Solid Model from the Top Down: Primitives (p. 52) for more information on geometric primitives
and Sculpting Your Model with Boolean Operations (p. 56) for more information on Boolean operations.
GUI
Com-
mand
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Areas
AGEN
Generate additional
areas from a pattern of
areas Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Areas>
Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Areas
ARSYM
Generate areas form an
area pattern by sym-
metry reflection
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify>Transfer
Coord> Areas
ATRAN
Transfer a pattern of
areastoanothercoordin-
ate system
rary> Overlaid on Area
ASUB
Copyaportionofanarea
Use the methods listed in the following table to maintain areas. Only unmeshed areas that are not attached
to a volume can be redefined or deleted.
46

GUI
Command
Maintenance
Utility Menu> List> Areas
ALIST
List defined areas [1]
Utility Menu> List> Picked Entities> Areas
Utility Menu> Plot> Areas
APLOT
Display areas
Utility Menu> Plot> Specified Entities> Areas
ASEL
Select areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Area and Be-
low
ADELE
Delete areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Areas Only
1. The area (topographical measure) of an area (solid model entity) will be included in an ALIST only if
you previously executed ASUM (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Operate> Calc Geom Items). The "loop"
numbers shown refer to the closed strings of lines that define the boundaries of an area, as illustrated
in Figure 5.12 (p. 47).
Figure 5.12 Loops Bound an Area
L1
L2
L3
L4 L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
L10
L11
L12
L13
NO.LOOP LINES AREA #NODES #ELEM MAT REAL TYP ESYS
1 1 1 2 3 4 N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 12 13 11
3 5 10 9 8
7 6
47
5.2.4.Areas

5.2.5.Volumes
Volumes are used to represent 3-D objects, and are required only if you wish to use volume elements. Most
commands that create volumes will also automatically generate the necessary lower-order entities.
To define volumes, use any of the methods described in the following table.Several geometric primitives
and Boolean commands can also be used to generate or modify areas. See Creating Your Solid Model from
the Top Down: Primitives (p. 52) for more information on geometric primitives and Sculpting Your Model with
Boolean Operations (p. 56) for more information on Boolean operations.
GUI
Command
Define a volume
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Ar-
bitrary> Through KPs
V
in terms of its vertices
(through keypoints)
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes> Ar-
bitrary> By Areas
VA
in terms of its boundar-
ies (in terms of a set of
areas defining the sur-
faces)
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Operate> Extrude> Along Lines
VDRAG
by“sweeping”an area
patternalongacharacter-
istic path [1]
About Axis
VROTAT
by rotating an area pat-
tern about an axis
Areas> Along Normal
VOFFST
by offsetting an area
Areas> By XYZ Offset
VEXT
byextrudingandscaling
a pattern of areas in the
activecoordinatesystem
1. For best results when using drag operations (VDRAG), minimize the distance (shown as distance "d"
Figure 5.13 (p. 49) illustrates the VOFFST and VEXT command operations.
48

Figure 5.13 Volume Command Operations
To generate additional volumes from existing volumes, use the methods described in the following table.
GUI
Command
Generate volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Volumes
VGEN
from a pattern of
volumes
Volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Volumes
VSYMM
from a volume pattern
by symmetry reflection
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Move/Modify>Transfer
Coord> Volumes
VTRAN
transfer a pattern of
volumes to another co-
ordinate system
You can maintain volumes using the methods described in the following table. Note that only unmeshed
volumes can be redefined or deleted.
GUI
Command
Maintenance
Utility Menu> List> Picked Entities> Volumes
VLIST
list volumes [1]
Utility Menu> List> Volumes
Utility Menu> Plot> Specified Entities> Volumes
VPLOT
display volumes
Utility Menu> Plot> Volumes
VSEL
select volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Volume and
Below
VDELE
delete volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Volumes Only
1. A volume listing indicates that the volumes are composed of a number of shells. A shell is the volumetric
equivalent of a loop - a set of entities that define a continuous closed boundary.
49
5.2.5.Volumes

5.2.5.1.Extruding Volumes
If the area that is being extruded (used as the pattern for the resulting volume) with the VROTAT, VEXT,
VOFFST, or VDRAG command is meshed (or belongs to a meshed volume), that mesh will be used as a
pattern for the mesh of the volume that is created . (Compare these commands to the VSWEEP command,
which is described in Sweeping Volumes (p. 51).)
Follow these steps to extrude your mesh:
1. Mesh the area that is to be extruded, dragged, offset, or rotated (using MESH200 elements).
2. Select an appropriate 3-D element type [ET] (match the shape and number of nodes to the MESH200
element). Activate the selection [TYPE].
3. Specify the desired number of element divisions in the extruded, rotated, or offset direction (NDIV
argument on ESIZE command). If using VDRAG, specify the number of element divisions on the drag
path line(s) (LESIZE or ESIZE,,NDIV).
4. Issue the VROTAT, VEXT, VOFFST, or VDRAG command.
Concatenated areas [ACCAT] or areas that have concatenated lines [LCCAT] cannot be extruded. You can
get around the concatenated line limitation by first meshing the area(s), then deleting the concatenated
lines, and finally extruding the area(s) into meshed volume(s).
If element attributes have been associated with the pattern area via the ACCAT command, the opposite
area generated by the VDRAG, VEXT, VOFFST, or VROTAT operation will also have those attributes (i.e.,
the element attributes from the pattern area are copied to the opposite area). Note that only the area op-
posite the pattern area will have the same attributes as the pattern area; the areas adjacent to the pattern
area will not.
Use the EXTOPT command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Extrude> Elem Ext Opts
or Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volume Sweep> Sweep Opts) to make the generation
of meshed volumes from 2–D models easier. EXTOPT controls options relating to the generation of volume
elements from area elements using the VEXT, VROTAT, VOFFST, VDRAG, and VSWEEP commands. It enables
carryover of material attributes, real constant attributes, element coordinate system attributes, and section
attributes of the pattern area elements to the created volume elements (except for VSWEEP as noted below).
The EXTOPT control options include the following:
• When using VEXT, VROTAT, VOFFST, or VDRAG, you can set controls to carryover material attributes,
real constant attributes, element coordinate attributes, and section attributes of the pattern area elements
to the meshed volume elements. (When using VSWEEP, since the volume already exists, use the VATT
command to assign attributes before sweeping.)
• When using VEXT, VROTAT, VOFFST, or VDRAG, you can set controls to carryover particular attributes
(materials, real constants, element coordinate systems, or section properties) of the pattern area elements
to the generated volume elements or you can set controls to use particular attributes (material, real
constants, element coordinate systems, or section properties) of the current MAT, REAL, ESYS and
SECNUM command settings for the generated volume elements.
• You can set controls to set the number of element divisions and spacing ratio in the direction of volume
generation.
• When using VEXT, VROTAT, VOFFST, or VDRAG, you can set controls to clear the pattern area mesh
when volume generations are done. (When you are using VSWEEP, if selected, the area meshes on the
pattern (source), target, and/or side areas clear when volume sweeping is done.)
50

The carryover of the attributes of the pattern area elements saves you time that would otherwise be required
to prepare the 3-D model extrusion of multiple areas with differing attributes.
Figure 5.14 Extruding (and Scaling) Meshed Areas Into Meshed Volumes
5.2.5.2.Sweeping Volumes
Use the VSWEEP command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volume Sweep> Sweep) to
fill an existing unmeshed volume with elements by sweeping the mesh from an adjacent area through the
volume.
When you use the VROTAT, VEXT, VOFFST, and VDRAG commands to extrude a meshed area into a meshed
volume, ANSYS creates the volume and the volume mesh simultaneously. In contrast, you use the VSWEEP
command in an existing unmeshed volume. Thus VSWEEP is particularly useful when you are importing a
solid model that was created in a CAD program.
For detailed information about volume sweeping, see Generating a Volume Mesh By Sweeping (p. 152) of this
manual, as well as the description of the VSWEEP command in the Command Reference.
51
5.2.5.Volumes

5.3.Creating Your Solid Model from the Top Down: Primitives
In top down construction, you use geometric primitives (fully-defined lines, areas, and volumes) to assemble
your model. As you create a primitive, the program automatically creates all the “lower” entities associated
with it. A geometric primitive is a commonly used solid modeling shape (such as a sphere or regular prism)
that can be created with a single ANSYS command.
Because primitives are higher-order entities that can be constructed without first defining any keypoints,
model generation that uses primitives is sometimes referred to as "top down" modeling. (When you create
a primitive, the program automatically creates all the necessary lower-order entities, including keypoints.)
Geometric primitives are created within the working plane.
You can freely combine bottom up and top down modeling techniques, as appropriate, in any model. Re-
member that geometric primitives are built within the working plane while bottom up techniques are defined
against the active coordinate system. If you are mixing techniques, you may wish to consider using the
CSYS,WP or CSYS, 4 command to force the coordinate system to follow the working plane.
Caution
5.3.1.Creating Area Primitives
Any area primitives you create will lie flat on the working plane and will be oriented according to the
working plane coordinate system. Area primitives must have surface areas greater than zero (that is, you
cannot create a degenerate area as a means of defining a line).
The interface between two touching primitives will create a seam of discontinuity in the finite element
model, unless you take steps to "weld" that seam shut, using commands such as NUMMRG, AADD, or AGLUE.
You can define area primitives using the methods described in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Create a
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas>
Rectangle> By Dimensions
RECTNG
rectangular area anywhere on the
working plane
Rectangle> By 2 Corners
BLC4
rectangular area by corner points
Rectangle> By Centr & Cornr
BLC5
rectangular area by center and
corner points
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Circle>
By Dimensions
PCIRC
circular area centered about the
working plane origin
Annulus or > Partial Annulus or > Solid Circle
CYL4
circular area anywhere on the
working plane
By End Points
CYL5
circular area by end points
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Polygon>
ByCircumscrRador>ByInscribedRador>BySideLength
RPOLY
regular polygonal area centered
about the working plane origin
52

GUI
Com-
mand
Create a
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Polygon>
Hexagon or > Octagon or > Pentagon or > Septagon or >
Square or > Triangle
RPR4
regular polygonal area anywhere
on the working plane
POLY
[1]
arbitrary polygonal area based on
working plane coordinate pairs
1. You must use the PTXY command to define coordinate pairs before issuing the POLY command.
When you define an arc segment of a circular geometric primitive (PCIRC and CYL4 discussed above, or
CONE, CYLIND, SPHERE, and TORUS discussed in the next section on volume primitives) the arc sector begins
at the algebraically smaller angle, extends in a positive angular direction, and ends at the larger angle. (The
input order of THETA1, THETA2 on these commands does not define the starting and ending angles of the
arc sector.) The following figure illustrates how these commands work:
Figure 5.15 Arc Sectors of Circular Geometric Primitives
wy wy
wx wx
PCIRC,1,2,45,315
PCIRC,1,2,315,45
PCIRC,1,2,-45,45
PCIRC,1,2,45,-45
+θ +θ
5.3.2.Creating Volume Primitives
Volume primitives are positioned relative to the working plane as outlined in their command descriptions.
The interface between two touching primitives will create a seam of discontinuity in the finite element
model, unless you take steps to "weld" that seam shut, using commands such as NUMMRG, VGLUE, or
VADD.
You can define volume primitives using the methods described in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
Create a
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Volumes>
Block> By Dimensions
BLOCK
blockvolumebasedonwork-
ing plane coordinates
Block> By 2 Corners & Z
BLC4
block volume by corner
points
53

GUI
Com-
mand
Create a
Block> By Centr,Cornr,Z
BLC5
block volume by center and
corner points
Cylinder> By Dimensions
CYLIND
cylindrical volume centered
about the working plane ori-
gin
Cylinder> Hollow Cylinder or > Partial Cylinder or > Solid Cyl-
inder
CYL4
cylindrical volume anywhere
Cylinder> By End Pts & Z
CYL5
cylindrical volume by end
points
Prism> By Circumscr Rad or > By Inscribed Rad or > By Side
Length
RPRISM
regular prism volume
centered about the working
plane origin
Prism> Hexagonal or > Octagonal or > Pentagonal or >
Septagonal or > Square or > Triangular
RPR4
prism volume anywhere on
the working plane
PRISM
[1]
arbitrary prism based on
working plane coordinate
pairs
Sphere> By Dimensions
SPHERE
spherical volume centered
gin
Sphere> Hollow Sphere or > Solid Sphere
SPH4
spherical volume anywhere
Sphere> By End Points
SPH5
sphericalvolumebydiameter
end points
Cone> By Dimensions
CONE
conical volume centered
gin
Cone> By Picking
CON4
conical volume anywhere on
the working plane
Torus
TORUS
toroidal volume [2]
1. You must use the PTXY command to define coordinate pairs before issuing the PRISM command.
2. See Creating a Torus or Toroidal Sector (p. 54) for more information on toroidal volumes.
5.3.2.1.Creating a Torus or Toroidal Sector
You can use the TORUS,RAD1,RAD2,RAD3,THETA1,THETA2 command to create either a torus or a toroidal
sector. To create a torus, you do not need to specify values for THETA1 or THETA2. You must specify three
values to define the radii of the torus (RAD1, RAD2, and RAD3). You can specify the radii in any order. The
smallest of the values is the inner minor radius, the intermediate value is the outer minor radius, and the
largest value is the major radius. (There is one exception regarding the order of the radii values - if you want
to create a solid torus, specify zero or blank for the inner minor radius, in which case the zero or blank must
54

occupy either the RAD1 or RAD2 position.) At least two of the values that you specify must be positive values;
they will be used to define the outer minor radius and the major radius.
To create the torus shown in Figure 5.16 (p. 55), the command TORUS,5,1,2 was issued. Due to the sizes of
the specified radii values relative to one another, 5, 1, and 2 were used to define the major radius, inner
minor radius, and outer minor radius of the torus, respectively. Since no values for THETA1 and THETA2
were specified, the default values of 0 and 360 were used as the starting and ending angles of the torus.
(See Figure 5.17 (p. 56) for a view of a toroidal sector showing all radii.)
See the description of the TORUS command in the Command Reference for additional details.
Figure 5.16 Torus Primitive
Major radius
Y
X
Z
+θ
To create the toroidal sector shown in Figure 5.17 (p. 56), the command TORUS,5,1,2,0,180 was issued; where
5, 1, and 2 are the major radius, inner minor radius, and outer minor radius of the torus; and 0 and 180 are
the starting and ending angles of the torus.
55

Figure 5.17 Toroidal Sector
Inner
minor
radius
Outer
minor
radius
Major
radius
5.4.Sculpting Your Model with Boolean Operations
Boolean algebra provides a means for combining sets of data, using such logical operators as intersect,
union, subtract, etc. The ANSYS program allows you to apply these same Boolean operators to your solid
model, so that you can modify your solid model constructions more easily.
You can apply Boolean operations to almost any solid model construction, whether it was created from the
top down or from the bottom up. The only exceptions are that Boolean operations are not valid for entities
created by concatenation (see Free or Mapped Mesh (p. 101)) and that some Boolean operations cannot always
be performed on entities that contain degeneracies. (See Solid Model Loads (p. 82) later in this chapter.)
Also, all solid-model loads and element attributes should be defined after you complete your Boolean oper-
ations. If you are using Booleans to modify an existing model, you should take care to redefine your element
attributes and solid-model loads.
Note
Boolean operations and other solid modeling operations can be unreliable, either failing to work
or corrupting/contaminating the database. You should SAVE a copy of your database before a
Boolean operation in order to cleanly recover from a failure. See Considerations and Cautions for
Solid Modeling (p. 85) for additional information.
5.4.1.Boolean Operation Settings
You can specify Boolean operation options using the BOPTN command (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Settings).
56

When you perform a Boolean operation on two (or more) entities, you are faced with the decision of
whether or not you want to keep the original entities. You can control this action with the KEEP label of the
BOPTN,Lab,Value command, as illustrated schematically in Figure 5.18 (p. 57):
Figure 5.18 Boolean Keep Options
BOPTN,KEEP,YES
AINA,1,2
(A1 and A2 not changed)
A1
A2
A3
(A1 and A2 deleted automatically)
BOPTN,KEEP,NO
AINA,1,2
A1
A2
A1
A2
A3
Boolean operations on lower-order entities that are attached to higher-order entities are generally permitted.
Boolean operations cannot be performed on meshed entities. You must clear the mesh from the entity before
performing the Boolean operation.
The label NWARN on the BOPTN command allows you to control warning messages. A value of "0" will
result in a warning message if a Boolean operation has no effect. A value of "1" will suppress all warning or
error messages if a Boolean operation has no effect. A value of "-1" will allow error messages if a Boolean
operation has no effect. The default value of this label is "0".
The VERSION label can be used to control which numbering scheme ANSYS will use to number the entities
produced by Boolean operations. By default, ANSYS will number entities using the Revision 5.2 numbering
scheme, but you can force ANSYS to use the Revision 5.1 numbering scheme instead. Normally, you will
want to use the default numbering scheme when running Revision 5.2 or newer versions. However, if you
are reading input that was created at Revision 5.1, you should activate Revision 5.1 numbering
[BOPTN,VERSION,RV51] before reading in the file [/INPUT] so that the input will run properly.
Note
A command input stream created at Revision 5.1 may produce different entity numbering at Re-
vision 5.2 or Revision 5.3 unless the Revision 5.1 numbering scheme is specified [BOPTN,VER-
SION,RV51].
The label DEFA will reset all BOPTN settings to default values. The label STAT lists the status of present
settings.
57
5.4.1.Boolean Operation Settings

5.4.2.Entity Numbering After Boolean Operations
The numbering scheme assigns numbers to Boolean output entities based on information relating to their
topology and geometry. The topology information used for an area, for example, includes the number of
loops it is defined by, the number of lines (that is, 3-sided area, 4-sided area, etc.) making up the area, the
line numbers of any original lines (lines existing before the Boolean operation) in the area, keypoint numbers
of any original keypoints, etc. The geometry information used for an area consists of the coordinates of its
centroid, endpoints, and other "control points" relative to some arbitrary reference coordinate system.
"Control points" are defined by the NURBS used to parametrically describe your model. The numbering
scheme first assigns numbers (beginning with the next available number) to those output entities that can
be uniquely identified by their topology. Any remaining entities are then assigned numbers based on their
geometry. Unfortunately, entity numbering based on geometry may not be consistent across design optim-
ization loops, especially if the geometry changes from loop to loop. Therefore, when geometry-based entity
numbering occurs, the program issues the following warning message:
*** WARNING ***
Entity numbers from the Boolean operation were assigned based on geometry.
If you are planning to do optimization, (or input looping), do not rely
on the entity numbers for loads, etc. To suppress this warning, issue "BOPT,NWARN,0".
5.4.3.Intersect
An intersection defines a new set of entities which is common to every original entity included in the operation.
In other words, an intersection represents the region of overlap of two or more entities. The new set can
be of the same or lower dimension as the original entities. For instance, the intersection of two lines can be
a keypoint (or a set of keypoints), or it can be a line (or set of lines). The Boolean intersect commands are
as follows:
GUI
Com-
mand
Create the intersection of
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>
Intersect> Common> Lines
LINL
lines
Intersect> Common> Areas
AINA
areas
Intersect> Common> Volumes
VINV
volumes
Intersect> Line with Area
LINA
a line with an area
Intersect> Area with Volume
AINV
an area with a volume
Intersect> Line with Volume
LINV
a line with a volume
5.4.3.1.Illustrations of Intersection Operations
The following figures illustrate the intersection operations listed above:
58

Figure 5.19 LINL (Line Intersect Line)
L1
L2
New keypoints
L1
L2
New line
L3
Figure 5.20 AINA (Area Intersect Area)
A1
A2
A1
A2
A3
New line
New area
59
5.4.3.Intersect

Figure 5.21 VINV (Volume Intersect Volume)
Figure 5.22 LINA (Line Intersect Area)
New keypoint
New line
L1
A1
(L1, A1 lie on
the same surface)
L6
Figure 5.23 AINV (Area Intersect Volume)
60

Figure 5.24 LINV (Line Intersect Volume)
5.4.4.Pairwise Intersect
A pairwise intersection defines a new set of entities which is any overlapping set of entities included in the
operation. In other words, a pairwise intersection represents the region of overlap of at least any two of the
original entities. The new set can be of the same or lower dimension as the original entities. For instance,
the pairwise intersection of a set of lines can be a keypoint (or a set of keypoints), or it can be a line (or set
of lines). The Boolean pairwise intersect commands are as follows:
GUI
Com-
mand
Findthepairwiseintersec-
tion of
Intersect> Pairwise> Lines
LINP
lines
Intersect> Pairwise> Areas
AINP
areas
Intersect> Pairwise> Volumes
VINP
volumes
5.4.4.1.Illustrations of Pairwise Intersection Operations
Figure 5.25 (p. 61), Figure 5.26 (p. 62), and Figure 5.27 (p. 63) illustrate the pairwise intersection operations
listed above:
Figure 5.25 LINP (Line Intersect Pairwise)
61
5.4.4.Pairwise Intersect

Figure 5.26 AINP (Area Intersect Pairwise)
A1
A2
A3
New lines
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
New areas
62

Figure 5.27 VINP (Volume Intersect Pairwise)
V1
V2
V3
New areas
New volumes
V5
V4
V1 V2
V3
5.4.5.Add
An addition of entities defines a new entity that includes all parts of the originals. (This operation is also
known mathematically as a union, joining, or summation.) The resulting entity is a single seamless whole,
containing no internal divisions. (As a practical matter, "added" entities will often not mesh as well as will
"overlapped" entities.) Only volumes or coplanar 2-D areas can be added in the ANSYS program. Areas added
may contain holes within the area; that is, internal loops. The Boolean add commands are as follows:
GUI
Com-
mand
Add
Add> Areas
AADD
separate areas to create a
single area
Add> Volumes
VADD
separate volumes to create
a single volume
5.4.5.1.Illustrations of Addition Operations
The following figures illustrate the add operations listed above.
63
5.4.5.Add

Figure 5.28 AADD (Add Areas)
Figure 5.29 VADD (Add Volumes)
V1
V2
Block
One complex volume
(no internal boundaries)
Cylinder
V3
5.4.6.Subtract
If you subtract one entity (E2) from another (E1), you will obtain one of two results: Either you will create a
new entity or entities (E1 - E2 ≥ E3) that is of the same dimensionality as E1 and that contains no overlap
with E2, or, if the overlap is of a lower dimensionality, you will simply divide E1 into two or more new entities
(E1 - E2 ≥ E3 and E4).
If the command field SEPO on the subtract command is set to blank (default), the subtraction of entities
can result in lines with a common end point, or areas with a common line boundary, or volumes sharing a
common boundary area. If the command field is set to "SEPO", the resulting entities will no longer share
common boundaries but have distinct but coincident boundaries. This latter operation is not valid if the
overlap of entities does not divide one of the input entities into at least two distinct lines, areas, or volumes.
The Boolean subtract commands (and their corresponding GUI paths) are as follows:
GUI
Com-
mand
Subtract
Subtract> Lines
LSBL
lines from lines
64

GUI
Com-
mand
Subtract
Subtract> With Options> Lines
Divide> Line by Line
Divide> With Options> Line by Line
Subtract> Areas
ASBA
areas from areas
Subtract> With Options> Areas
Divide> Area by Area
Divide> With Options> Area by Area
Subtract> Volumes
VSBV
volumes from
volumes
Subtract> With Options> Volumes
Divide> Line by Area
LSBA
areas from lines
Divide> With Options> Line by Area
Divide> Line by Volume
LSBV
volumes from lines
Divide> With Options> Line by Volume
Divide> Area by Volume
ASBV
volumes from areas
Divide> With Options> Area by Volume
Divide> Area by Line
ASBL [1]
lines from areas
Divide> With Options> Area by Line
Divide> Volume by Area
VSBA
areas from volumes
Divide> With Options> Volume by Area
65
5.4.6.Subtract

1. The SEPO field is not available on the ASBL command.
You can subtract multiple entities from a single entity. All entity subtraction commands are of the form eSBe,
where "e" represents multiple or single entities.
You can set either entity field value of the subtract operation to ALL . If ALL is used in the minuend field,
the entity or entities listed or picked in the subtrahend field will be removed from all selected entities. If
ALL is used in the subtrahend field, all selected entities will be subtracted from those listed in the minuend
field. If ALL is used in both minuend and subtrahend fields for subtraction of like entities, nothing will happen;
that is, the result will be your input entities.
The KEEP(X) argument fields of the entity subtraction commands allow you to selectively keep or delete
entities. For instance, the KEEPA and KEEPL arguments on the ASBL command allow you to keep or delete
the areas and/or lines used in an ASBL operation. This is in contrast to the BOPTN,KEEP,Value command
which demands you either keep or delete all input entities. The KEEPL and KEEPA arguments override
previous settings made with the BOPTN command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate>
Booleans> Settings). If these two fields are left blank, the default settings are controlled by the BOPTN
command. The default setting for BOPTN is to delete all entities that are used as inputs to entity subtraction
commands.
5.4.6.1.Illustrations of Subtraction Operations
Figure 5.30 (p. 66) through Figure 5.37 (p. 69) illustrate simple entity subtraction operations. See the descrip-
tions of the LSBL, ASBA, VSBV, LSBA, LSBV, ASBV, ASBL, and VSBA commands in the Command Reference
for more information.
Figure 5.30 LSBL (Line Subtract Line)
66

Figure 5.31 ASBA (Area Subtract Area)
Figure 5.32 VSBV (Volume Subtract Volume)
Figure 5.33 LSBA (Line Subtract Area)
New line
L1
A1
L6
L1
A1
Common point
Two new lines
L7
L6
67
5.4.6.Subtract

Figure 5.34 LSBV (Line Subtract Volume)
Figure 5.35 ASBV (Area Subtract Volume)
Figure 5.36 ASBL (Area Subtract Line)
68

Figure 5.37 VSBA (Volume Subtract Area)
The entity subtraction commands can have multiple inputs. You can subtract one entity from multiple entities,
or you can subtract multiple entities from one entity. You may also subtract multiple entities from multiple
entities. Figure 5.38 (p. 69) to Figure 5.45 (p. 71) illustrate multiple entity subtractions.
Figure 5.38 LSBL (Multiple Line Subtract a Line)
Figure 5.39 ASBA (Multiple Area Subtract an Area)
69
5.4.6.Subtract

Figure 5.40 VSBV (Multiple Volume Subtract a Volume)
Figure 5.41 LSBA (Multiple Line Subtract an Area)
Figure 5.42 LSBV (Multiple Line Subtract a Volume)
70

Figure 5.43 ASBV (Multiple Area Subtract a Volume)
Figure 5.44 ASBL (Multiple Area Subtract a Line)
Figure 5.45 VSBA (Single Volume Subtract Multiple Areas)
5.4.7.Working Plane Subtract
The working plane can be subtracted from an entity to divide it into two or more entities. The working plane
can be subtracted from lines, areas, and volumes by using the commands and GUI paths described below.
For each of these subtract commands, the SEPO field can be used to determine whether the entities produced
will have shared or coincident but separate boundaries. The KEEP field can be used to retain or delete input
71
5.4.7.Working Plane Subtract

entities regardless of the setting of the BOPTN command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate>
Booleans> Settings).
The working plane is often used to cut up an existing model prior to map meshing. You can use any of the
methods described in the following table to subtract the working plane from an entity.
GUI
Com-
mand
Subtract the intersec-
tion of the working
plane from
Divide> Line by WrkPlane
LSBW
lines
Divide> With Options> Line by WrkPlane
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Operate> Divide> Area by Wrk-
Plane
ASBW
areas
Divide> With Options> Area by WrkPlane
Divide> Volu by WrkPlane
VSBW
volumes
Divide> With Options> Volu by WrkPlane
5.4.7.1.Illustrations of Working Plane Subtraction Operations
The following figures illustrate the working plane subtraction operations listed above:
Figure 5.46 LSBW (Line Subtract Working Plane)
72

Figure 5.47 ASBW (Area Subtract Working Plane)
Figure 5.48 VSBW (Volume Subtract Working Plane)
5.4.8.Classify
Classification is similar to subtraction, except that both the original entities are replaced by new entities. At
present, only line-line classification is possible in the ANSYS program. To perform line-line classification, use
the LCSL command. You cannot access the LCSL command directly in the GUI. The following figure illustrates
the classification operation.
Figure 5.49 LCSL (Line Classify Line)
L1
L2
L3
L5
L6
L4
New keypoint
73
5.4.8.Classify

5.4.9.Overlap
The overlap commands will join two or more entities to create three or more new entities that encompass
all parts of the originals. The end result is similar to an "add" operation, except that boundaries will be created
around the overlap zone. Thus, the overlap operation produces a number of relatively uncomplicated regions,
as compared to the single relatively complicated region created by the add operation. For this reason,
overlapped entities will often mesh better than added entities.
Overlapping is valid only if the overlap region has the same dimensionality as the original entities. The
Boolean overlap commands (and their corresponding GUI paths) are as follows:
GUI
Com-
mand
Overlap
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Overlap>
Lines
LOVLAP
lines
Areas
AOVLAP
areas
Volumes
VOVLAP
volumes
5.4.9.1.Illustrations of Overlap Operations
The following figures illustrate the overlap operations listed above:
Figure 5.50 LOVLAP (Line Overlap Line)
L1
L2 L3
L4
L5
Figure 5.51 AOVLAP (Area Overlap Area)
A1
A2
A3
A4
74

Figure 5.52 VOVLAP (Volume Overlap Volume)
5.4.10.Partition
The partition commands will join two or more entities to create three or more new entities that encompass
all parts of the originals. The end result is similar to an "overlap" operation if the overlap is of the same di-
mensionality as the original entities. However, unlike the overlap operations, non-overlapping input entities
will not be deleted. The Boolean partition commands are as follows:
GUI
Com-
mand
Partition
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Parti-
tion> Lines
LPTN
lines
tion> Areas
APTN
areas
tion> Volumes
VPTN
volumes
5.4.10.1.Illustrations of Partition Operations
Figure 5.53 (p. 75), Figure 5.54 (p. 76), and Figure 5.55 (p. 76) illustrate partition operations. See the descriptions
of the LPTN, APTN, and VPTN commands in the Command Reference for more information.
Figure 5.53 LPTN (Line Partition)
2
1
5
6
7
4
3 9
8
75
5.4.10.Partition

Figure 5.54 APTN (Area Partition)
Figure 5.55 VPTN (Volume Partition)
5.4.11.Glue (or Merge)
Glue is similar to overlap, except that it applies only to cases in which the intersection between entities occurs
at a boundary, and is one dimension lower than the original entities. The entities maintain their individuality
(they are not "added"), but they become connected at their intersection (they "talk" to each other), as shown
in the illustrations below. The Boolean glue commands (and their corresponding GUI paths) are as follows:
GUI
Com-
mand
Generate new
Glue> Lines
LGLUE
lines by“gluing”lines
Glue> Areas
AGLUE
areas by“gluing”areas
Glue> Volumes
VGLUE
volumes by“gluing”
volumes
5.4.11.1.Illustrations of Glue Operations
The following figures illustrate the glue operations listed above:
76

Figure 5.56 LGLUE (Line Glue Line)
L1
L2
2 KPs
L3
L4
1 KP
Figure 5.57 AGLUE (Area Glue Area)
A1
A2
A3
A4
Shared KPs and line
Figure 5.58 VGLUE (Volume Glue Volume)
V3 and V4 share 4 keypoints,
4 lines, and an area
V2
V1
V4
V3
5.4.12.Alternatives to Boolean Operations
Boolean operations can sometimes be relatively slow and expensive. As a general guideline, if you can replace
a Boolean command with another, similarly convenient command, do so. Some of the alternative procedures
that can sometimes be used in place of Booleans are described below.
Dragging and Rotating: A complicated prismatic or cylindrical volume might be defined just as conveniently,
but more efficiently, using VDRAG and VROTAT (as described below) in place of Boolean operations. A
good example would be a model of a block with a number of holes drilled through it.
Extruding and Offsetting: A 2-D cross section can also be offset or extruded into a 3-D volume using VEXT
and VOFFST (as described below). See Creating Your Solid Model from the Bottom Up (p. 37) earlier in this
chapter, which also discusses how to extrude, offset, rotate, or drag meshed areas into meshed volumes.
Utilizing the Options on Primitive Commands: A number of primitive commands allow you to define a
relatively complicated shape in a single command. For example, you can create a hollow spherical segment
of specified wall thickness, using a single SPHERE command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling>
Create> Volumes> Sphere> By Dimensions):
77
5.4.12.Alternatives to Boolean Operations

Figure 5.59 Hollow Spherical Segment Created With One Command
It is clear from this example how exercising the full ability of one primitive command can sometimes save
the expense of performing several Boolean operations.
5.5.Updating after Boolean Operations
Some Boolean commands will automatically update entities after the Boolean operation is performed on
attached lower-order entities. For instance, if you use an AADD Boolean operation (Main Menu> Prepro-
cessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas) to add several areas together that are attached to
a single volume, that volume will be updated by replacing the original areas with the newly produced area.
This releases you from the work of deleting the higher-order entity (volume in this case) and rebuilding it
with bottom up techniques. The following commands perform automatic updating of higher-order entities:
Table 5.1 Commands That Automatically Update Entities
Entities that can be up-
dated
Entities directly modified by command
Command
Volumes
Areas
AADD
Areas and Volumes
Areas and Lines
ASBA
Areas and Volumes
Areas and Lines
ASBV
Areas and Volumes
Areas and Lines
ASBL
Areas and Volumes
N/A
AFILLT
Areas
Lines
LSBL
Areas
Lines
LSBA
Areas
Lines
LSBV
Areas
Lines
LCSL
Updating can occur only if the Boolean operation produces entities that are equal to the original entity. For
instance, if an ASBA operation (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Divide>
Area by Area, and so on) cuts an area into two pieces, the two new pieces will replace the original area,
and the underlying volume will be updated to include the new areas. However, if the ASBA operation cuts
a piece out of the original area (to create a hole for instance), no entities can be updated.
Figure 5.60 (p. 79) shows an example of automatic Boolean updating. In this example, a fillet area [AFILLT]
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Area Fillet) is placed between two intersecting
volumes. The Boolean fillet operation creates the fillet area, but also automatically updates the areas on the
surfaces of the volumes, and the volumes are updated to replace the two original surface areas with the
four new surface areas.
78

Figure 5.60 Automatic Boolean Updating WithAFILLT
If your model repetitively uses a relatively complicated area or volume, you need construct that part only
once; you can then generate copies of that part in new locations and new orientations as needed. For example,
the elongated voids in the plate shown below can be copied from a single such void.
Figure 5.61 Copying an Area
Original (pattern)
Geometric primitives can also be considered to be "parts." As you create geometric primitives, their location
and orientation will be determined by the current working plane. Because it is not always particularly con-
venient to redefine the working plane for each new primitive that you create, you might find it more prac-
79

tical to allow a primitive to be created at the "wrong" location, and then move that primitive to its correct
position. Of course, this operation is not limited to geometric primitives: any solid model entity can be copied
or moved.
The commands that you can use to move or copy solid model entities include the xGEN commands, the
xSYM(M) commands, and the xTRAN commands (and their corresponding GUI paths). Of these, the xGEN and
xTRAN commands will probably be the most useful for moving and rotating a copy of an entity. (Copying a
higher-order entity will automatically cause all the lower-order entities associated with it to be copied as
well. In addition, if you copy an entity's elements (NOELEM = 0), all elements associated with lower-order
entities attached to it will also be copied.) You can move an entity to a new location by setting IMOVE = 1
in the appropriate xGEN, xSYM(M), or xTRAN command.
5.6.1.Generating Entities from a Pattern
ANSYS provides the following xGEN commands and GUI paths:
• To generate additional keypoints from a pattern of keypoints:
Command(s): KGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Keypoints
• To generate additional lines from a pattern of lines:
Command(s): LGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Lines
• To generate additional areas from a pattern of areas:
Command(s): AGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Areas> Areas
• To generate additional volumes from a pattern of volumes:
Command(s): VGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Volumes
5.6.2.Generating Entities by Symmetry Reflection
ANSYS provides the following xSYM(M) commands and GUI paths:
• To generate a reflected set of keypoints:
Command(s): KSYMM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Keypoints
• To generate lines from a line pattern by symmetry reflection:
Command(s): LSYMM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Lines
• To generate areas from an area pattern by symmetry reflection:
Command(s): ARSYM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Areas
80

• To generate volumes from a volume pattern by symmetry reflection:
Command(s): VSYMM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Volumes
5.6.3.Transferring a Pattern of Entities to a Coordinate System
ANSYS provides the following xTRAN commands and GUI paths:
• To transfer a pattern of keypoints to another coordinate system:
Command(s): KTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Transfer Coord> Keypoints
• To transfer a pattern of lines to another coordinate system:
Command(s): LTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Transfer Coord> Lines
• To transfer a pattern of areas to another coordinate system:
Command(s): ATRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Transfer Coord> Areas
• To transfer a pattern of volumes to another coordinate system:
Command(s): VTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Transfer Coord> Volumes
It is possible to scale defined entities up or down. The xSCALE family of commands can be used to scale a
single entity or a pattern of entities in the active coordinate system.
Scale factors are applied to the X, Y, and Z keypoint coordinates for each of the four scaling commands. If
you are working in a cylindrical coordinate system when doing a scaling operation, X, Y, and Z will be inter-
preted as R, θ, Z, where θ is an angular offset. In spherical coordinates, X, Y, and Z will be interpreted as
R, θ, Φ, where θ and Φ are both angular offsets.
• To generate a scaled set of (meshed) keypoints from a pattern of keypoints:
Command(s): KPSCALE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Scale> Keypoints
• To generate a scaled set of lines from a pattern of lines:
Command(s): LSSCALE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Scale> Lines
• To generate a scaled set of areas from a pattern of areas:
Command(s): ARSCALE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Scale> Areas
• To generate a scaled set of volumes from a pattern of volumes:
Command(s): VLSCALE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Scale> Volumes
81

Samples of scaled entities are shown in Figure 5.62 (p. 82).
Figure 5.62 Scaling Entities
5.8.Solid Model Loads
You can define loads directly on the solid model at any time before you actually initiate the solution. Thus,
solid model loads may be defined before or after finite element meshing. (Details of how to define solid
model loads are discussed in "Loading" in the Basic Analysis Guide.) The remainder of this section describes
other functions related to solid model loads.
5.8.1.Transferring Solid Model Loads
Solid model loads will be transferred to the finite element model automatically when you begin the solution
calculations (when you issue a SOLVE command (Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS)), or you may
transfer them "manually" using the following methods:
• To transfer solid model loads and boundary conditions to the finite element model:
Command(s): SBCTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> All Solid
Lds
82

Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> All Solid Lds
• To transfer solid model body force loads to the finite element model:
Command(s): BFTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Body Loads
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Body Loads
• To transfer solid model DOF constraints to the finite element model:
Command(s): DTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Constraints
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Constraints
• To transfer solid model forces to the finite element model:
Command(s): FTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Forces
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Forces
• To transfer solid model surface loads to the finite element model:
Command(s): SFTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Surface
Loads
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Operate> Transfer to FE> Surface Loads
5.8.2.Displaying Load Symbols
Solid model loads may be displayed at any time after you have turned on the appropriate load symbols:
• To show boundary condition symbols on displays, use the /PBC command. This command includes an
option to display boundary condition values, as well as symbols. (Turning off /VSCALE scaling before
issuing the /PBC command may help.)
• To show body force loads as contours on displays, use the /PBF command.
• To show surface load symbols on model displays, use the /PSF command.
All of these commands can be accessed in the GUI by picking Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols.
5.8.3.Turning Off Large Symbols for Node and Keypoint Locations
Large symbols for node and keypoint locations are displayed by default (/PSYMB,DOT,1).
• To display smaller symbols for node and keypoint locations, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): /PSYMB,DOT,0
GUI: Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols
5.8.4.Selecting a Format for the Graphical Display of Numbers
You can indicate the field length and the number of digits that are displayed for the numbers appearing
on a model.
• To specify a format for the display of numbers, use the following command:
83
5.8.4.Selecting a Format for the Graphical Display of Numbers

Command(s):
/GFORMAT
5.8.5.Listing Solid Model Loads
You can list all solid model loads or you can list separate types of solid model loads using the following
methods:
• To list all solid model loads:
Command(s): SBCLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> Solid Model Loads
• To list the body force loads at keypoints:
Command(s): BFKLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> Body> On All Keypoints
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Body> On Picked KPs
• To list the DOF constraints at keypoints:
Command(s): DKLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> DOF Constraints> On All Keypoints
Utility Menu> List> Loads> DOF Constraints> On Picked KPs
• To list the DOF constraints on a line:
Command(s): DLLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> DOF Constraints> On All Lines
Utility Menu> List> Loads> DOF Constraints> On Picked Lines
• To list the DOF constraints on an area:
Command(s): DALIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> DOF Constraints> On All Areas
Utility Menu> List> Loads> DOF Constraints> On Picked Areas
• To list the forces at keypoints:
Command(s): FKLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> Forces> On All Keypoints
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Forces> On Picked KPs
• To list the surface loads on lines:
Command(s): SFLLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> Surface Loads> On All Lines
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Surface Loads> On Picked Lines
• To list the surface loads on areas:
Command(s): SFALIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Loads> Surface Loads> On All Areas
Utility Menu> List> Loads> Surface Loads> On Picked Areas
84

5.9.Mass and Inertia Calculations
The xSUM commands calculate and print geometry items associated with solid model entities. See Mass
Moments of Inertia in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications for details.
Note
For very narrow (sliver) areas or very thin volumes, such that the ratio of the minimum to the
maximum dimension is less than 0.01, the ASUM and VSUM commands can provide erroneous
area or volume information. To ensure that such calculations are accurate, make certain that you
subdivide such areas and volumes so that the ratio of the minimum to the maximum is at least
0.05.
• To calculate and print the center of mass location, moments of inertia, and so on, associated with selected
keypoints:
Command(s): KSUM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Calc Geom Items> Of Keypoints
• To calculate and print the length, center of mass location, moments of inertia, and so on, for selected
lines:
Command(s): LSUM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Calc Geom Items> Of Lines
• To calculate and print the area, center of mass location, moments of inertia, and so on, for selected
areas:
Command(s): ASUM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Calc Geom Items> Of Areas
• To calculate and print the volume, center of mass location, moments of inertia, and so on, for selected
volumes:
Command(s): VSUM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Calc Geom Items> Of Volumes
• To calculate and print all of the previously mentioned keypoint, line, area, and volume geometry items
at one time:
Command(s): GSUM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Calc Geom Items> Of Geometry
5.10.Considerations and Cautions for Solid Modeling
5.10.1.Representation of Solid Model Entities
During the solid modeling process, it is helpful to understand the underlying mathematical operations used
by ANSYS. This knowledge is particularly useful when you encounter degeneracies and discontinuities. For
example, an error stating that a degeneracy has been detected in a solid model Boolean operation may
occur. Knowledge of the mathematical terminology involved can aid in overcoming such an error.
Internally, solid model entities are mathematically represented by trimmed parametric surfaces. Trimmed
parametric surfaces consist of two components: parametric geometry and topology. Parametric geometry
defines the underlying surface of a model. The term "parametric" refers to the parametric space that math-
85
5.10.1.Representation of Solid Model Entities

ematically represents the geometric space. Refer to Figure 5.63 (p. 86) for an illustration of the relationship
between the geometric model and the parametric model. Nonuniform Rational B-splines, or NURBS, are used
in the definition of the parametric geometry. The term "topology" refers to the trimming surfaces that bound
a model's geometry.
5.10.2.When a Boolean Operation Fails
Boolean operators provide a powerful set of tools that enable you to create complicated geometries with
a minimum amount of input. However, you might encounter situations in which a Boolean operation will
have difficulties. If this happens, you can still sometimes work around the problem to achieve the desired
solid model. Let's examine some of the causes of and cures for Boolean failures.
5.10.2.1.Degeneracies
Boolean operations can fail due to degeneracies. Knowing what constitutes a degeneracy, how a degeneracy
is formed, and why degeneracies sometimes cause Booleans to fail can help you overcome such errors. De-
generacies can arise due to issues in geometry or topology. ANSYS will classify degeneracies (which cause
a Boolean failure) as either parametric (geometry) or topological.
Parametric degeneracies result from the representation of geometric space with an underlying parametric
space. When this "shadow world" of the parametric representation is not in dimensional harmony with the
real world of the geometric model, a degeneracy is created. For example, at the apex of a cone, a single
point on the geometric model is represented by an edge in the parametric representation (see Figure
5.63 (p. 86)). Such a point is termed a degenerate edge, or more simply, a degeneracy. Figure 5.65 (p. 88) il-
lustrates several common degeneracies formed during modeling.
A degeneracy of this kind is not harmful in and of itself. A model that contains a degeneracy can often be
used in Boolean operations, can be meshed successfully, and can yield excellent analysis results. It is only
when a degeneracy happens to cause a problem in a Boolean operation that you even need to be aware
of its existence.
Figure 5.63 Cone Surface Maps to a Parametric Square
Point is represented by a parametric degeneracy
Geometric model Parametric model
86

5.10.3.Graphically Identifying Degeneracies
Degeneracies in areas or volumes can be graphically identified using the methods described below. If you
are using the command input method, including the DEGEN label will place a red star at keypoints associated
with degeneracies (see Figure 5.64 (p. 87)).
• To display degeneracies in areas:
Command(s): APLOT, , , ,DEGE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Show Degeneracy> Plot Degen
Areas
• To display selected volumes:
Command(s): VPLOT, , , ,DEGE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Show Degeneracy> Plot Degen
Volus
5.10.4.Listing the Keypoints Associated with Degeneracies
You may also choose to list the keypoints associated with degeneracies:
• To list keypoints of an area that lie on a parametric degeneracy:
Command(s): ADGL
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Show Degeneracy> List Degen
Areas
• To list keypoints of a volume that lie on a parametric degeneracy:
Command(s): VDGL
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Show Degeneracy> List Degen
Volus
Figure 5.64 Plotting of Geometric Degeneracies
87

Another kind of degeneracy can be detected if a Boolean operation attempts to create a degenerate
boundary during any phase of its operation. A degenerate boundary is an incomplete or zero-area loop, or
an incomplete or zero-volume shell. This type of degeneracy is commonly referred to as a topological degen-
eracy. A Boolean operation will produce an error message if a degeneracy of this nature is detected. Topo-
logical degeneracies cannot be plotted since they do not exist prior to a Boolean operation. Examples of
topological degeneracies are illustrated in Figure 5.66 (p. 89) and Figure 5.67 (p. 89). An example of a Boolean
operation resulting in failure is shown in Figure 5.66 (p. 89). In this example, the triangular prism cannot be
subtracted [VSBV] from the block, because a degenerate loop would be formed on the top surface of the
block. Other Boolean operations such as VADD, VOVLAP, etc. would also fail for these volumes due to this
degeneracy.
Figure 5.65 Examples of Degeneracies
A topologically degenerate loop will be created during VSBV, VADD, VOVLAP, or other Boolean operations
involving these volumes
88

Figure 5.66 Topologically Degenerate Loop
Edge of triangular prism lies
on top surface of block (potential
degenerate loop)
Figure 5.67 Examples of Topologically Degenerate Loops and Shells
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
A7
If keypoint 5 is made
part of this area, it will
be a degenerate loop.
If coincident lines 5, 6, and
7 are made part of this area,
they will form a degenerate
(zero-area) loop.
If lines 5 or 6 are
made part of this
area, they will be
degenerate loops.
If area 7 is made part
of this volume, it will be
a degenerate shell.
1 2
3
4
5
L1
L2
L3
L4 L7
L6
L5
89

5.10.4.1.Discontinuities
Generally, discontinuities are sharp "kinks" in solid model entities. They can result from the combination of
lines [LCOMB] with inconsistent end tangents or from an IGES import. See Figure 5.68 (p. 90) for an illustration
of entities containing discontinuities.
Figure 5.68 Lines and Areas Containing Discontinuities
L1
1
3
discontinuities
Many solid model operations will support entities containing discontinuities. However, Boolean operations
do not directly support discontinuities. Boolean operations will split or divide entities at points or along lines
of discontinuities prior to the Boolean operation. For example, Figure 5.69 (p. 91) shows an area containing
a discontinuity involved in a Boolean subtract operation. Prior to the subtract operation area 1 along with
lines 1 and 3 are split at discontinuities.
90

Figure 5.69 Boolean Operation Involving Entities With Discontinuities
Subtracting line from
area containing
discontinuities
L2
A
1
L6
6
7
A1
L1
L3
L5
3
5
Output areas and lines
from Boolean operation
are split along discontinuities
L2
A
L7
1
L8
L9
8
L14
9
L13
L5
L10
3
L11
5
L12
10
11
ASBL
Note
Discontinuities can be associated with both direction and magnitude of tangent vectors. Boolean
operations will detect both types of discontinuities.
5.10.4.2.Other Causes of Boolean Failures
Boolean operations can fail due to other circumstances besides degeneracies. For instance, intersections at
tangent points can sometimes be difficult for the Boolean operations to handle, particularly with non-prim-
itive constructions. Also, entities that share a boundary (such as two volumes with bounding areas on the
same surface) can potentially cause problems in a Boolean operation. Problems might also be encountered
if your geometry contains small regions with very high curvatures, or regions with very sharp angles or
transitions.
5.10.5.Some Suggested Corrective Actions
If a Boolean operation fails, you can try using one or more of the following procedures to work around the
problem.
You need not always follow these guidelines as you first build your model. You can often create a model any way
you like, and never encounter a Boolean failure. These guidelines are provided as suggested ways to try to recover
from a Boolean failure.
Adjust the input geometries, using the following guidelines:
• Whenever possible, try to use geometric primitives as you create your solid model. The results of Boolean
operations on non-primitives can sometimes be less accurate and efficient.
91
5.10.5.Some Suggested Corrective Actions

• Try to avoid creating geometries that contain degeneracies, if the degeneracy will lie on a potential
intersection curve. A few specific examples of such geometries would include:
– An untruncated cone primitive. (See Figure 5.63 (p. 86).)
– A 3-sided area that is neither planar nor lies on a constant-coordinate surface in the active coordinate
system. (See Figure 5.65 (p. 88) (a).)
– A fillet area [AFILLT] that tapers to a point. (See Figure 5.65 (p. 88) (b).)
– A skinned area [ASKIN] for which two or more guiding lines intersect. (See Figure 5.65 (p. 88) (c).)
– An area or volume created by rotation [AROTAT, VROTAT] about an axis that intersects any of the
input entities. (See Figure 5.65 (p. 88) (d).)
– An area or volume created by dragging [ADRAG, VDRAG] along a path that has a center of curvature
that intersects any of the input entities. (See Figure 5.65 (p. 88) (e).)
• Try to avoid performing Boolean operations on entities that are tangent to each other. Similarly, try to
avoid Boolean operations on entities that have coincident boundaries.
• If your Boolean operation included more than two input entities, break the operation into a series of
operations with fewer input entities. For example, replace AADD,ALL with the series (AADD,1,2; AADD,5,3;
AADD,1,4). (See Figure 5.70 (p. 92).) You will have to keep track of the numbers assigned to new Boolean
output entities created throughout the series of commands.
Figure 5.70 Decompose a Single Operation into a Series of Operations
A2 A1
A3 A4
(Boolean failure)
AADD,ALL
A2 A1
A3 A4
AADD,1,2 A5
A3 A4
A1
A4
A2
AADD,5,3 AADD,1,4
• If a failure occurs in a series of Boolean operations, try changing the order of operations. For instance,
replace the series (AADD,1,2; AADD,5,3; AADD,1,4) with a reordered series, such as (AADD,4,3; AADD,5,2;
AADD,3,1). (See Figure 5.71 (p. 93).)
92

Figure 5.71 Change the Order of a Series of Operations
(Boolean failure)
(a) (b)
AADD,1,2
AADD,5,3
AADD,1,4
AADD,4,3
AADD,5,2
AADD,3,1
A2 A1
A3 A4
A2 A1
A3 A4
• If the Boolean operation fails, you may receive an error message suggesting you loosen (increase) the
tolerance from the default value of 1.0 x 10-4
(1.0E-4). This tolerance affects the precision with which
Boolean constructions are formed. Sometimes, simply changing this tolerance and reissuing the Boolean
command will suffice. At other times, you might find that you need to retrace your steps, recreating
the Boolean's input entities using a changed tolerance, before you can successfully proceed with the
Boolean operation.
You can loosen the tolerance with the BTOL,PTOL command, where PTOL is the new tolerance:
Command(s): BTOL,PTOL
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate>Settings
Once you have loosened the tolerance and re-executed the operation successfully, you should return the
tolerance to its default value. Doing so will assure precise Boolean constructions later in your modeling effort.
If the geometry is unworkable (no Boolean will work or it cannot be meshed), or if you have encountered
a "database corruption" (or contamination) message, then as a work-around use CDWRITE to write out the
geometry (CDWRITE,COMB) using the ANF option (CDOPT,ANF) and CDREAD to read it back in (after exiting
and re-entering ANSYS) to obtain clean geometry.
5.10.6.Other Hints
5.10.6.1.Avoid Regions that Cross over Themselves
You must take care not to define an area or volume that crosses over itself. (You might inadvertently create
such an entity by means of an ADRAG or VDRAG command, for instance.) The ANSYS program cannot always
detect such a defect before meshing, but an area or volume that crosses over itself will usually reveal itself
in a meshing failure.
5.10.6.2.Use ANSYS Parameters
Use ANSYS parameters for dimensions that might change or that have a lot of digits. Typing a number like
2.8574639 over and over is tedious and is likely to lead to input errors.
5.10.6.3.Consider Alternatives to Boolean Commands
When appropriate, use reasonable alternatives to Boolean commands to overcome Boolean failures or simply
to reduce run times. (For example, dragging or rotating might sometimes be preferred over comparable
Boolean modeling operations.)
93
5.10.6.Other Hints

5.10.6.4.Work with Lower-Dimension Constructions
Modeling sessions can sometimes be made more efficient, both with respect to run times and memory re-
quirements, if Boolean operations can be performed using lower-dimension entities. For instance, replacing
a line-volume subtraction [LSBV] with a series of line-area subtractions [LSBA] and a deletion [LDELE] might
yield the same results at less cost. Switching to lower-dimension operations can sometimes save CPU time
and memory requirements. (See Figure 5.72 (p. 94).) Of course, you must weigh the loss of convenience
against any gain that you might realize. Switching to lower-dimension operations will probably not be justified
unless you are experiencing out-of-memory errors, extremely long run times, or other such problems.
Figure 5.72 Switching to Lower-Dimension
LSBA,1,3 ! Creates L15
LSBA,15,6 ! Creates L16
LDELE,1
VDELE,1,,,1
LSBV,1,1
L1
V1
L14
L15
L14
L16
L1
V1
A6
A3
5.10.6.5.Create Complex Models in Pieces
Consider creating complex solid models in pieces and combining them using the RESUME command (Utility
Menu> File> Resume from) and CDREAD command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Archive Model> Read)
in the preprocessor (PREP7). The following is an example of this procedure:
/PREP7
RESUME,MODEL1,DB
CDWRITE,SOLID !Write out just solid model (to file.iges)
RESUME,MODEL2,DB !Note that this 2nd RESUME clears MODEL1 from the
!database and reads MODEL2
CDREAD,SOLID !Reads in the solid model (from file.iges)
!Solid models from MODEL1 and MODEL2 are now
!in the current database
SAVE,MODEL3,DB !Save combined model to separate file
FINISH
The CDREAD command automatically renumbers new entities to avoid conflicts with other solid model en-
tities that already exist in the database. In addition, this command automatically executes a NUMMRG,KP
command to merge duplicate solid-model entities.
94

5.10.6.6.Don't Forget to SAVE
Make it a habit to save your database [SAVE] (Utility Menu> File> Save as) before attempting a new or
risky operation. This way, if an operation causes your system to hang or crash, or produces some other un-
desired result, you will have preserved a clean copy of your database to help you recover from such trouble.
5.10.6.7.Tessellation Errors
It is possible, although unlikely, that you might encounter the following error message at times as you are
building your solid model:
*** WARNING ***
Error in surface tessellation for area N. This area can only be
displayed with /FACET,WIRE, and cannot be part of a V, VA, VSUM,
or ASUM operation.
Tessellation is the subdividing of an area for purposes of display (that is, surface faceting), area calculation
(as in ASUM), and volume integration (as in V, VA, or VSUM). A tessellation error produces a warning message
instead of an error message because an area that cannot be tessellated might still mesh successfully.
The types of situations that can cause tessellation errors include: areas having sharp knife edges, areas
having too many holes, or areas having holes on extremely warped surfaces.
Note
For very narrow (sliver) areas or very thin volumes, such that the ratio of the minimum to the
maximum dimension is less than 0.01, the ASUM and VSUM commands can provide erroneous
area or volume information. To ensure that such calculations are accurate, make certain that you
subdivide such areas and volumes so that the ratio of the minimum to the maximum is at least
0.05.
95
5.10.6.Other Hints

96

Chapter 6: Importing Solid Models from IGES Files
As an alternative to creating a solid model directly in the program, you can first create a solid model in your
favorite CAD system, save it as an IGES file, and then import it. Once successfully imported, you can mesh
the model just as you would for any model created in within the program.
The topics here cover the native IGES translation filter, not the connection functionality such as the connection
for SAT. The connections are separately licensed and separately documented features that are included on
the installation media. See the ANSYS Connection User's Guide for more information.
6.1.Working With IGES Files
The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) is a vendor-neutral standard format used to exchange
geometric models between various CAD and CAE systems. The filter can import partial files, so you can
generally import at least part of your file. You can also import multiple files into the same model.
ANSYS provides the SMOOTH method (NURBS-based or RV52) for importing IGES files. This method uses the
standard ANSYS geometry database and has no capabilities for automatically creating volumes.
6.1.1.Using the SMOOTH Method
The SMOOTH method provides robust features for importing the model and preparing it for analysis. The
method is also ideal for exporting your model to an IGES file or creating new modeling entities on top of
the imported model.
6.1.1.1.Importing IGES files using the SMOOTH Method
To set the options for importing an IGES file:
Command(s): IOPTN
GUI: Utility Menu> File> Import> IGES
• Select the SMOOTH method.
To select the IGES file:
Command(s): IGESIN
GUI: File picker dialog box that follows after setting IGES options.
Respond Yes when prompted whether the IGES command should be executed.
6.1.1.2.Guidelines for Using the SMOOTH Method
When importing the IGES model, adhere to the following guidelines.
6.1.1.2.1.While Building the Model in the CAD System
6.1.1.2.2.While Writing the IGES File From the CAD Program
6.1.1.2.3.While Reading the IGES File into ANSYS:
6.1.1.2.4.While Writing an IGES File from ANSYS:
97

6.1.1.2.1.While Building the Model in the CAD System
• Observe solid modeling procedures with regard to planning, symmetry, and the amount of detail needed
for a finite element analysis. For example, for axisymmetric models, the program requires that the
global Y axis be the axis of rotation. Refer to Planning Your Approach (p. 5).
• Avoid creating closed curves (that is, a line that starts and ends at the same point and closed surfaces
(such as a surface that starts and ends at the same edge). The program cannot store closed curves or
closed surfaces. (At least two keypoints are required.) If a closed curve, closed surface, or "trimmed"
closed surface--defined by IGES entities 120 and 144 or 128 and 144--is encountered while reading an
IGES file, the program will attempt to split it into two or more entities.
• As much as possible, write to the IGES file using data that the program supports. (See the description
of the IOPTN command in the Command Reference.)
6.1.1.2.2.While Writing the IGES File From the CAD Program
• Transfer only the portion of the geometry required for the analysis. A finite element analysis may not
need as much detail as a CAD model requires.
• For trimmed surface transfer, include global XYZ data along with UV data in the IGES file.
• If the model to be analyzed is very large, use the CAD program's selection capabilities to create several
IGES files, each containing a portion of the model. The ANSYS program will use the next available entity
number as each file is read. You can then use the PREP7 merge feature (NUMMRG command or menu
path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Merge Items) to merge coincident entities.
• Write the IGES file in ASCII format, with 80 characters per record.
• For the Pro/ENGINEER program, use these additional guidelines:
– Set the Config.pro option "iges_out_trim_xyz" to "yes."
– Set the accuracy to 1E-6 and regenerate the model.
6.1.1.2.3.While Reading the IGES File into ANSYS:
• Pay attention to the messages issued by the ANSYS program. Warning messages give details such as
IGES entities not transferred and the corresponding ANSYS entity numbers.
• If any IGES entities were not transferred, reconstruct them using ANSYS solid modeling commands. The
SMOOTH IGES filter is capable of reading in any rational B-spline curve entity (type 126), or rational B-
spline surface entity (type 128) with a degree less than or equal to 20. Attempts to read in B-spline
curve or surface entities of degree higher than 20 may result in error messages.
• Duplicate lines and keypoints are possible when transferring a model in from an IGES file. This often
happens with CAD models due to the tolerances and practices that they were created with. You
sometimes need to "clean up" these solid models with ANSYS commands that merge duplicate entities
together (NUMMRG command or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Merge
Items).
Merging is done automatically when an IGES file is read into ANSYS [IGESIN] in AUX15. Default tolerances
are used to determine if keypoints should be merged together into a single keypoint. Sometimes the default
tolerances are not adequate and must be adjusted.
6.1.1.2.4.While Writing an IGES File from ANSYS:
• Set the system of units (/UNITS) before writing the IGES file. This information is captured on the IGES
file and is read by many programs that read IGES files. (You cannot access the /UNITS command directly
in the GUI.)
98
Chapter 6:Importing Solid Models from IGES Files

• Select all lower level solid modeling entities before writing the file (ALLSEL,BELOW,ALL or menu path
Utility Menu> Select> Everything Below).
• If you wish to write out a portion of your model, select only those entities (areas) to be written and all
corresponding lower level entities (lines and keypoints). Then unselect any higher level entities (volumes)
before writing the file.
99
6.1.1.Using the SMOOTH Method

100

Chapter 7: Generating the Mesh
The process for generating a mesh of nodes and elements consists of three general steps:
1. Set the element attributes.
2. Set mesh controls (optional). A large number of mesh controls are available from which to choose.
3. Meshing the model.
It is not always necessary to set mesh controls because the default mesh controls are appropriate for many
models. If no controls are specified, the program will use the default settings (DESIZE) to produce a free
mesh. Alternatively, you can use the SmartSize feature to produce a better quality free mesh.
The following mesh-generation topics are available:
7.1.Free or Mapped Mesh
7.2.Setting Element Attributes
7.3.Mesh Controls
7.4.Controls Used for Free and Mapped Meshing
7.5.Meshing Your Solid Model
7.6.Changing the Mesh
7.7.Meshing Hints
7.8.Using CPCYC and MSHCOPY Commands
7.1.Free or Mapped Mesh
Before meshing the model, and even before building the model, it is important to think about whether a
free mesh or a mapped mesh is appropriate for the analysis. A free mesh has no restrictions in terms of
element shapes, and has no specified pattern applied to it. A mapped mesh is restricted in terms of the
element shape it contains and the pattern of the mesh. A mapped area mesh contains either only quadrilat-
eral or only triangular elements, while a mapped volume mesh contains only hexahedron elements. In addition,
a mapped mesh typically has a regular pattern, with obvious rows of elements. If you want this type of mesh,
you must build the geometry as a series of fairly regular volumes and/or areas that can accept a mapped
mesh.
Figure 7.1 Free and Mapped Meshes
You use the MSHKEY command or the equivalent GUI path (both of which are described later) to choose
a free or a mapped mesh.
101

Keep in mind that the mesh controls you use will vary depending on whether a free or mapped mesh is
desired. The details of free and mapped meshing will be explained later.
7.2.Setting Element Attributes
Before you generate a mesh of nodes and elements, you must first define the appropriate element attributes.
That is, you must specify the following:
• The element type
• Real constant set (usually comprising the element's geometric properties, such as thickness or cross-
sectional area)
• Material properties set (such as Young's modulus, thermal conductivity, etc.)
• Element coordinate system
• Section ID (current-technology beam elements only--see Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation
Nodes (p. 146))
For beam meshing only, you may also specify orientation keypoints as attributes of a line. Generating a Beam
Mesh With Orientation Nodes (p. 146) describes beam meshing in detail.
7.2.1.Creating Tables of Element Attributes
To assign attributes to your elements, you must first build tables of element attributes. Typical models include
element types (ET command or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete),
real constants (R command or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants), and material
properties (MP and TB family of commands, menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props>
material option).
A table of coordinate systems can also be assembled using commands such as LOCAL, CLOCAL, etc. (Utility
Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> option). This table can be used to
assign element coordinate systems to elements. (Not all element types can be assigned a coordinate system
in this manner. See Element Coordinate Systems (p. 23) of this manual for information about element coordinate
systems. For element descriptions, see the Element Reference.)
For beam meshing with BEAM188 or BEAM189 elements, you can build a table of sections using the SECTYPE
and SECDATA commands (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections).
Orientation keypoints are attributes of a line; they are not element attributes. You cannot create tables
of orientation keypoints. See Assigning Element Attributes Before Meshing (p. 103) for more information.
The element attribute tables described above can be visualized as shown in Figure 7.2 (p. 103). (For more
information on creating your element attribute tables, see "Getting Started with ANSYS" in the Basic Analysis
Guide.)
102
Chapter 7:Generating the Mesh

Figure 7.2 Element Attribute Tables
Type
BEAM3
1
2
3
.
.
.
m
SECNUM
1
2
3
.
.
.
s
SECID1
SECID2
SECID3
ESYS
0
1
2
.
.
.
q
11
12
Global Cartesian
Global Cylind
Global Sphere
(Local)
Mat
1
2
3
.
.
.
p
EX
1
, ALPX
1
, etc.
EX
2
, ALPX
2
, etc.
Real
1
2
3
.
.
.
n
A
1
, I
1
, H
1
A
2
, I
2
, H
2
A
3
, I
3
, H
3
Reference Number
You can review the contents of the element type, real constant, and material tables by issuing the ETLIST
(TYPE table), RLIST (REAL table), or MPLIST (MAT table) commands (or by choosing the equivalent menu
path Utility Menu> List> Properties> property type). You can review the coordinate system table by
issuing CSLIST (Utility Menu> List> Other> Local Coord Sys). You can review the section table by issuing
SLIST (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> List Sections).
7.2.2.Assigning Element Attributes Before Meshing
Once the attribute tables are assembled, you can assign element attributes to different parts of your model
by "pointing" to the appropriate entries in the tables. The pointers are simply a set of reference numbers
that include a material number (MAT), a real constant set number (REAL), an element type number (TYPE),
a coordinate system number (ESYS) and, for beam meshing with BEAM188, or BEAM189, a section ID number
(SECNUM). You can either assign the attributes directly to selected solid model entities, or define a default
set of attributes that will be used for elements created in subsequent meshing operations.
Note
As stated earlier, although you can assign orientation keypoints as attributes of a line for beam
meshing, you cannot build tables of orientation keypoints. Therefore, to assign orientation keypo-
ints as attributes, you must assign them directly to selected lines; you cannot define a default set
of orientation keypoints to be used in subsequent meshing operations. See Generating a Beam
Mesh With Orientation Nodes (p. 146) for details about assigning orientation keypoints.
103

7.2.2.1.Assigning Attributes Directly to the Solid Model Entities
Assigning the element attributes to the solid model entities allows you to preassign attributes for each region
of your model. By using this method, you can avoid having to reset attributes in the middle of meshing
operations. (Clearing a solid model entity of its nodes and elements will not delete attributes assigned directly
to the entity.)
Use the commands and GUI paths listed below to assign attributes directly to solid model entities.
• To assign attributes to keypoints:
Command(s): KATT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> All Keypoints
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked KPs
• To assign attributes to lines:
Command(s): LATT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> All Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Lines
• To assign attributes to areas:
Command(s): AATT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> All Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Areas
• To assign attributes to volumes:
Command(s): VATT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> All Volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Volumes
7.2.2.2.Assigning Default Attributes
You can assign a set of default attributes by simply pointing to various entries in the attribute tables. The
pointers that are in effect at the time you create your elements (that is, when you initiate meshing) are used
by the program to assign attributes from the tables to the solid model and to the elements. Attributes assigned
directly to the solid model entities (as described above) will override the default attributes. Also, if you clear
a solid model entity of its nodes and elements, any attributes that were assigned through default attributes
will be deleted.
To assign a set of default attributes:
Command(s): TYPE, REAL, MAT, ESYS, SECNUM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes
7.2.2.3.Automatic Selection of the Dimensionally Correct Element Type
In certain cases, the program can choose the correct element type for a meshing or extrusion operation,
eliminating the need for you to manually switch between element types when the correct choice is obvious.
Specifically, if you fail to assign an element type directly to a solid model entity [xATT] and the default element
type [TYPE] is not dimensionally correct for the operation that you want to perform, but there is only one
104

dimensionally correct element type in the currently defined element attribute tables, ANSYS will automatically
use that element type to proceed with the operation.
The meshing and extrusion operations affected by this feature are KMESH, LMESH, AMESH, VMESH, FVMESH,
VOFFST, VEXT, VDRAG, VROTAT, and VSWEEP.
7.2.2.4.Defining a Variable Thickness at Nodes
You can define a thickness at nodes for shell elements.
To define the variable thickness, use either of these methods:
Command(s): RTHICK
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants> Thickness Func
Shell elements are capable of modeling complex distributions of thickness. SHELL181, for example, permits
different thicknesses to be assigned at each of its four corner nodes. Each individual element assumes a
smooth variation between the given corner values.
Defining a complicated thickness variation on a group of elements can be a challenge. In the worst case,
every element needs its own unique set of real constant thicknesses. For some of these situations, using
RTHICK can simplify the model definition.
This procedure is illustrated by the sample input listing and figure that appears below, which show the
creation of a 10 x 10 rectangle filled with 0.5 x 0.5 square SHELL181 elements.
/TITLE, RTHICK Example
/PREP7
ET,1,181,,,2
RECT,,10,,10
ESHAPE,2
ESIZE,,20
AMESH,1
EPLO
105

Figure 7.3 Original Elements
The thickness should vary according to the formula: thickness = 0.5 + 0.2x + 0.02y2
.
To accomplish this variation, you can create an array parameter that maps thickness to node number. (In
other words, the Nth
member of the array is the desired thickness at node N.)
*GET,MXNODE,NODE,,NUM,MAXD
*DIM,THICK,,MXNODE
*DO,NODE,1,MXNODE
*IF,NSEL(NODE),EQ,1,THEN
THICK(node) = 0.5 + 0.2*NX(NODE) + 0.02*NY(NODE)**2
*ENDIF
*ENDDO
NODE = $ MXNODE =
Finally, assign the thickness in the array parameter to the elements using the RTHICK function.
RTHICK,THICK(1),1,2,3,4
/ESHAPE,1.0 $ /USER,1 $ /DIST,1,7
/VIEW,1,-0.75,-0.28,0.6 $ /ANG,1,-1
/FOC,1,5.3,5.3,0.27 $ EPLO
106

Figure 7.4 Shell Elements with Thickness Shown
7.3.Mesh Controls
The default mesh controls that the program uses may produce a mesh that is adequate for the model you
are analyzing. In this case, you will not need to specify any mesh controls. However, if you do use mesh
controls, you must set them before meshing your solid model.
Mesh controls allow you to establish such factors as the element shape, midside node placement, and element
size to be used in meshing the solid model. This step is one of the most important of your entire analysis,
for the decisions you make at this stage in your model development will profoundly affect the accuracy and
economy of your analysis. (See Planning Your Approach (p. 5) of this manual for more detailed discussions
of some of the factors you should consider as you set mesh controls.)
7.3.1.The MeshTool
The MeshTool (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool) provides a convenient path to many of
the most common mesh controls, as well as to the most frequently performed meshing operations. The
MeshTool is an interactive "tool box," not only because of the numerous functions (or tools) that it contains,
but also because once you open it, it remains open until you either close it or you exit PREP7.
Although all of the functions available via the MeshTool are also available via the traditional commands and
menus, using the MeshTool is a valuable shortcut.
The many functions available via the MeshTool include:
• Controlling SmartSizing levels
107
7.3.1.The MeshTool

• Setting element size controls
• Specifying element shape
• Specifying meshing type (free or mapped)
• Meshing solid model entities
• Clearing meshes
• Refining meshes
This guide covers all of these functions in detail. For details about the MeshTool, access it using the path
listed above and click on its Help button.
7.3.2.Element Shape
At a minimum, you should set the allowable element shapes if you plan on meshing with an element type
that can take on more than one shape. For instance, many area elements can be both triangular and quad-
rilateral shaped within the same meshed area. Volume elements can often be either hexahedral (brick) or
tetrahedral shaped, but a mixture of the two shapes in the same model is not recommended. (An exception
to this involves the use of transitional pyramid elements, which is described in Creating Transitional Pyramid
Elements (p. 124) of this manual.)
7.3.2.1.A Note About Degenerate Element Shapes
This section assumes that you are somewhat familiar with the concept of degenerate element shapes. For
example, consider the PLANE183 element, which is a 2-D structural solid element having eight nodes (I, J,
K, L, M, N, O, P). By default, PLANE183 has a quadrilateral shape. However, a triangular-shaped element can
be formed by defining the same node number for nodes K, L, and O. Thus PLANE183 can be "degenerated"
into a triangle. See Figure 7.5 (p. 108) for an illustration of PLANE183 in both its default and degenerate forms.
Figure 7.5 An Example of a Degenerate Element Shape
O
K
N
J
M
P
L
I
I
J
K, L, O
P
N
M
Quadrilateral Shape (Default) Triangular Option
Although it can be helpful for you to understand this concept, when specifying element shapes before
meshing, you do not have to concern yourself with whether a shape is the default or degenerate shape of
a particular element. Instead, you can think in more simpler terms of the desired element shape itself
(quadrilateral, triangle, hexahedra, or tetrahedra).
For details about degenerate element shapes, see the Element Reference.
108

7.3.2.2.Element Shape Specification
To specify element shapes, use either of these methods:
Command(s): MSHAPE,KEY,Dimension
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesher Opts
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Mapped> 4 to 6 sided
There are two factors to consider when specifying element shape: the desired element shape and the dimen-
sion of the model to be meshed.
7.3.2.2.1.Command Method
If you are using the MSHAPE command, the value of the Dimension argument (2-D or 3-D) indicates the
dimension of the model to be meshed. The value of the KEY argument (0 or 1) indicates the element shape
to be used in the mesh:
• When KEY = 0, the program meshes with quadrilateral-shaped elements if Dimension = 2-D and with
hexahedral-shaped elements if Dimension = 3-D (as long as the element type supports quadrilateral
or hexahedral element shapes, respectively).
• When KEY = 1, the program meshes with triangle-shaped elements if Dimension = 2-D and with tet-
rahedral-shaped elements if Dimension = 3-D (as long as the element type supports triangle or tetra-
hedral element shapes, respectively).
7.3.2.2.2.GUI Method (Via the MeshTool)
For increased productivity, the MeshTool (described earlier in this chapter) is the recommended method for
specifying element shape. You access the MeshTool via the following GUI path: Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> MeshTool. Using the MeshTool, you simply click on the desired element shape that you want to
use to mesh the model. From the MeshTool, you can also click on the type of meshing (free or mapped)
that you want. (For more information, see Choosing Free or Mapped Meshing (p. 110), "Choosing Free or
Mapped Meshing.") Using the MeshTool makes selecting the shape simple, because it presents only those
shapes that are compatible with the type of meshing that you are requesting, as well as with the dimension
of the model you are meshing. (See Table 7.1: Supported Combinations of Element Shape and Meshing
Type (p. 110) for the combinations of element shapes and meshing types supported.)
Note
Since element shape specification is closely related to the type of meshing that you request (free
or mapped), it may help you to read Choosing Free or Mapped Meshing (p. 110) of this manual
("Choosing Free or Mapped Meshing") before specifying element shape.
In some cases, the MSHAPE command and the appropriate meshing command (AMESH, VMESH, or the
equivalent menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> meshing option) are all that you
will need to mesh your model. The size of each element will be determined by default element size specific-
ations [SMRTSIZE or DESIZE]. For instance, the model below in Figure 7.6 (p. 110) (left) can be meshed with
one VMESH command to produce the mesh shown on the right:
109
7.3.2.Element Shape

Figure 7.6 Default Element Sizes
The element sizes that the program chose for the above model may or may not be adequate for the analysis,
depending on the physics of the structure. One way to change the mesh would be to change the default
SmartSize level [SMRTSIZE] and remesh. For details, see Smart Element Sizing for Free Meshing (p. 111) of this
manual.
7.3.3.Choosing Free or Mapped Meshing
In addition to specifying element shape, you may also want to specify the type of meshing (free or mapped)
that should be used to mesh your model. You do this by setting the meshing key:
Command(s): MSHKEY
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesher Opts
As described in Element Shape Specification (p. 109) you can use the MeshTool (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> MeshTool) to specify meshing type. The MeshTool is the recommended method. Refer to Element
Shape Specification (p. 109) for related information.
Together, the settings for element shape [MSHAPE] and meshing type [MSHKEY] affect the resulting mesh.
Table 7.1: Supported Combinations of Element Shape and Meshing Type(p. 110) shows the combinations of
element shape and meshing type that the program supports.
Table 7.1 Supported Combinations of Element Shape and Meshing Type
Mapped If Possible; Other-
wise Free Mesh With
SmartSizing On
Mapped Meshing
Free Meshing
Element Shape
Yes
Yes
Yes
Quadrilateral
Yes
Yes
Yes
Triangle
No
Yes
No
Hexahedral
No
No
Yes
Tetrahedral
110

Table 7.2: Failure to Specify Element Shape and/or Meshing Type(p. 111) explains what happens when you fail
to specify values for these settings.
Table 7.2 Failure to Specify Element Shape and/or Meshing Type
How it Affects the Mesh ...
Your Action ...
Quadrilateral-shaped or hexahedral-shaped elements are
used to mesh the model, depending on whether you are
meshing an area or a volume.
You issue the MSHAPE command
with no arguments.
The default shape of the element is used to mesh the
model with your specified meshing type.
You do not specify an element
shape, but you do specify the type
of meshing to be used.
The default shape of the element is used to mesh the
model with whichever type of meshing is the default for
that shape.
You specify neither an element
shape nor the type of meshing to
be used.
See the descriptions of the MSHAPE and MSHKEY commands in the Command Reference for more information.
7.3.4.Controlling Placement of Midside Nodes
When meshing with quadratic elements, you can control the placement of midside nodes. Your choices for
midside node placement are:
• Midside nodes (if any) of elements on a region boundary follow the curvature of the boundary line or
area. This is the default.
• Place midside nodes of all elements so that element edges are straight. This option allows a coarse
mesh along curves. However, the curvature of the model is not matched.
• Do not create midside nodes (elements have removed midside nodes).
To control midside node placement:
Command(s): MSHMID
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesher Opts
7.3.5.Smart Element Sizing for Free Meshing
Smart element sizing (SmartSizing) is a meshing feature that creates initial element sizes for free meshing
operations. SmartSizing gives the mesher a better chance of creating reasonably shaped elements during
automatic mesh generation. This feature, which is controlled by the SMRTSIZE command, provides a range
of settings (from coarse to fine mesh) for meshing both h-Method and p-Method models.
By default, the DESIZE method of element sizing will be used during free meshing (see Default Element Sizes
for Mapped Meshing (p. 114)). However, it is recommended that SmartSizing be used instead for free meshing.
To turn SmartSizing on, simply specify an element size level on the SMRTSIZE command (see the discussion
on basic controls below).
111

Note
If you use SmartSizing on a model that contains only an area, the program uses the area to cal-
culate the guiding element size that it should use to mesh the model. On the other hand, if you
use SmartSizing on a model that contains both an area and a volume, the program uses the
volume to calculate the guiding element size for the model. Even if the area in the first model
(area only) and the area in the second model (area and volume) are exactly the same, and the
SmartSizing setting is the same, the elements that the program uses to mesh the first model will
usually not be as coarse as the elements that it uses to mesh the second model. The program
does this to prevent volumes from being meshed with too many elements. (However, if you have
specified a global element size [ESIZE], the size of the elements will be the same for both models,
because the program will use the size that you specified as the guiding element size.)
Note
When you use SmartSizing, we recommend that in most cases you specify the desired SmartSizing
settings [SMRTSIZE] and then mesh the entire model at once [AMESH,ALL or VMESH,ALL], rather
than SmartSizing area by area or volume by volume. This gives SmartSizing the opportunity to
reduce element sizes near small features in adjacent regions. However, you should not try to
SmartSize in a single operation areas or volumes that just touch (rather than sharing common
keypoints, lines, or areas), such as might exist in a model prepared for contact analysis. The near
zero proximity can cause SmartSizing to compute very small element sizes and produce an un-
reasonably fine mesh, with a huge number of nodes and elements. You should mesh each con-
tiguous piece of such a model as a separate group of areas or volumes.
7.3.5.1.The Advantages of SmartSizing
The SmartSizing algorithm first computes estimated element edge lengths for all lines in the areas or volumes
being meshed. The edge lengths on these lines are then refined for curvature and proximity of features in
the geometry. Since all lines and areas are sized before meshing begins, the quality of the generated mesh
is not dependent on the order in which the areas or volumes are meshed. (Remember that for best results,
all areas or volumes should be meshed at the same time.)
If quadrilateral elements are being used for area meshing, SmartSizing tries to set an even number of line
divisions around each area so that an all-quadrilateral mesh is possible. Triangles will be included in the
mesh only if forcing all quadrilaterals would create poorly shaped elements, or if odd divisions exist on
boundaries.
7.3.5.2.SmartSizing Controls - Basic versus Advanced
There are two categories of SmartSizing controls: basic and advanced.
7.3.5.2.1.Basic Controls
To use the basic controls, you simply specify a mesh size level from 1 (fine mesh) to 10 (coarse mesh). The
program automatically sets a series of individual control values that are used to produce the requested size
level. To specify the size level, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): SMRTSIZE,SIZLVL
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> SmartSize> Basic
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Figure 7.7 (p. 113) shows a model meshed with several different SmartSize settings, including the default size
level of 6.
Figure 7.7 Varying SmartSize Levels for the Same Model
7.3.5.2.2.Advanced Controls
You may prefer to use the advanced method, which involves setting the individual control quantities
manually. This allows you to "tweak" the mesh to better fit your needs. You can change such things as the
small hole and small angle coarsening keys, and the mesh expansion and transition factors (see the description
113

of the SMRTSIZE command for a complete list of advanced controls). In addition, you can set a starting
element size for SmartSizing with the ESIZE command.
Use one of the following methods to set advanced SmartSizing controls:
Command(s): SMRTSIZE and ESIZE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> SmartSize> Adv Opts
7.3.5.3.Interaction with Other Mesh Controls
Local element sizing controls (discussed later in Local Mesh Controls (p. 116)) can be used in conjunction with
SmartSizing. However, if conflicting element sizes are set, the SmartSizing algorithm will handle them as
follows:
• Any element size specifications at areas (AESIZE command or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> Size Cntrls> Areas> option) will be considered, but may be overridden to accommodate
curvature and proximity of features.
• Any element size specifications on lines (LESIZE command or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> option) will be optionally used as defined. (The KYNDIV argument on
LESIZE allows you to assign specifications that can be overwritten where needed.)
• Any element size specifications at keypoints (KESIZE command or menu path Main Menu> Prepro-
cessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Keypoints> option) will be considered, but may be overridden to
accommodate curvature and proximity of features.
• If a global element size is set (ESIZE command or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing>
Size Cntrls> Global> Size), it will be overridden as necessary to accommodate curvature and proximity
of features. If a consistent element size is desired, set the global element size and turn SmartSizing off
(SMRTSIZE,OFF or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> SmartSize> Basic).
• Default element sizes specified with the DESIZE command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing>
Size Cntrls> Global> Other) are ignored when SmartSizing is on.
7.3.6.Default Element Sizes for Mapped Meshing
The DESIZE command allows you to modify such defaults as: the minimum and maximum number of elements
that will be attached to an unmeshed line, maximum spanned angle per element, and minimum and max-
imum edge length. The DESIZE command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Global>
Other) is always used to control element sizing for mapped meshing. DESIZE settings are also used by default
for free meshing. However, it is recommended that you use SmartSizing [SMRTSIZE] instead for free meshing
operations.
As an example, the mapped mesh on the left in Figure 7.8 (p. 115) was produced with the element size defaults
that exist when you enter the program. The mesh on the right was produced by modifying the minimum
number of elements (MINL) and the maximum spanned angle per element (ANGL) on the DESIZE command.
114

Figure 7.8 Changing Default Element Sizes
For larger models, it may be wise to preview the default mesh that will result from the DESIZE specifications.
This can be done by viewing the line divisions in a line display. The steps for previewing a default mesh are
as follows:
1. Build solid model.
2. Select element type.
3. Select allowable element shapes [MSHAPE].
4. Select mesher (free or mapped) for meshing [MSHKEY].
5. Issue LESIZE,ALL (this adjusts line divisions based on DESIZE specifications).
6. Request a line plot [LPLOT].
For instance:
·
·
·
ET,1,45 ! 8-node hexahedral-shaped element
MSHAPE,0 ! Use hexahedra
MSHKEY,1 ! Use mapped meshing
LESIZE,ALL ! Adjust line divisions based on DESIZE
LPLOT
115
7.3.6.Default Element Sizes for Mapped Meshing

Figure 7.9 Previewing the Default Mesh
L10
L27
L5
L26
L9
L8
L1
L12
L28
L21
L24
L13 L15
L17
L18 L4
L22
L14
If the resulting mesh looks as though it will be too coarse, it can be changed by altering the element size
defaults:
·
·
·
DESIZE,5,,30,15 ! Change default element sizes
LESIZE,ALL,,,,,1 ! Adjust line divisions based on DESIZE, force adjustments
LPLOT
Figure 7.10 Previewing the Modified Mesh
7.3.7.Local Mesh Controls
In many cases, the mesh produced by default element sizes is not appropriate due to the physics of the
structure. Examples include models with stress concentrations or singularities. In these cases, you will have
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to get more involved with the meshing process. You can take more control by using the following element
size specifications:
• To control the global element size in terms of the element edge length used on surface boundaries
(lines) or the number of element divisions per line:
Command(s): ESIZE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Global> Size
• To control the element sizes near specified keypoints:
Command(s): KESIZE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Keypoints> All KPs
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Keypoints> Picked KPs
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Keypoints> Clr Size
• To control the number of elements on specified lines:
Command(s): LESIZE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> All Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> Picked Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> Clr Size
Note
When you use the GUI method to set the number of elements on specified lines, and any of those
lines is connected to one or more meshed lines, areas, or volumes, the program prompts you to
determine whether you want to clear the meshed entities. If you answer yes to the prompt, the
program clears the meshed entities. (This occurs only when you perform this operation via the
GUI; the program does not prompt you when you use the command method [LESIZE].)
All of the size specifications described above can be used together. If conflicting element sizes are set using
more than one of the above commands, a specific hierarchy is observed. The hierarchy will vary slightly,
depending on whether the DESIZE or SMRTSIZE method of default element sizing is used.
• Hierarchy used for DESIZE element sizing. For any given line, element sizes along the line are established
as follows:
– Line divisions specified with LESIZE are always honored.
– If line divisions have not been set for the line, KESIZE specifications at its keypoints (if any) are used.
– If there are no size specifications on the line or on its keypoints, element sizes are established by
the ESIZE specification.
– If none of the above size specifications are set, DESIZE settings will control element sizes for the
line.
• Hierarchy used for SMRTSIZE element sizing. For any given line, element sizes along the line are estab-
lished as follows:
– Line divisions specified with LESIZE are always honored.
– If line divisions have not been set for the line, KESIZE specifications at its keypoints (if any) are used,
but may be overridden to account for curvature and small geometric features.
– If there are no size specifications on the line or on its keypoints, ESIZE specification will be used as
a starting element size, but may be overridden to account for curvature and small geometric features.
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7.3.7.Local Mesh Controls

– If none of the above size specifications are set, SMRTSIZE settings will control element sizes for the
line.
Note
Line divisions that have been established by KESIZE or ESIZE and a meshing operation will show
up as negative numbers in a line listing [LLIST], while line divisions that you set via LESIZE show
up as positive numbers. The signs of these numbers affect how the program treats the line divisions
if you clear the mesh later (ACLEAR, VCLEAR, etc., or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> Clear> entity). If the number of line divisions is positive, the program does not re-
move the line divisions during the clearing operation; if the number is negative, the program
removes the line divisions (which will then show up as zeros in a subsequent line listing).
If you are performing a linear static structural or linear steady-state thermal analysis, you can let the program
establish meshing controls automatically as it adapts element sizes to drive the estimated error in the ana-
lysis below a target value. This procedure, known as adaptive meshing, is described in "Adaptive Meshing"
in the Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide.
7.3.8.Interior Mesh Controls
The discussion on meshing specifications has focused thus far on the setting of element sizes on the
boundaries of the solid model (LESIZE, ESIZE, etc.). However, you can also control the mesh on the interior
of an area where there are no lines to guide the size of the mesh. To do so, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): MOPT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Global> Area Cntrls
7.3.8.1.Controlling Mesh Expansion
The Lab = EXPND option on the MOPT command can be used to guide the mesh from a fine mesh on the
boundary of an area to a coarse mesh on the interior (see Figure 7.11 (p. 119)).
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Figure 7.11 Area Mesh Without and With Mesh Expansion
In Figure 7.11 (p. 119), mesh (a) was created based only on the setting of the ESIZE command (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Global> Size). Notice that the elements are well shaped, but that
698 elements are required to fill the area since the elements are uniformly sized. (The model is made of a
single area.) Using the expand option (Lab = EXPND) on the MOPT command, mesh (b) was created with
far fewer elements because the mesh is allowed to expand from the small element sizes on the boundaries
of the area to much larger elements in the interior. Some of the elements of this mesh, however, have poor
aspect ratios (for example, those around the small holes). Another weakness of mesh (b) is that the elements
change in size (transition) from the small elements to the larger elements, especially near the small holes.
Note
Although this discussion is limited to area mesh expansion [Lab = EXPND], you can also use the
MOPT command to control tetrahedra mesh expansion [Lab = TETEXPND]. See the description
of the MOPT command in the Command Reference for more information.
7.3.8.2.Controlling Mesh Transitioning
To improve mesh (b) above, a more gradual transition from small elements on the boundaries to large ele-
ments on the interior is needed. The Lab = TRANS option on the MOPT command can be used to control
the rate of transitioning from fine to coarse elements. Figure 7.12 (p. 120) shows the same area meshed with
MOPT,TRANS,1.3 used in addition to the MOPT setting which produced the previous mesh. This mesh has
far fewer elements than mesh (a) of Figure 7.11 (p. 119), yet the transition from small elements to larger ele-
ments is fairly smooth. Also, the element aspect ratios are significantly better than the elements in mesh (b)
of Figure 7.11 (p. 119).
119

Figure 7.12 Area Mesh With Expansion and Transition Control (
MOPT Command)
7.3.8.3.Controlling Which Mesher the Program Uses
You can also use the MOPT command to control which surface meshers (triangle and quadrilateral) and
which tetrahedra mesher the program uses to perform a meshing operation [AMESH, VMESH]. The MOPT
command also allows you to set the order of meshing so smaller areas are meshed first (MOPT,AORDER,ON).
For large or complex volumes (including those imported from CAD packages) where SMRTSIZE proves inef-
ficient, MOPT,AORDER,ON can be used instead.
Note
Quadrilateral surface meshes will differ based on which triangle surface mesher is selected. This
is true because all free quadrilateral meshing algorithms use a triangle mesh as a starting point.
Command(s): MOPT
Note
The menu path provided above takes you to the Mesher Options dialog box. References to the
Mesher Options dialog box appear throughout this section.
7.3.8.3.1.Surface Meshing Options
If you need to mesh multiple volumes, you should consider using the AORDER meshing option in the
Mesher Opts dialog box (or issuing the MOPT,AORDER,ON command) so your mesh is created in the smallest
area first. This helps ensure that your mesh is adequately dense in smaller areas and that the mesh is of a
higher quality.
The following options for triangle surface meshing are available:
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• Let the program choose which triangle surface mesher to use. This is the recommended setting and
the default. In most cases, the program will choose the main triangle mesher, which is the Riemann
space mesher. If the chosen mesher fails for any reason, the program invokes the alternate mesher and
retries the meshing operation.
To choose this option, issue the command MOPT,AMESH,DEFAULT. In the GUI, access the Mesher Options
dialog box and choose Program Chooses in the Triangle Mesher option menu.
• Main triangle surface mesher (Riemann space mesher). The program uses the main mesher, and it does
not invoke an alternate mesher if the main mesher fails. The Riemann space mesher is well suited for
most surfaces.
To choose this option, issue the command MOPT,AMESH,MAIN. In the GUI, access the Mesher Options
dialog box and choose Main from the Triangle Mesher option menu.
• First alternate triangle surface mesher (3-D tri mesher). The program uses the first alternate triangle
mesher, and it does not invoke another mesher if this mesher fails. This option is not recommended
due to speed considerations. However, for surfaces with degeneracies in parametric space, this mesher
often provides the best results. We also recommend that you use this mesher when meshing highly
anisotropic regions.
To choose this option, issue the command MOPT,AMESH,ALTERNATE. In the GUI, access the Mesher
Options dialog box and choose Alternate from the Triangle Mesher option menu.
• Second alternate triangle surface mesher (2-D parametric space mesher). The program uses the second
alternate triangle mesher, and it does not invoke another mesher if this mesher fails. This option is not
recommended for use on surfaces with degeneracies (spheres, cones, and so on) or on poorly paramet-
erized surfaces because poor meshes may be created.
To choose this option, issue the command MOPT,AMESH,ALT2. In the GUI, access the Mesher Options
dialog box and choose Alternate 2 from the Triangle Mesher option menu.
The options listed below are available for quadrilateral surface meshing. Keep in mind that quadrilateral
surface meshes will differ based on which triangle surface mesher is selected. This is true because all free
quadrilateral meshing algorithms use a triangle mesh as a starting point.
• Let the program choose which quadrilateral surface mesher to use. This is the recommended setting
and the default. In most cases, the program will choose the main quadrilateral mesher, which is the Q-
Morph (quad-morphing) mesher. For very coarse meshes, the program may choose the alternate
quadrilateral mesher instead. If either mesher fails for any reason, the program invokes the other
mesher and retries the meshing operation.
To choose this option, issue the command MOPT,QMESH,DEFAULT. In the GUI, access the Mesher Options
dialog box and choose Program Chooses from the Quad Mesher option menu.
• Main quadrilateral surface mesher (Q-Morph mesher). The program uses the main mesher, and it does
not invoke the alternate mesher if the main mesher fails.
In most cases, the Q-Morph mesher results in higher quality elements (see Figure 7.13 (p. 122)). The Q-
Morph mesher is particularly beneficial to users whose applications require boundary sensitive, highly
regular nodes and elements.
121

Figure 7.13 Quadrilateral and Q-Morph Mesher
Mesh (a) shows a surface that was meshed with the alternate quadrilateral mesher; mesh (b) shows the same
surface, this time meshed with the Q-Morph mesher.
Notice that although both meshes shown contain one triangle element (the triangle elements are shaded
in the figure), the triangle element in Figure (a) occurs on the boundary of the area. The triangle element
in Figure (b) is an internal element, which is a more desirable location for it in the mesh.
For the Q-Morph mesher to be able to generate an all-quadrilateral mesh of an area, the total number of
line divisions on the boundaries of the area must be even. (In most cases, turning on SmartSizing [SMRT-
SIZE,SIZLVL] will result in an even total number of line divisions on the boundaries.)
A triangle element (or elements) will result in the area mesh if any of these statements is true:
1. The total number of line divisions on the boundaries of the area is odd.
2. Quadrilateral element splitting is turned on for error elements [MOPT,SPLIT,ON or MOPT,SPLIT,ERR]
and a quadrilateral element in violation of shape error limits would be created if the program did not
split the element into triangles. (Splitting is on for error elements by default.)
3. Quadrilateral splitting is turned on for both error and warning elements [MOPT,SPLIT,WARN], and a
quadrilateral element in violation of shape error and warning limits would be created if the program
did not split the element into triangles.
4. Quadrilateral element splitting is turned on for either a) error elements or b) error and warning elements,
and the area contains a small angle (< 30°) between adjacent boundary intervals. See Figure 7.14 (p. 123).
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To choose this option (Q-Morph mesher), issue the command MOPT,QMESH,MAIN. In the GUI, access the
Mesher Options dialog box and choose Main from the Quad Mesher option menu.
Figure 7.14 Results of Quadrilateral Splitting
(a) Quad splitting on; Results in triangle element
(b) Quad splitting off; Results in quadrilateral element
Small angle
Small angle
• Alternate quadrilateral surface mesher. The program uses the alternate mesher, and it does not invoke
the main mesher if the alternate mesher fails.
For this mesher to be able to generate an all-quadrilateral mesh of an area, the total number of line
divisions on the boundaries of the area must be even, and quadrilateral splitting must be turned off
[MOPT,SPLIT,OFF].
To choose this option, issue the command MOPT,QMESH,ALTERNATE. In the GUI, access the Mesher
Options dialog box and choose Alternate in the Quad Mesher option menu. To use this mesher, you must
also select either the first alternate or the second alternate triangle surface mesher.
7.3.8.3.2.Tetrahedral Element Meshing Options
The following options for tetrahedral element meshing are available:
• Let the program choose which tetrahedra mesher to use. This is the default. With this setting, the program
uses the main tetrahedra mesher when it can; otherwise, it uses the alternate tetrahedra mesher.
To choose this option, issue the command MOPT,VMESH,DEFAULT. In the GUI, access the Mesher Options
dialog box and choose Program Chooses in the Tet Mesher option menu.
• Main tetrahedra mesher (Delaunay technique mesher). For most models, this mesher is significantly
faster than the alternate mesher.
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To choose the main tetrahedra mesher, issue the command MOPT,VMESH,MAIN. In the GUI, access the
Mesher Options dialog box and choose Main in the Tet Mesher option menu.
• Alternate tetrahedra mesher (advancing front mesher from Revision 5.2). This mesher does not support
the generation of a tetrahedral volume mesh from facets [FVMESH]. If this mesher is selected and you
issue the FVMESH command, the program uses the main tetrahedra mesher to create the mesh from
facets and issues a warning message to notify you.
To choose the alternate tetrahedra mesher, issue the command MOPT,VMESH,ALTERNATE. In the GUI,
access the Mesher Options dialog box and choose Alternate in the Tet Mesher option menu.
7.3.8.4.Controlling Tetrahedral Element Improvement
You can use the MOPT command to control the level of tetrahedra improvement that the program performs
when the next free volume meshing operation is initiated [VMESH, FVMESH].
Command(s): MOPT,TIMP,Value
Levels for tetrahedra improvement range from 1 to 6, with level 1 offering only minimal improvement, level
5 offering the maximum amount of improvement for linear tetrahedral meshes, and level 6 offering the
maximum amount of improvement for quadratic tetrahedral meshes. The minimal level of improvement
[MOPT,TIMP,1] is supported by the main tetrahedra mesher only [MOPT,VMESH,MAIN]. If the alternate tet-
rahedra mesher [MOPT,VMESH,ALTERNATE] is invoked when improvement is set to level 1, the program
automatically performs tetrahedra improvement at level 3 instead. You can also turn tetrahedra improvement
off, but doing so is not recommended because it often leads to poorly shaped elements and meshing failures.
For more details about each improvement level, see the description of the MOPT command in the Command
Reference.
Note
In most cases, the default levels that the program uses for tetrahedra improvement will give you
satisfactory results. However, there may be times when you want to request additional improve-
ment of a given tetrahedral element mesh by using the VIMP command. See Improving the Mesh
(Tetrahedral Element Meshes Only) (p. 169) for details about how to request additional improvement
and when doing so would benefit you.
7.3.9.Creating Transitional Pyramid Elements
While some regions of a volume may be easy to divide into map-meshable parts, other regions may be
geometrically complex. You may use hexahedral elements to fill the map-meshable regions of a volume,
and tetrahedral elements to fill the remainder. In some cases, high-gradient regions may require hexahedral
elements to capture detail, while for other, less critical regions, tetrahedral elements may be sufficient.
Unfortunately, using a mix of hexahedral and tetrahedral element shapes leads to nonconformities in a
mesh, and the finite element method requires that elements within a mesh conform. You can avoid the
problems that may arise from this situation by following the guidelines outlined below. By instructing the
program to automatically create pyramid elements at their interface, you can easily maintain mathematical
continuity between hexahedral and tetrahedral element types.
7.3.9.1.Situations in Which the Program Can Create Transitional Pyramids
Transitional pyramid elements can be created in any of these situations:
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• You are ready to mesh a volume with tetrahedral elements. The volume immediately adjacent to that
volume has already been meshed with hexahedral elements. The two volumes have been glued together
[VGLUE]. (Two volumes for which you want to create transitional pyramids must share a common area;
the quadrilateral faces from the hexahedral elements must be located on that common area.)
• At least one of the areas on a volume has been meshed with quadrilateral elements. In this situation
you simply mesh the volume with tetrahedral elements, and the program forms the pyramids directly
from the quadrilateral elements. If you want, you can then mesh any adjacent volumes with hexahedral
elements.
• Where detached quadrilateral-shaped elements are used as input to the FVMESH command.
Figure 7.15 (p. 125) illustrates the creation of transitional pyramids at the interface of tetrahedral and hexa-
hedral elements. In this example, a simple block is divided by an arbitrary cutting plane. The cutting plane
serves as the interface between two volumes - one in which tetrahedral elements were generated, and the
other in which hexahedral elements were generated Figure (a). Figure (b) provides an exploded view of the
transitional pyramids; the tetrahedral elements have been removed.
Figure 7.15 Creation of Transitional Pyramid Elements at an Interface
7.3.9.2.Prerequisites for Automatic Creation of Transitional Pyramid Elements
In order for transitional pyramid elements to be created when you mesh a volume with tetrahedral elements,
you must meet these prerequisites:
• When setting element attributes, be sure that the element type you assign to the volume is one that
can be degenerated into a pyramid shape. (See Assigning Element Attributes Before Meshing (p. 103) for
information about the methods you can use to set attributes.)
• When setting meshing controls, activate transitioning and indicate that you want to degenerate 3-D
elements.
To activate transitioning (the default), use one of the following methods:
Command(s): MOPT,PYRA,ON
To degenerate 3-D elements, use one of the following methods:
125
7.3.9.Creating Transitional Pyramid Elements

Command(s): MSHAPE,1,3D
If these prerequisites are met and you now mesh the volume with tetrahedral elements [VMESH], the program
automatically:
• Determines where transitional pyramid elements are appropriate
• Combines and rearranges tetrahedral elements to create pyramid elements
• Inserts the pyramid elements into the mesh
The program creates transitional pyramid elements by default; if you prefer not to have transitional pyramid
elements inserted into your mesh, issue the MOPT,PYRA,OFF command.
Note
For quadratic pyramid elements that are immediately adjacent to linear hexahedral elements, the
program automatically drops midside nodes at the interface. This, in fact, occurs when meshing
any quadratic element if linear elements are adjacent in a neighboring volume.
Also, after pyramid transitioning, if there are selected elements, the number of selected elements
may be greater than the number of elements originally selected (before the transition).
7.3.10.Converting DegenerateTetrahedral Elements toTheir Nondegenerate
Forms
After creating transitional pyramid elements in a model, you can convert the 20-node degenerate tetrahedral
elements in the model to their 10-node non-degenerate counterparts.
7.3.10.1.Benefits of Converting Degenerate Tetrahedral Elements
The process described in Creating Transitional Pyramid Elements (p. 124) permits the formation of pyramids
only when you use an element type that supports degenerate tetrahedral and pyramidal shapes. Depending
on your application, you may find that this prerequisite is too limiting.
For example, if you are working on a structural application, you are limited to using SOLID186 elements
wherever transitional pyramid elements are required. Solving an analysis that involves 20-node, degenerate
SOLID186 elements (and storing those elements) uses more solution time and memory than would the same
analysis using SOLID187 elements. (SOLID187 elements are the 10-node, non-degenerate counterpart to
SOLID186 elements.)
In this example, converting SOLID186 elements to SOLID187 elements provides these benefits:
• Less random access memory (RAM) is required per element.
• When you are not using the Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) equation solver, the files that
the program writes during solution are considerably smaller.
• Even when you are using the PCG equation solver, you gain a modest speed advantage.
• If you are using the PCG solver with MSAVE,ON, you may be able to obtain a significant performance
gain with using SOLID187 elements compared to using degenerate SOLID186 elements. The MSAVE,ON
command can only be used when doing a static analyses or modal analyses using the PCG Lanczos
method. MSAVE,ON results in a memory savings of up to 70% for the part of the model that meets the
criteria, although the solution time may vary depending on the processor speed and the manufacturer
126

of your computer, as well as the chosen element options (for example, reduced 2 x 2 x 2 integration
for SOLID186).
7.3.10.2.Performing a Conversion
To convert 20-node degenerate tetrahedral elements to their 10-node non-degenerate counterparts:
Command(s): TCHG,ELEM1,ELEM2,ETYPE2
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Change Tets
Regardless of whether you use the command or the GUI method, you are limited to converting the combin-
ations of elements that are presented in Table 7.3: Allowable Combinations ofELEM1 and ELEM2 (p. 127).
Table 7.3 Allowable Combinations ofELEM1 and ELEM2
Value of ELEM2
Value of ELEM1
Physical Properties
SOLID187 or 187
SOLID186 or 186
Structural Solid
SOLID87 or 87
SOLID90 or 90
Thermal Solid
SOLID123 or 123
SOLID122 or 122
Electrostatic Solid
If you are using the TCHG command to perform the conversion, specify values for the following arguments:
• Use the ELEM1 argument to identify the type of element that you want to convert. For example, to
convert SOLID186 elements, you must specify either SOLID186 or 186 for the value of ELEM1
• Use the ELEM2 argument to identify the type of element that is the counterpart to the ELEM1 element.
For example, to convert SOLID186 elements, you must specify either SOLID187 or 187 for the value of
ELEM2.
• Optionally, you can use the ETYPE2 argument to specify the element TYPE number for ELEM2. To
continue with our example, to assign element TYPE number 2 to the newly-converted SOLID187 elements,
specify 2 for the value of ETYPE2. (An element type's TYPE number is the number assigned to that
element type in the element attribute tables; it is based on the element type's location in the element
attribute tables.) If you do not specify a value for ETYPE2, the program uses the next available location
in the element attribute tables to determine the element TYPE number for ELEM2 or, if ELEM2 already
appears in the element attribute tables, the program uses ELEM2's existing element TYPE number for
ETYPE2. To continue with our example,
Also see the description of the TCHG command in the Command Reference.
If you are using the GUI to perform the conversion, follow these steps:
1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Change Tets. The Change
Selected Degenerate Hexes to Non-degenerate Tets dialog box appears.
2. Using the Change From option menu, select a combination of elements.
3. In the TYPE number for ELEM2 field, select the appropriate element TYPE number for ELEM2. (A single-
selection list containing all of the currently defined element types, along with their corresponding element
TYPE numbers, appears on the dialog box to help you make your selection.) To make your selection,
you can do any one of the following:
• Choose NEXT AVAIL TYPE# from the selection list and click on OK, and the program uses the next
available location in the element attribute tables to determine the element TYPE number for ELEM2
or, if ELEM2 already appears in the element attribute tables, the program uses ELEM2's existing
element TYPE number for ETYPE2.
127
7.3.10.Converting Degenerate Tetrahedral Elements to Their Nondegenerate Forms

• Choose USER SPECIFIED from the selection list and click on OK. A second dialog box appears, where
you must enter an element TYPE number and click on OK. The program assigns the element TYPE
number that you enter to ELEM2.
• Choose a valid element TYPE number (if one is available) from the selection list. Remember that
even though all of the currently defined element types and their assigned element TYPE numbers
appear in the list, not all of them are valid choices (for example, if you are converting SOLID186
elements to SOLID187 elements, you must choose the TYPE number for the defined SOLID187
element from the selection list). If no SOLID187 elements are currently defined, then you have to
use one of the other selection methods described above. Assuming that a valid element TYPE
number is available and you select it, the program will assign that TYPE number to the newly-
converted elements.
7.3.10.3.Other Characteristics of Degenerate Tetrahedral Element Conversions
Other characteristics of degenerate tetrahedral element conversions include the following:
• As a result of the conversion operation, only selected elements of type ELEM1 are converted to type
ELEM2. The program ignores any elements that are type ELEM1 but are not degenerate tetrahedra; for
instance, the program will ignore SOLID186 elements that have a hexahedral, pyramidal, or prism shape.
For example, assume that you have a simple model that contains only SOLID186 elements. Some of
these elements are hexahedral, some are tetrahedral, and some are pyramidal. If you issue the command
TCHG,186,187,2, the program converts only the tetrahedral SOLID186 elements to SOLID187 elements;
it leaves the hexahedral and pyramidal SOLID186 elements untouched. Since you specified 2 as the
value of ETYPE2, the program assigns element TYPE number 2 to the SOLID187 elements.
• Performing a conversion is likely to create circumstances in which more than one element type is defined
for a single volume. Currently, the program has no way of storing more than one element type per
volume. This limitation may result in incorrect information when you perform a volume listing operation
[VLIST command]. The output listing will fail to indicate that the element type of the converted elements
has changed. Instead, it will indicate the element TYPE number that was originally assigned to those
elements. (On the other hand, the output of an element listing operation [ELIST command] will indicate
the new element TYPE number.) If you plan to perform a conversion, we recommend that the conversion
be your last step in the modeling and meshing process; that is, complete any desired mesh refinement,
moving or copying of nodes and elements, and any other desired modeling and meshing revision pro-
cesses prior to beginning the conversion.
7.3.11.Doing Layer Meshing
The program's layer meshing feature (currently, for 2-D areas only) enables you to generate line-graded free
meshes having either of the following:
• Uniform (or moderately varying) element size along the line.
• Steep transitions in element size and number in the direction normal to the line.
Such meshes are suitable for simulating CFD boundary layer effects, electromagnetic skin layer effects, etc.
7.3.12.Setting Layer Meshing Controls via the GUI
If you are using the GUI, you set layer mesh controls on a picked set of lines by choosing Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool, which displays the MeshTool panel. Pressing the Set button next to
"Layer" opens a picking dialog for selecting lines, followed by the "Area Layer Mesh Controls on Picked Lines"
dialog box. On it, you may specify any of the following.
128

• The desired element size on the line, either by setting the element size directly (SIZE), or by setting the
number of line divisions (NDIV).
• The line spacing ratio (SPACE, normally 1.0 for layer meshing).
• The thickness of the inner mesh layer (LAYER1). Elements in this layer will be uniformly-sized, with edge
lengths equal to the specified element size on the line. LAYER1's thickness may be specified with either
a factor on the element size for the line (size factor = 2 produces two rows of uniformly-sized elements
along the line; size factor = 3, three rows, etc.), or with an absolute length.
• The thickness of the outer mesh layer (LAYER2). The size of elements in this layer will gradually increase
from those in LAYER1 to the global element size. LAYER2's thickness may be specified with either a
mesh transition factor (transition factor = 2 produces elements which approximately double in size as
the mesh front progresses normal to the line; transition factor = 3, triple in size, etc.), or with an absolute
length.
Note
The thickness of LAYER1 should be greater than or equal to the specified element size for the
line. If you use a size factor to specify LAYER1, it must be greater than or equal to 1.0.
Note
LAYER2's "thickness" is really the distance over which mesh transition must occur between elements
of LAYER1 size and the global size. Appropriate values for LAYER2 thus depend on the magnitude
of the global-to-LAYER1 size ratio. If you use a mesh transition factor to specify LAYER2, it must
be greater than 1.0 (implying the next row's size must be larger than the previous) and, for best
results, should be less than 4.0.
Note
For a picked set of lines, layer mesh controls may be set or cleared without altering the existing
line divisions or spacing ratio settings for those lines. In fact, within this dialog box, blank or zero
settings for SIZE/NDIV, SPACE, LAYER1, or LAYER2 will remain the same (that is, they will not be
set to zero or default values).
The figures below illustrate a line-graded layer mesh showing uniform element size along the line and steep
transitions in element size and number normal to the line
129
7.3.12.Setting Layer Meshing Controls via the GUI

Figure 7.16 Line-Graded Layer Mesh
To delete layer mesh control specifications from a picked set of lines, choose the Clear button beside "Layer"
on the MeshTool. Existing line divisions and spacing ratios for the set of lines will remain the same.
7.3.13.Setting Layer Meshing Controls via Commands
The LESIZE command specifies layer meshing controls and other element size characteristics. For information
about this command, see the Command Reference.
130

7.3.14.Listing Layer Mesh Specifications on Lines
To view or print layer meshing size specifications on lines, use one of the following:
Command(s): LLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Lines
7.4.Controls Used for Free and Mapped Meshing
In the previous sections, we have described various meshing controls that are available to you. Now we will
focus on which controls are appropriate for free meshing, and which are appropriate for mapped meshing.
7.4.1.Free Meshing
In free meshing operations, no special requirements restrict the solid model. Any model geometry, even if
it is irregular, can be meshed.
The element shapes used will depend on whether you are meshing areas or volumes. For area meshing, a
free mesh can consist of only quadrilateral elements, only triangular elements, or a mixture of the two. For
volume meshing, a free mesh is usually restricted to tetrahedral elements. Pyramid-shaped elements may
also be introduced into the tetrahedral mesh for transitioning purposes. (See Creating Transitional Pyramid
Elements (p. 124) for information about pyramid-shaped elements.)
If your chosen element type is strictly triangular or tetrahedral, the program will use only that shape during
meshing. However, if the chosen element type allows more than one shape (for example, PLANE183 or
SOLID186), you can specify which shape (or shapes) to use by one of the following methods:
Command(s): MSHAPE
You must also specify that free meshing should be used to mesh the model:
Command(s): MSHKEY,0
For area elements that support more than one shape, a mixed shape mesh (which is usually quad-dominant)
will be produced by default. An all triangle mesh can be requested [MSHAPE,1,2D and MSHKEY,0], but is
not recommended if lower-order elements are being used.
Note
There may be times when it is important to you to have an all-quadrilateral mesh. Free meshing
of an area results in an all-quadrilateral mesh when the total number of line divisions on the
boundaries of the area is even, and the quality of the quadrilateral elements produces no errors.
You can increase the chances that the area's boundaries will have an even total number of line
divisions by turning SmartSizing on and letting it determine the appropriate element divisions
(rather than setting the number of element divisions on any of the boundaries manually [LESIZE]).
You should also make sure that quadrilateral splitting is off [MOPT,SPLIT,OFF] to keep the program
from splitting poorly shaped quadrilateral elements into triangles. (Quadrilateral splitting is turned
on for error elements by default. See the description of the MOPT command for details.)
131
7.4.1.Free Meshing

To achieve a free volume mesh, you should choose an element type that allows only a tetrahedral shape,
or use an element that supports multiple shapes and set the shape option to tetrahedral only [MSHAPE,1,3D
and MSHKEY,0].
For free meshing operations, element sizes are produced based on the current settings of the DESIZE
command, along with ESIZE, KESIZE, and LESIZE. If SmartSizing is turned on, the element sizes will be de-
termined by the SMRTSIZE command along with ESIZE, KESIZE, and LESIZE. (SmartSizing is recommended
for free meshing.) You can find all of these meshing controls under both Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> MeshTool and Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls.
7.4.1.1.Fan Type Meshing and the TARGE170 Element
A special type of free meshing, called fan type meshing, is available for certain contact analysis cases that
involve the meshing of 3-sided areas with the TARGE170 element. When two of the three sides have only
one element division, and the third side has any number of divisions, the result will be a fan type mesh.
(The LESIZE command is used to set element divisions.) Fan type meshing ensures that the program uses
the minimum number of triangles to fill the area, which is important for contact problems. Consider the
example shown in Figure 7.17 (p. 132), in which two of the sides have only one element division, while the
third side has four.
Figure 7.17 Example of Fan Type Meshing
1 element division
4 element divisions
1 element division
7.4.1.1.1.Conditions for Fan Type Meshing
Remember that to use fan type meshing, the following conditions must be satisfied:
• You must be meshing a 3-sided area. Two of the sides must have only one element division; the third
side can have any number of divisions.
• You must be meshing with the TARGE170 element.
• You must specify that free meshing be used [MSHKEY,0 or MSHKEY,2].
For more information, see the Contact Technology Guide and the description of the TARGE170 element in
the Element Reference.
132

7.4.2.Mapped Meshing
You can specify that the program use all quadrilateral area elements, all triangle area elements, or all hexa-
hedral (brick) volume elements to generate a mapped mesh. Mapped meshing requires that an area or volume
be "regular", that is, it must meet certain criteria.
For mapped meshing, element sizes are produced based on the current settings of DESIZE, along with ESIZE,
KESIZE, LESIZE and AESIZE settings (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> option).
SmartSizing [SMRTSIZE] cannot be used for mapped meshing.
Note
Mapped meshing is not supported when hard points are used.
7.4.2.1.Area Mapped Meshing
An area mapped mesh consists of either all quadrilateral elements or all triangular elements.
Note
Mapped triangle meshing refers to the process in which the program takes a map-meshable area
and meshes it with triangular elements, based on a pattern you specify. This type of meshing is
particularly useful for analyses that involve the meshing of rigid contact elements. (See the Contact
Technology Guide for details about contact analyses.)
For an area to accept a mapped mesh, the following conditions must be satisfied:
1. The area must be bounded by either three or four lines (with or without concatenation).
2. The area must have equal numbers of element divisions specified on opposite sides, or have divisions
matching one of the transition mesh patterns (see Figure 7.24 (p. 137)).
3. If the area is bounded by three lines, the number of element divisions must be even and equal on all
sides.
4. The meshing key must be set to mapped [MSHKEY,1]. This setting results in a mapped mesh of either
all quadrilateral elements or all triangle elements, depending on the current element type and/or the
setting of the element shape key [MSHAPE].
5. If your goal is a mapped triangle mesh, you can also specify the pattern the program uses to create
the mesh of triangular elements [MSHPATTERN]. If you do not specify a pattern, the program chooses
one for you. See the MSHPATTERN command description in the Command Reference for an illustration
of the available patterns.
Figure 7.18 (p. 134) shows a basic area mapped mesh of all quadrilateral elements, and a basic area mapped
mesh of all triangular elements.
133

Figure 7.18 Area Mapped Meshes
If an area is bounded by more than four lines, it cannot be map meshed. However, some of the lines can
be combined or "concatenated" to reduce the total number of lines to four. Line concatenation is discussed
later in this section.
A suggested alternative to using line concatenation is to use the AMAP command to map mesh an area by
picking three or four corners of the area. This method internally concatenates all lines between the keypoints.
(Simplified area mapped meshing is described later in this section.)
7.4.2.1.1.Line Divisions for Mapped Meshing
You must specify equal numbers of line divisions on opposite edges of the area (or define line divisions to
match one of the transition patterns) to achieve a mapped mesh. You do not necessarily have to specify
line divisions on all lines. As long as mapped meshing has been requested [MSHKEY,1], the program will
transfer line divisions from one line to the opposite line, and on into adjacent areas being meshed [AMESH].
The program will also produce matched line divisions from AESIZE,“soft” LESIZE, KESIZE or ESIZE specific-
ations, when possible.
The same hierarchy that applied to LESIZE, ESIZE, etc. will also apply to transferred line divisions. Thus, in
the example shown in Figure 7.19 (p. 134), LESIZE line divisions transferred from line 1 to line 3 will override
explicitly defined ESIZE line divisions.
Figure 7.19 Transferred HardLESIZE Controls Override ESIZE Controls
MSHKEY,1! mapped mesh
ESIZE,,10! 10 divisions set by ESIZE
LESIZE,1,,,20! 20 divisions specified for line 1
AMESH,1! 20 line divisions will be transferred onto line 3
134

Please see the MSHKEY, ESIZE, AESIZE, LESIZE, and AMESH command descriptions for more information.
7.4.2.1.2.Line Concatenation
If an area is bounded by more than four lines, you can combine [LCOMB] or concatenate [LCCAT] some of
the lines to reduce the total number of lines to four. Whenever LCOMB is permitted (that is, when lines are
tangent and are attached to the same areas), it is generally preferred over LCCAT. LCOMB can also be used
for non-tangent lines, but a node will not necessarily be generated at the kink in the line.
To concatenate lines:
Command(s): LCCAT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> Concatenate> Lines
To combine lines:
Command(s): LCOMB
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Lines
Consider the example of Figure 7.20 (p. 135), in which an area is bounded by six lines. Two of the lines can
be combined, and two others concatenated, to produce an area bounded by four lines, suitable for mapped
meshing.
Figure 7.20 Line Combination and Concatenation Can Enable Mapped Meshing
A node will be generated wherever there is a keypoint attached to a line, area, or volume. Therefore, a
concatenated line will have at least as many divisions as are defined implicitly by the keypoints on that line.
The program will not allow you to transfer a smaller number of divisions onto such a line. Also, if a global
element size [ESIZE] is specified, it applies to your original lines, not to your concatenated lines.
135

Figure 7.21 ESIZE Applies to Original (Not Concatenated) Lines
Line divisions cannot be directly assigned to concatenated lines. However, divisions can be assigned to
combined lines [LCOMB]. Therefore, there is some advantage to using line combination instead of concat-
enation.
7.4.2.1.3.Simplified Area Mapped Meshing
The AMAP command offers the easiest way to obtain a mapped mesh. AMAP (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> By Corners) uses specified keypoints as corners and internally concat-
enates all lines between the keypoints. The area is automatically meshed with all quadrilateral or all triangular
elements (a MSHKEY specification is not required). The same rules about meshing controls apply for AMAP
as for mapped meshing by line concatenation.
Consider the example presented earlier for concatenation, but now meshed with the AMAP method. Notice
that there are multiple lines between several of the picked keypoints. After picking the area, keypoints 1, 3,
4, and 6 can be picked in any order, and the mapped mesh is automatically created.
Figure 7.22 Simplified Mapped Meshing (
AMAP)
No line concatenation is needed prior to the AMAP operation; the concatenation is done internally and then
deleted. The area's line list is left unchanged.
136

7.4.2.1.4.Transition Mapped Quadrilateral Meshing
Another way to create a mapped area mesh is to specify line divisions on opposite sides of the area such
that the divisions permit a transition mapped quadrilateral mesh. Transition mapped quadrilateral meshing
is only applicable to four-sided areas (with or without concatenation). Some examples are shown in Figure
7.23 (p. 137).
Figure 7.23 Examples of Transition Mapped Quadrilateral Meshes
To achieve a transition mapped quadrilateral mesh, you must use an element type that supports a quadri-
lateral shape, set the meshing key to mapped [MSHKEY,1], and set the shape specification to allow quadri-
laterals [MSHAPE,0,2D]. (If you want a transition mapped triangle mesh, see the next section.) In addition,
specified line divisions must match one of the patterns shown in Figure 7.24 (p. 137).
Figure 7.24 Applicable Transition Patterns-Transition Mapped Quadrilateral Meshes
137

The quad-dominant free mesher [MSHAPE,0 and MSHKEY,0] automatically looks for four-sided regions that
match these transition patterns. If a match is found, the area is meshed with a transition mapped quadrilat-
eral mesh, unless the resulting elements are of poor quality (in which case a free mesh will be produced).
7.4.2.1.5.Transition Mapped Triangle Meshing
Transition mapped meshing is also valid for mapped area meshes of triangle elements. As with transition
mapped quadrilateral meshing, transition mapped triangle meshing is only applicable to four-sided areas,
and the specified line divisions must match one of the patterns shown in Figure 7.24 (p. 137). To achieve a
transition mapped triangle mesh, you must also use an element type that supports a triangular shape, set
the meshing key to mapped [MSHKEY,1], and set the shape specification to allow triangles [MSHAPE,1,2D].
The relationship between a transition mapped quadrilateral mesh and a transition mapped triangle mesh
can be seen in Figure 7.25 (p. 139). Figure (b) illustrates a transition mapped triangle mesh. When you request
a mapped triangle mesh, the program actually begins by map meshing the area with quadrilateral elements,
and then it automatically splits the quadrilateral elements into triangles. Figure (a) shows the quadrilateral
mesh that was used as the basis for the triangle mesh shown in Figure (b). Figure (c) illustrates the triangle
mesh, with the quadrilateral elements superimposed over it. The dotted lines represent the boundaries of
the quadrilateral elements that the program split into triangles.
138

Figure 7.25 Mapped Meshes
7.4.2.2.Volume Mapped Meshing
To mesh a volume with all hexahedron elements, the following conditions must be satisfied:
1. The volume must take the shape of a brick (bounded by six areas), wedge or prism (five areas), or
tetrahedron (four areas).
2. The volume must have equal numbers of element divisions specified on opposite sides, or have divisions
matching one of the transition mesh patterns for hexahedral meshes. See Figure 7.26 (p. 140) for examples
of element divisions that will produce a mapped mesh for different volume shapes. Transition mesh
patterns for hexahedral meshes are described later in this section.
3. The number of element divisions on triangular areas must be even if the volume is a prism or tetrahed-
ron.
139

Figure 7.26 Examples of Element Divisions for Mapped Volume Meshing
7.4.2.2.1.Area Concatenation
As with lines, you can add [AADD] or concatenate [ACCAT] areas if you need to reduce the number of areas
bounding a volume for mapped meshing. If there are also lines bounding the concatenated areas, the lines
must be concatenated as well. You must concatenate the areas first, then follow with line concatenations.
This procedure is illustrated by the sample input listing that appears below:
! first, concatenate areas for mapped volume meshing:
ACCAT,...
! next, concatenate lines for mapped meshing of bounding areas:
LCCAT,...
LCCAT,...
VMESH,...
Note
Whenever AADD is permitted (that is, when areas are flat and coplanar), it is generally preferred
over ACCAT. (Line divisions will be transferred from one edge to another as described earlier.)
As shown in the sample input listing above, line concatenations [LCCAT] are normally required after area
concatenations [ACCAT]. However, if both areas that are concatenated are bounded by four lines (no con-
catenated lines), the line concatenation operations will be done automatically. Thus, because the areas in
140

Figure 7.27 (p. 141) are both bounded by four lines, line concatenation [LCCAT] is not required. Also note
that deleting the concatenated area does not automatically delete the associated concatenated lines.
Area concatenation used for mapped volume meshing are shown in Figure 7.27 (p. 141). The lines are auto-
matically concatenated by the area concatenation operation [ACCAT] because both areas are bounded by
four lines.
Figure 7.27 Area Concatenation
To concatenate areas, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): ACCAT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Concatenate> Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped
To add areas, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): AADD
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas
Please see the ACCAT, LCCAT, and VMESH command descriptions for more information.
7.4.2.2.2.Transition Mapped Hexahedral Meshing
You can create a mapped volume mesh by specifying line divisions on opposite edges of the volume such
that the divisions permit a transition mapped hexahedral mesh. Transition mapped hexahedral meshing is
only applicable to six-sided volumes (with or without concatenation). Some examples are shown in Figure
7.28 (p. 142).
141

Figure 7.28 Examples of Transition Mapped Hexahedral Meshes
To achieve a transition mapped hexahedral mesh, you must use an element type that supports a hexahedral
shape. If you previously set the element shape specification to mesh with tetrahedral-shaped elements
[MSHAPE,1,3D], you must now set the shape specification to allow hexahedron [MSHAPE,0,3D]. In addition,
specified line divisions must match one of the patterns shown in Figure 7.29 (p. 143).
Note
Even if you specify free meshing [MSHKEY,0], the program automatically looks for six-sided
volumes that match these transition patterns. If a match is found, the volume will be meshed
with a transition mapped hexahedral mesh, unless the resulting elements are of poor quality (in
which case the mesh will fail).
Note
As indicated in Figure 7.29 (p. 143), some of the edges of the volumes are hidden (edges N5, N9,
and N10). Edge N5 is opposite edge N8; edge N9 is opposite edge N1; and edge N10 is opposite
edge N2.
142

Figure 7.29 Applicable Transition Patterns-Transition Mapped Hexahedral Meshes
143

7.4.2.3.Some Notes about Concatenated Lines and Areas
Concatenation is solely intended to be used as an aid to mapped meshing; it is not a Boolean "add" operation.
Concatenation should be the last step you undertake before you execute a mapped mesh of your solid
model, because the output entity obtained from a concatenation cannot be used in any subsequent solid
modeling operation (other than meshing, clearing, or deleting). For example, a line created by an LCCAT
operation cannot have any solid model loads applied to it; nor can it be part of any Boolean operation; nor
can it be copied, dragged, rotated [xGEN, xDRAG, xROTAT], etc.; nor can it be used in another concatenation.
You can readily "undo" a concatenation by simply deleting the line or area produced by the concatenation:
• The fastest way to delete concatenated lines or areas is by choosing menu path Main Menu> Prepro-
cessor> Modeling> Delete> Del Concats> Lines or Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete>
Del Concats> Areas.
Caution
When you use this method, the program automatically selects all concatenated lines (or
areas) and deletes them without prompting you.
• If you want more control over which concatenated lines or areas are selected and deleted, use one of
these methods:
Command(s): LSEL,Type,LCCA,,,,,KSWP or ASEL,Type,ACCA,,,,,KSWP
GUI: Utility Menu> Select> Entities
If you are using the Select Entities dialog box, choose both Lines and Concatenated to select concatenated
lines. Choose both Areas and Concatenated to select concatenated areas. If desired, use the other controls
in the dialog box to refine your selection.
You can then delete all of the selected lines or areas [LDELE,ALL or ADELE,ALL] as necessary.
Although you need to be aware of the restrictions on output entities listed earlier in this section, no such
restrictions affect the input entities in a concatenation. However, the input entities will become "lost" or
"detached," so far as higher-level entities are concerned. That is, if an area is bounded by five lines (L1-L5),
and two of those lines are concatenated (LCCAT,1,2 ≥ L6), the program will no longer recognize lines L1
and L2 as being attached to that area. However, you can reattach L1 and L2 to the area by deleting L6 to
undo the concatenation. (See Figure 7.30 (p. 144).)
Input lines in a concatenation become detached until the concatenation is undone
Figure 7.30 Input Lines in a Concatenation
144

If you find that concatenation becomes too restrictive for your intended modeling operations, you can
usually obtain a mapped mesh by some other means, such as by subdividing an area or volume into appro-
priately-bounded entities. Boolean operations will often be helpful for subdividing an entity in this fashion.
See the descriptions of the ASEL, LSEL, ACCAT, LCCAT, ADELE, and LDELE commands in the Command
Reference for details.
7.5.Meshing Your Solid Model
Once you have built your solid model, established element attributes, and set meshing controls, you are
ready to generate the finite element mesh. First, however, it is usually good practice to save your model
before you initiate mesh generation:
Command(s): SAVE
GUI: Utility Menu> File> Save as Jobname.db
You may also want to turn on the "mesh accept/reject" prompt by picking Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Meshing> Mesher Opts. This feature, which is available only through the GUI, allows you to easily discard
an undesirable mesh. (For more information, see Changing the Mesh (p. 168).)
If you are meshing multiple volumes or areas at one time, you should consider using the meshing option
By Size (or issuing the MOPT,ORDER,ON command) so the mesh is created in the smallest volume or area
first. This helps ensure that your mesh is adequately dense in smaller volumes or areas and that the mesh
is of a higher quality.
7.5.1.Generating the Mesh Using xMESH Commands
To mesh the model, you must use a meshing operation that is appropriate for the entity type being meshed.
You can mesh keypoints, lines, areas, and volumes using the commands and GUI paths described below.
• To generate point elements (such as MASS21) at keypoints:
Command(s): KMESH
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Keypoints
• To generate line elements (such as LINK31) on lines:
Command(s): LMESH
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Lines
Also see Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes (p. 146) for information about special beam meshing
procedures.
• To generate area elements (such as PLANE183) on areas:
Command(s): AMESH, AMAP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> 3 or 4 sided
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Free
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Target Surf
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> By Corners
If you need to mesh multiple areas at one time, you should consider issuing the MOPT,ORDER,ON command
so the mesh is created in the smallest area first. This helps ensure that your mesh is adequately dense in
smaller areas and that the mesh is of a higher quality.
• To generate volume elements (such as SOLID90) in volumes:
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7.5.1.Generating the Mesh Using xMESH Commands

Command(s): VMESH
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Mapped> 4 to 6 sided
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Free
Also see Generating a Volume Mesh From Facets (p. 151) and Generating a Volume Mesh By Sweeping (p. 152)
for information about special volume meshing procedures.
• To generate interface elements (such as INTER192) of uniform thickness along lines or areas:
Command(s): IMESH
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Interface Mesh> 2D Interface
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Interface Mesh> 3D Interface
Also see Generating an Interface Mesh for Gasket Simulations (p. 159) for information about special gasket
meshing procedures.
7.5.2.Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes
You can assign orientation keypoints as attributes of a line for beam/pipe meshing, just as you would assign
a real constant set number, or a material property set number. The orientation keypoints are independent
of the line that is to be meshed. Based on the location of these keypoints, the program will automatically
create orientation nodes along with the beam elements. Line meshing with automatic generation of orient-
ation nodes is supported for current-technology elements (such as BEAM161, BEAM188, BEAM189, PIPE288,
PIPE289, and ELBOW290).
To assign orientation keypoints as attributes of a line:
Command(s): LATT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> All Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Lines
7.5.2.1.How the Program Determines the Location of Orientation Nodes
If a line is bounded by two keypoints (KP1 and KP2) and two orientation keypoints (KB and KE) have also
been defined as attributes of the line, the orientation vector at the beginning of the line extends from KP1
to KB, and the orientation vector at the end of the line extends from KP2 to KE. The program computes the
orientation nodes by interpolating the orientation as given by the above two orientation vectors.
Note
Although this discussion refers to them as "orientation nodes," elsewhere you may see this type
of node referred to as an off-node, third node (for linear beam elements only), or fourth node
(for quadratic beam elements only).
7.5.2.2.Benefits of Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes
The direction in which beam sections are oriented will affect the beam element mesh and the analysis results.
Beam meshing with orientation nodes gives you control over these effects. Examples of Beam Meshing With
Orientation Nodes (p. 148) provides examples of various ways to align the beam sections.
If your analysis uses current-technology beam, pipe or elbow elements, you can use the cross-section data-
definition, analysis, and visualization capabilities for these elements. You can assign a section ID number as
an attribute of a line (LATT). The section ID number identifies the cross section used by the beam elements
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that will be generated when you mesh the line. The orientation nodes, generated automatically based on
orientation keypoints that you specify (LATT), determine the section orientations for the beam elements.
For detailed information about beam analysis and cross sections, see "Beam Analysis and Cross Sections" in
the Structural Analysis Guide.
7.5.2.3.Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes
This section describes how to generate a beam mesh with orientation nodes, using either command input
or the GUI. It assumes that you have already defined the geometry and element attribute tables for your
model, and you are now ready to assign specific attributes to a line for beam meshing. This section does
not attempt to cover other aspects of a typical beam analysis. For detailed information about beam analysis
and a sample problem illustrating the generation of a beam mesh with orientation nodes, see "Beam Ana-
lysis and Cross Sections" in the Structural Analysis Guide.
If you are using the command method to generate the beam mesh, include these commands in your input:
1. Use the LSEL command to select the lines that you want to mesh with orientation nodes.
2. Use the LATT command to associate element attributes with the selected, unmeshed line(s). Specify
values for the MAT, REAL, TYPE, ESYS, KB, KE, and SECNUM arguments.
• When specifying a value for the TYPE argument on the LATT command, be sure that the element
type you assign to the line is one that supports beam meshing with orientation (current-technology
beam, pipe or elbow elements).
• Use the KB and KE arguments on the LATT command to assign beginning and ending orientation
keypoints. If you are meshing with current-technology beam elements, you must define at least
one orientation keypoint when you set your attributes for meshing. When the mesh generates
(LMESH), each beam element along the line will have two end nodes and one orientation node.
• If you are meshing a circular arc with beams, and if that arc spans more than 90°, the beam orient-
ation is twisted at the 90° point as shown in Figure 7.31 (p. 147):
Figure 7.31 LMESH of an Arc
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To prevent the beam orientation from twisting, set the ending orientation keypoint (KE) to be the
same as KB, or split the line into 90° arcs.
• If you are using current-technology beam, pipe or elbow elements, use the SECNUM argument on
the LATT command to assign a section ID number.
See Examples of Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes (p. 148) for examples that illustrate various ways
of assigning orientation keypoints. See "Beam Analysis and Cross Sections" in the Structural Analysis
Guide for details about cross sections.
3. Set the number of element divisions to be generated along the line mesh [LESIZE].
4. Use the LMESH command to mesh the line(s).
5. After meshing a beam, always use the /ESHAPE,1 command to verify the beam's orientation graphically.
6. You can use the LLIST,,,,ORIENT command to list the selected line(s), along with any assigned orientation
keypoints and section data.
If you are using the GUI to generate the beam mesh, follow these steps:
1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. The MeshTool appears.
2. In the Element Attributes section of the MeshTool, select Lines from the option menu on the left and
then click on Set. The Line Attributes picker appears.
3. In the Graphics window, click the line(s) to which you want to assign attributes (including orientation
keypoints) and then click on OK in the Line Attributes picker. The Line Attributes dialog box appears.
4. In the Line Attributes dialog box, assign MAT, REAL, TYPE, ESYS, and/or SECT attributes as desired, click
the Pick Orientation Keypoint(s) option so that Yes appears, and click on OK. The Line Attributes picker
reappears.
5. In the Graphics window, pick the orientation keypoint(s) and then click on OK in the Line Attributes
picker.
6. Back in the MeshTool, set any desired element size controls. Then initiate the line mesh operation by
choosing Lines from the Mesh option menu and clicking on MESH. The Mesh Lines picker appears.
7. In the Graphics window, pick the line(s) that you want to mesh and then click on OK in the Mesh Lines
picker. The program meshes the beam.
8. After the beam is meshed, always verify the beam's orientation graphically. Choose menu path Utility
Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape. Click the /ESHAPE option to turn it on and click on OK.
The meshed beam appears.
9. You can list the selected line(s), along with any defined orientation keypoints and section data. To do
so, choose menu path Utility Menu> List> Lines. The LLIST Listing Format dialog box appears. Choose
Orientation KP and then click on OK.
7.5.2.4.Examples of Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes
You can define one orientation keypoint or two orientation keypoints as attributes of a line. If you define
two, you can assign both of them to the same location in your model.
Figure 7.32 (p. 149) shows three examples. For each example, a beginning orientation keypoint and an ending
orientation keypoint have been defined at the same location. The examples illustrate how you can assign
different orientation keypoints to align selected beam sections within a structure in different directions.
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Figure 7.32 Placement of Orientation Keypoints and Element Orientation
If you specify one orientation keypoint for a line, the program generates beam elements along the line with
a constant orientation. If you specify different orientation keypoints at each end of the line, the program
generates a pre-twisted beam.
Figure 7.33 (p. 150) illustrates some differences between beam meshing with constant orientation as opposed
to beam meshing with pre-twist.
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• In Figure (a), only a beginning orientation keypoint was assigned. The keypoint is 0° from the y axis at
a distance of 10 units in the y direction. The beam exhibits constant orientation.
• In Figure (b), only a beginning orientation keypoint was assigned. The keypoint is 30° from the y axis
at a radius of 10 units. The beam exhibits constant orientation.
• In Figure (c), both a beginning and an ending orientation keypoint were assigned. The keypoints are
90° apart, causing a 90° twist in the beam. Due to the linear interpolation that is used to determine the
location of the orientation nodes, a line biasing with small divisions at each end was used to cause the
nodes to be located closer to the vectors made by the keypoints.
• In Figure (d), the orientation keypoints are 180° apart, and this time the beam flips. Assigning these
keypoints causes a discontinuity because the interpolation of the two vectors is linear.
• Figure (e) provides a remedy to the problem illustrated in Figure (d). Here one line was divided into
two, with the ending orientation keypoint for L1 and the beginning orientation keypoint for L2 being
assigned to the same keypoint. A 180° twist is achieved.
Figure 7.33 Constant Orientation vs. Pre-Twist
7.5.2.5.Other Considerations for Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes
Other things to consider when meshing beams with orientation nodes include the following:
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• Since orientation is not required for 2-D beam elements, the beam meshing procedure described in
this section does not support 2-D beam elements.
• Any operation on a line (copying the line, moving the line, and so on) will destroy the keypoint attributes.
• If an orientation keypoint is deleted, the program issues a warning message.
• If an orientation keypoint is moved, it remains an orientation keypoint. However, if an orientation key-
point is redefined (K,NPT,X,Y,Z), The program no longer recognizes it as an orientation keypoint.
Caution
If you issue the CDWRITE command after generating a beam mesh with orientation nodes, the
database file will contain all of the nodes for every beam element, including the orientation nodes.
However, the orientation keypoints that were specified for the line [LATT] are no longer associated
with the line and are not written out to the geometry file. The line does not recognize that ori-
entation keypoints were ever assigned to it, and the orientation keypoints do not "know" that
they are orientation keypoints. Thus, the CDWRITE command does not support (for beam
meshing) any operation that relies on solid model associativity. For example, meshing the areas
adjacent to the meshed line, plotting the line that contains orientation nodes, or clearing the line
that contains orientation nodes may not work as expected. This limitation also exists for the IGE-
SOUT command. See the descriptions of the CDWRITE command and the IGESOUT command
in the Command Reference for more information.
7.5.3.Generating a Volume Mesh From Facets
In addition to using VMESH to generate volume elements, you can generate a volume mesh from a set of
detached exterior area elements (facets). For example, this capability is useful in situations where you cannot
mesh a particular area. In such a situation, first mesh the areas that can be meshed. Next, define the remaining
area elements using direct generation. (Elements that you define using direct generation are considered to
be detached elements, because they have no solid model associativity.) Finally, use one of the methods
below to generate nodes and tetrahedral volume elements from the detached area elements:
Command(s): FVMESH
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Tet Mesh From> Area Elements
Note
The main tetrahedra mesher [MOPT,VMESH,MAIN] is the only tetrahedra mesher that supports
the generation of a volume mesh from facets; the alternate tetrahedra mesher
[MOPT,VMESH,ALTERNATE] does not.
Note
The FVMESH command and its corresponding menu path do not support multiple "volumes." If
you have multiple volumes in your model, select the surface elements for one "volume," while
making sure that the surface elements for the other volumes are deselected. Then use FVMESH
to generate a mesh for the first volume. Continue this procedure by selecting one volume at a
time and meshing it, until all of the volumes in the model have been meshed.
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7.5.3.Generating a Volume Mesh From Facets

7.5.4.Additional Considerations for Using xMESH Commands
Additional considerations for using xMESH commands include the following:
• Sometimes you may need to mesh the solid model with a variety of elements of different dimensional-
ities. For example, you may need to "reinforce" a shell model (area elements) with beams (line elements),
or overlay one of the faces of a 3-D solid model (volume elements) with surface effect (area) elements.
You can do so by using the appropriate meshing operations [KMESH, LMESH, AMESH, and VMESH] in
any desired order. Make sure, however, that you set the appropriate element attributes (discussed
earlier in this chapter) before meshing.
• No matter which volume mesher you choose [MOPT,VMESH,Value], it may produce different meshes
on different hardware platforms when meshing volumes with tetrahedral elements [VMESH, FVMESH].
Therefore, you should be cautious when evaluating results at a specific node or element. The location
of these entities may change if the input created on one platform is later run on a different platform.
• The adaptive meshing macro [ADAPT] is an alternative meshing method that automatically refines the
mesh based on mesh discretization errors. See "Adaptive Meshing" in the Advanced Analysis Techniques
Guide for more information on this feature.
7.5.5.Generating a Volume Mesh By Sweeping
Using volume sweeping, you can fill an existing unmeshed volume with elements by sweeping the mesh
from a bounding area (called the "source area") throughout the volume. If the source area mesh consists of
quadrilateral elements, the volume is filled with hexahedral elements. If the area consists of triangles, the
volume is filled with wedges. If the area consists of a combination of quadrilateral and triangular elements,
the volume is filled with a combination of hexahedral and wedge elements. The swept mesh is fully associated
with the volume.
7.5.5.1.Benefits of Volume Sweeping
Volume sweeping provides these benefits:
• Unlike other methods for extruding a meshed area into a meshed volume [VROTAT, VEXT, VOFFST,
and VDRAG commands], volume sweeping [VSWEEP] is intended for use in existing unmeshed volumes.
Thus it is particularly useful in these situations:
– You have imported a solid model that was created in another program, and you want to mesh it in
this one.
– You want to create a hexahedral mesh for an irregular volume. You only have to break up the volume
into a series of discrete sweepable regions.
– You either want to create a different mesh than the one that was created by one of the other extru-
sion methods, or you forgot to create a mesh during one of those operations.
– If you do not mesh the source area prior to volume sweeping, the program meshes it for you when
you invoke the volume sweeper. The other extrusion methods require you to mesh the area yourself
before you invoke them. If you do not, the other extrusion methods create the volume, but no area
or volume mesh is generated.
7.5.5.2.What to Do Before You Sweep a Volume
Follow these steps before you invoke the volume sweeper:
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1. Determine how many volumes need to be swept by VSWEEP. VSWEEP will sweep either a single
volume, all selected volumes (VSWEEP,ALL) or a component of volumes (VSWEEP,CMVL where CMVL
is the name of a volume component.)
2. Determine whether the volume's topology can be swept. The volume cannot be swept if any of these
statements is true:
• If LESIZE is used with the “hard” option, and the source and target areas contain hard division
which are the not the same for each respective line, then the volume is not sweepable.
• The volume contains more than one shell; in other words, there is an internal void within the
volume. (A shell is the volumetric equivalent of an area loop - a set of entities that defines a con-
tinuous closed boundary. The SHELL column in a volume listing [VLIST] indicates the number of
shells in the volume.)
• The source area and the target area are not opposite one another in the volume's topology. (By
definition, the target area must be opposite the source area.)
• There is a hole in the volume that does not penetrate the source and/or target areas.
Note
Even if you have satisfied these requirements, there may be times when the shape of a
volume causes the volume sweeper to create poorly shaped elements. For help, see
Strategies for Avoiding Shape Failures During Volume Sweeping (p. 156).
If the volume is not sweepable, try to cut the volume into sweepable sub-volumes before using the
VSWEEP command.
3. Make sure that you have defined the appropriate 2-D and 3-D element types [ET]. For example, if you
are going to pre-mesh the source area, and you want the swept volume to contain quadratic hexahedral
elements, you should mesh the source area with quadratic 2-D elements.
4. Determine how you want to control the number of element layers that will be created during the
sweeping operation; that is, the number of elements that will be created along the length of the sweep
direction (see Figure 7.34 (p. 154)). You can use any of these methods to control this number:
• Use ESIZE,SIZE to specify a guiding element size for the sweeper. VSWEEP uses this value to intern-
ally compute the number of element layers. This is the preferred method for setting this value.
• Use the EXTOPT,ESIZE,Val1,Val2 command to specify the number of element layers (and if desired,
the spacing ratio or bias) to be used along the volume's side lines (where Val1 is the number of
element layers and Val2 is the bias). Note that the number of element layers and bias that you
specify with EXTOPT will apply to all of the volume's unmeshed side lines. For any side line that
has been pre-meshed or that has other sizing specifications associated with it (via LESIZE), the
values set by EXTOPT are ignored.
Command(s): EXTOPT,ESIZE,Val1,Val2
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volume Sweep> Sweep Opts
• On one or more of the volume's side lines, use the LESIZE command to specify the number of
element divisions for that particular line. This method also permits you to specify a bias that the
volume sweeper will honor [LESIZE,,,,,SPACE]; however, the bias applies only to the line that you
identify on the LESIZE command.
• Generate a mapped mesh on one or more of the side areas or within a volume or area that is ad-
jacent to a side area or side line.
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• Generate a mesh of beam elements on one or more of the side lines [LMESH].
• Turn on Smart sizing (via SMRT). VSWEEP will use smart sizing parameters to internally compute
the number of element layers. Note that because of the constrained nature of Hexahedral Elements,
and because smart sizing attempts to transition element sizes in different regions of the model,
smart sizing does not always yield the highest quality elements. Although using the ESIZE,SIZE
method mentioned above usually generates more elements, for Hex meshing they will normally
be higher quality.
If the number of element layers is not specified with one of the methods listed above, VSWEEP will
use DESIZE parameters to internally compute it.
Figure 7.34 Specifying Volume Sweeping
5. Optionally, determine which of the areas bounding the volume will be the source area, and which will
be the target area. The program uses the pattern of the area elements on the source area (which can
be quadrilateral and/or triangular elements) to fill the volume with hexahedral and/or wedge elements.
(If you have not pre-meshed the area prior to volume sweeping, the program automatically generates
"temporary" area elements. It does not save these area elements in the database; they are discarded
as soon as the pattern for the swept volume is determined.) The target area is simply the area that is
opposite the source area. See Figure 7.34 (p. 154) above, which illustrates one way that a user might
set the number of element layers, source area, and target area for a volume sweeping operation. If
more than one volume is being swept any user specified source and targets are ignored.
If no source and/or target area(s) are specified by the user, VSWEEP will attempt to automatically de-
termine which bounding areas should be used as the source or target. If VSWEEP cannot determine
the source/target automatically, VSWEEP will stop. When using the GUI, you can turn on auto source
and target detection with the EXTOPT,VSWE,AUTO command.
6. Optionally, mesh the source, target, and/or side area(s).
The results of a volume sweeping operation will differ depending on whether you have meshed any
of the areas (source, target, and/or side areas) in your model prior to sweeping.
Typically, you will generate a mesh for the source area yourself, before you sweep the volume. If you
have not meshed the source area, the program will mesh it internally when you invoke the volume
sweeping operation (as described above in Step 4.
Consider the following information when deciding whether to "pre-mesh" before sweeping:
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• If you do not pre-mesh, the program uses the element shape setting [MSHAPE] to determine the element
shape it uses to mesh the source area (MSHAPE,0,2D results in quadrilateral elements; MSHAPE,1,2D
results in triangular elements). The exception to this is if you sweep multiple volumes with a single call
to VSWEEP. In this case the source area is always meshed with quadrilaterals.
• If you want the source area meshed with a KSCON specification, pre-mesh the source area.
• The sweeping operation will fail if hard points are present on an area or line that is associated with the
volume, unless you pre-mesh the area or line containing the hard point.
• If you pre-mesh both the source area and the target area, the area meshes must match. However, the
source area mesh and the target area mesh do not have to be mapped meshes.
See Other Characteristics of Volume Sweeping (p. 158) for more information about the characteristics of the
volume sweeping feature.
Figure 7.35 (p. 155) (a) shows an example of a model that contains two volumes adjacent to one another.
Because of the model's geometry, it is necessary to sweep the volumes in different directions, as shown in
Figure (b).
Figure 7.35 Sweeping Adjacent Volumes
7.5.5.3.Invoking the Volume Sweeper
To invoke the volume sweeper:
Command(s): VSWEEP,VNUM,SRCA,TRGA,LSMO
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volume Sweep> Sweep
If you are using the VSWEEP command to sweep a volume, specify values for the following arguments:
• Use the VNUM argument to identify the volume or volumes that you want to sweep.
• Optionally, use the SRCA argument to identify the source area.
• Optionally, use the TRGA argument to identify the target area.
• Optionally, use the LSMO argument to specify whether the program should perform line smoothing
during the sweeping operation.
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See the description of the VSWEEP command in the Command Reference for details about these arguments.
If you are using the GUI to call VSWEEP, the process depends on the setting of EXTOPT,VSWE,AUTO. If EX-
TOPT,VSWE,AUTO is ON (the default), follow these steps:
1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volume Sweep> Sweep. The
Volume Sweeping picker appears.
2. Pick the volume or volumes to sweep and click OK to close the picker.
If EXTOPT,VSWEEP,/AUTO is OFF, follow these steps:
1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volume Sweep> Sweep. The
Volume Sweeping picker appears.
2. Pick the volume you want to sweep and click Apply.
3. Pick the source area and click Apply.
4. Pick the target area. Click OK to close the picker.
Note
When using the GUI to sweep a volume, you cannot control whether line smoothing occurs. The
program does not perform line smoothing when volume sweeping is invoked from the GUI.
7.5.5.4.Strategies for Avoiding Shape Failures During Volume Sweeping
If a volume sweeping operation fails due to bad element shapes, try one or more of the strategies listed
below. We recommend that you try these strategies in the order in which they are listed. Hereafter in this
section, all references to a figure are specific to Figure 7.36 (p. 158).
1. If you did not specify a source and target, specify them and try the volume sweeper again.
2. Switch the source and target areas and re-invoke the volume sweeper. For example, if you specify area
A1 as your source area and area A2 as your target area, and the sweep operation fails, try again using
A2 as the source area and A1 as the target area.
3. Choose an entirely different set of source and target areas and re-invoke the volume sweeper. (Some
volumes can be swept in more than one direction.) For example, if area A1 and area A2 do not work,
try using A5 and A6.
4. Use shape checking as a diagnostic tool to determine which region of the model is causing the sweep
failure. To do this, reduce the shape checking level to warning mode [SHPP,WARN], so that elements
that violate error limits result in warning messages rather than element failures. Then re-invoke the
sweeping operation. Use the resulting warning messages to identify the region of the model that
contains the bad elements, and then clear the bad element mesh [VCLEAR]. Turn shape checking back
on [SHPP,ON]. Next, modify the region of the model that contained the bad elements. Finally, mesh
the volume again with a subsequent sweep operation. Here are some suggestions for modifying the
model:
• If one of the lines in the region of poor elements appears to have too many or too few divisions,
manually specify a different number of divisions for that line using LESIZE.
• Try using a smaller element size specification (ESIZE,SIZE) or a different number of element layers.
• Divide the volume into two or more volumes [VSBA,VSBW], which will shorten the length of the
sweep direction. Try dividing the volume near the region where the poorly shaped elements occur.
Afterwards, invoke VSWEEP for each of the resulting volumes.
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• If the elements flagged by SHPP,WARN appear to be stretched within thin sections of the target
area as in Figure (c), try dividing the side areas in that region along the direction of the sweep. Use
these steps:
a. Clear the mesh [VCLEAR].
b. Divide one of the lines on the source area and one of the lines on the target area by adding
keypoints at the desired division locations [LDIV]. See Figure (e).
c. Copy the line divisions from the new lines on the source area to the corresponding new lines
on the target area as described in Figure (e). (The "new lines" are those that were created by
Step 2.) You can copy line divisions easily via the MeshTool. Choose menu path Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. On the MeshTool, press the Copy button to open the
picker. Use the picker to copy the line divisions - including spacing ratios - from one line to
the other.
d. Manually map mesh the side area that was affected by Step 2. See Figure (f).
e. Re-invoke the volume sweeper.
5. If the elements flagged by SHPP,WARN are stretched within thin sections of the target area, but the
previous strategy does not work, clear the mesh and then re-invoke the volume sweeper with line
smoothing turned on [VSWEEP,,,,1]. See Figure (d). (This setting is not recommended for large models
due to speed considerations.)
Figure (c), (d), and (g) show the results of three different sweeping operations, and illustrate how you can
use some of the strategies described above to affect the quality of a swept mesh. In all three cases, the user
started with the same volume, which is shown in Figure (a). Figure (b) illustrates the source mesh that was
used during the sweep. Again, in all three cases, the user generated this source mesh prior to invoking
volume sweeping.
The differences in the results are due to the additional actions (if any) that the user took prior to sweeping.
To get the results shown in Figure (c), the user invoked volume sweeping without using any of the strategies
described above. Notice the stretched elements that appear on the target area. For the results shown in
Figure (d), the user invoked volume sweeping with line smoothing turned on [VSWEEP,,,,1]. In this case, the
element shapes are better than those shown in Figure (c); however, they are not as good as those shown
in Figure (g). For the results in Figure (g), the user divided lines [LDIV] on the source and target area and
map meshed the affected side area prior to sweeping. Notice the significant improvement in the shape of
the elements on the target area.
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Figure 7.36 Strategies for Avoiding Stretched Elements
7.5.5.5.Other Characteristics of Volume Sweeping
Other characteristics of volume sweeping include the following:
• The source area and the target area do not have to be flat or parallel.
• If the topology of the source area and the topology of the target area are the same, the sweeping op-
eration will often succeed even if the shape of the source area is different from the shape of the target
area. However, drastically different shapes can cause element shape failures.
• During volume sweeping, the program can create either linear or quadratic elements. It can sweep
quadratic area elements into linear volume elements, and it can sweep linear area elements into
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quadratic volume elements. (However, when the program sweeps linear area elements into quadratic
volume elements, mid-nodes are not added to the edges of the source area. This will result in an element
shape failure if you are using quadratic volume elements that do not support dropped mid-nodes.)
• If no source and target is provided, any values specified EXTOPT, ESIZE, NDIV, BIAS are ignored because
they are direction dependent.
• If you have pre-meshed the source, target, and/or side areas, you can issue the EXTOPT,ACLEAR,1
command prior to sweeping and the program will automatically clear the area elements from any selected
source, target, or side area after the swept volume mesh is created. (In the GUI, choose menu path Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volume Sweep> Sweep Opts to access a dialog box where
you can toggle this clearing option on and off.) The areas that you want to clear must be selected for
clearing of the area meshes to occur.
• Volume sweeping does not require your model to have a constant cross section. However, if the cross
section varies, it should vary linearly from one end of the sweep to the other for best results.
• During volume sweeping, if you do not pre-mesh the source area, the program will use the SMRTSIZE,
KESIZE, ESIZE, or DESIZE command setting (as appropriate) to mesh the source area. Also note the
following information about the ESIZE command. The ESIZE,,NDIV setting may be used to determine
the number of element layers that will be created along the volume's side lines during sweeping.
However, this is not the preferred method because if the source area is not pre-meshed, the number
of element divisions specified by NDIV will apply to all of the source area lines as well. If you want a
specified number of element layers, the preferred method is to use the EXTOPT command (as described
earlier).
• VSWEEP can sweep about a zero radius axis (i.e. the source and target areas are adjacent) if the user
specifies which areas are to be used as the source and target (see figure below).
Figure 7.37 Sweep About Zero-Radius Axis
If the user does not specify a source and target on a volume requiring a zero radius axis, VSWEEP will
not succeed. In addition, the element type used by VSWEEP must support wedges if sweeping a quad
mesh and pyramids and tets if sweeping a tri mesh. You cannot perform a sweep about a zero-radius
axis on defeaturable models.
7.5.6.Generating an Interface Mesh for Gasket Simulations
You must generate an interface mesh as part of the overall meshing procedure for simulating a gasket joint.
This type of simulation involves using one of the 2-D or 3-D linear or quadratic interface elements layered
between structural elements that have the same characteristics. Meshing of the interface element is done
159
7.5.6.Generating an Interface Mesh for Gasket Simulations

through the IMESH command for the gasket layer, and meshing of the structural elements is done through
either the AMESH or VMESH command. The specific order of the meshing procedure is shown below, in
reference to the following figure:
Figure 7.38 Components of an Interface Mesh
1. Define interface and structural elements that have corresponding characteristics. See Element Selection
in the Structural Analysis Guide for element selection guidelines.
2. Mesh the structural component element that contains the source face using either the AMESH or
VMESH command.
3. Mesh the gasket layer component element using either IMESH,LINE or IMESH,AREA; or VDRAG.
4. Mesh the structural component element that contains the target face using either the AMESH or
VMESH command.
See the Notes sections of the IMESH, VDRAG, and EGEN command descriptions for special gasket meshing
requirements.
Also, see Meshing Interface Elements in the Structural Analysis Guide for a sample input listing that includes
the IMESH command, and graphics representing various meshes of interface and structural elements.
7.5.7.Aborting a Mesh Operation
When meshing is initiated, a status window appears. The window displays a message concerning the current
status of the meshing operation, and also displays a scale showing the percentage of the meshing operation
that is complete. Both the message and the percentage scale are updated periodically as the operation
proceeds.
A STOP button is located at the bottom of the status window. Picking the STOP button aborts the mesh
operation and causes incomplete meshes to be discarded. Areas or volumes that are completely meshed
before STOP is picked will be retained. The solid model and finite element model will be left as they were
before meshing was initiated.
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You will see the meshing status window only when working in GUI mode. (Status windows will appear by
default, but can be turned off by issuing /UIS,ABORT,OFF.) In non-GUI mode, a mesh abort is triggered by
the system "break" function (CTRL-C or CTRL-P on most systems).
Note
If a session log file (Jobname.LOG) from an interactive session that included an intentional mesh
abort is used as input for another session, the results will not likely be the same as they were for
the interactive session since the abort will not be reproduced in the subsequent runs.
7.5.8.Element Shape Checking
"Badly shaped" elements can, on occasion, cause very poor analytical results. For this reason, the program
performs element shape checking to warn you whenever any operation creates an element having a poor
shape. Unfortunately, however, there are few universal criteria that can be used to identify a "poorly shaped"
element. In other words, an element that gives poor results in one analysis might give perfectly acceptable
results in another analysis. Thus, you must realize that the criteria that the program uses to identify poor
element shapes are somewhat arbitrary. The fact that you receive even hundreds of element shape warnings
does not necessarily mean that element shapes will cause any inaccuracy of results. (Conversely, if you do
not receive any warnings about element shapes, that does not guarantee accurate results.) As in so many
aspects of finite element analysis, the final determination of whether or not your element shapes are accept-
able for your application remains your responsibility.
The program detects and flags all element shape warning and error conditions at the time of element creation,
before storing each element.
Although the program performs element shape checking by default, a number of options for controlling
element shape checking are available. Although most of the options are described in the sections that follow,
you should refer to the SHPP command description in the Command Reference for additional information.
Use either of these methods to modify shape checking:
Command(s): SHPP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Shape Checking
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Toggle Checks
The sections that follow cover how to:
• Turn element shape checking off entirely or to warning-only mode
• Turn individual shape tests off and on
• View a summary of shape test results
• View current shape parameter limits
• Change shape parameter limits
• Retrieve element shape parameter data
• Understand the circumstances under which the program retests existing elements, and why doing so
is necessary
• Decide whether element shapes are acceptable
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Caution
The existence of badly shaped elements in a model may lead to certain computational errors that
can cause your system to abort during solution. Therefore, you run the risk of a system abort
during solution any time that you turn element shape checking off entirely, run shape checking
in warning-only mode, turn off individual shape checks, or loosen shape parameter limits.
Note
The Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications provides detailed in-
formation about the shape tests that the program performs and explains the logic that was used
to determine each test's default warning and error limits.
7.5.8.1.Turning Element Shape Checking Off Entirely or to Warning-Only Mode
As stated above, the program performs element shape checking by default. When element shape checking
occurs, any new element - regardless of how it was created - is tested against existing shape parameter
warning and error limits. If the element violates any of the error limits, it not only produces an error message,
but also either (a) causes a meshing failure, or (b) for element creation other than AMESH or VMESH, is not
stored.
In certain cases, it may be desirable to turn element shape checking off, or to turn it on in warning-only
mode. Turning element shape checking off [SHPP,OFF,ALL] deactivates shape checking entirely. When element
shape checking is turned on in warning-only mode [SHPP,WARN], shape checking occurs, but elements that
violate error limits now only give warnings and do not cause either a meshing or element storage failure.
In the GUI, you can run shape checking in warning-only mode or turn it off entirely by choosing menu path
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Shape Checking. When the Shape Checking Controls dialog
box appears, choose either "On w/Warning msg" or "Off"; then click on OK.
Situations in which we recommend that you turn shape checking off or run it in warning-only mode include:
• When you are generating an area mesh [AMESH], but your ultimate intention is to generate a volume
mesh [VMESH] of quadratic tetrahedrons with that area as one of the volume's faces. Note that the
tetrahedra mesher can fix meshes in which area elements have poor Jacobian ratios. Thus, if you are
generating an area mesh for an area that will be a face on a volume in a subsequent volume meshing
operation, it may make sense to turn element shape checking to warning-only mode, mesh the area,
turn element shape checking on, and then mesh the volume.
• When you are importing a mesh [CDREAD]. If "bad" elements exist in a mesh that you want to import
and element shape checking is turned on, the program may bring the mesh into the database with
"holes" where the bad elements should be (or it may not import the mesh at all). Since neither of these
outcomes is desirable, you may want to turn element shape checking either off or to warning-only
mode prior to importing a mesh. After you import, we suggest that you turn shape checking back on
and recheck the elements [CHECK,ESEL,WARN or CHECK,ESEL,ERR].
Note
Once elements are in the database, performing element shape checking will not delete them.
If any elements in violation of error limits are selected when you initiate a solution [SOLVE],
the program issues an error message and does not process the solution.
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• When you are using direct generation and you are creating elements that you know will be temporarily
invalid. For example, you may be creating a wedge-shaped element that has coincident nodes. You
know that you need to merge the coincident nodes [NUMMRG] in order to get valid elements. In this
case, it would make sense to turn off element shape checking, complete the desired operations (such
as merging nodes in this example), turn element shape checking on, and then check the elements for
completeness [CHECK].
7.5.8.2.Turning Individual Shape Tests Off and On
Rather than turn off shape checking entirely, you can selectively control which tests are off and which are
on.
To use the command method to toggle the tests off and on, issue the command SHPP,Lab,VALUE1:
• Use the Lab argument to indicate whether you want to turn tests off or on. Specify OFF to turn tests
off; specify ON to turn tests on.
• Use the VALUE1 argument to indicate which tests you want to turn off or on. You can specify ANGD
(SHELL28 corner angle deviation tests), ASPECT (aspect ratio tests), PARAL (deviation from parallelism
of opposite edges tests), MAXANG (maximum corner angle tests), JACRAT (Jacobian ratio tests), or WARP
(warping factor tests). You can also specify ALL to turn all tests off or on.
For example, the command SHPP,OFF,WARP turns off all warping factor tests.
In the GUI, you can toggle the tests off and on by choosing menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Checking Ctrls> Toggle Checks. When the Toggle Shape Checks dialog box appears, click the individual
tests off or on as desired; then click on OK.
7.5.8.3.Viewing a Summary of Shape Test Results
The output below, which is from the SHPP,SUMMARY command, provides a summary of shape test results
for all selected elements.
In the GUI, you can view a summary listing by choosing menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking
Ctrls> Shape Checking. When the Shape Checking Controls dialog box appears, choose "Summary" in the
option menu; then click on OK.
SUMMARIZE SHAPE TESTING FOR ALL SELECTED ELEMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<<<<<< SHAPE TESTING SUMMARY >>>>>>
<<<<<< FOR ALL SELECTED ELEMENTS >>>>>>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------
| Element count 214 PLANE183 |
--------------------------------------
Test Number tested Warning count Error count Warn+Err %
---- ------------- ------------- ----------- ----------
Aspect Ratio 214 0 0 0.00 %
Maximum Angle 214 59 0 27.57 %
Jacobian Ratio 214 0 0 0.00 %
Any 214 59 0 27.57 %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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7.5.8.4.Viewing Current Shape Parameter Limits
The output below, which is from the SHPP,STATUS command, lists the element shape parameters and default
shape parameter limits. By default, when an element's shape falls outside of these limits, a warning or error
condition occurs. See Changing Shape Parameter Limits (p. 165) for information about how to change the
limits.
In the GUI, you can view a status listing by choosing menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking
Ctrls> Shape Checking. When the Shape Checking Controls dialog box appears, choose "Status" in the option
menu; then click on OK.
As stated above, this output shows the default shape parameter limits. If you modify any of these limits or
turn off any of the individual shape tests, your output will differ accordingly.
In most cases in the output below, "FACE" also means "cross-section of solid element." For example, the
ASPECT RATIO limits apply to both faces and cross-sections of tetrahedra, hexahedra (bricks), pyramids, and
wedges.
ASPECT RATIO (EXCEPT FLOTRAN OR EMAG)
QUAD OR TRIANGLE ELEMENT OR FACE
WARNING TOLERANCE ( 1) = 20.00000
ERROR TOLERANCE ( 2) = 1000000.
DEVIATION FROM 90° CORNER ANGLE
SHELL28 SHEAR/TWIST PANEL
WARNING TOLERANCE ( 7) = 5.000000
ERROR TOLERANCE ( 8) = 30.00000
DEVIATION FROM PARALLEL OPPOSITE EDGES IN DEGREES (EXCEPT FLOTRAN OR EMAG)
QUAD ELEMENT OR FACE WITHOUT MIDSIDE NODES
WARNING TOLERANCE (11) = 70.00000
ERROR TOLERANCE (12) = 150.0000
QUAD OR QUAD FACE WITH MIDSIDE NODES
MAXIMUM CORNER ANGLE IN DEGREES (EXCEPT FLOTRAN OR EMAG)
TRIANGLE ELEMENT OR FACE
QUAD ELEMENT OR FACE WITHOUT MIDSIDE NODES
QUAD ELEMENT OR FACE WITH MIDSIDE NODES
JACOBIAN RATIO
h-METHOD ELEMENT
p-METHOD ELEMENT
QUAD ELEMENT OR FACE WARPING FACTOR
SHELL163, SHELL181
INFIN47, INTER115, SHELL131, SHELL157,
SHELL181 WITH NLGEOM OFF AND KEYOPT1 NOT = 1
SHELL41, OR SHELL181 WITH KEYOPT1=1
WARNING TOLERANCE (55) = 0.4000000E-04
ERROR TOLERANCE (56) = 0.4000000E-01
SHELL28
SHELL181 WITH NLGEOM ON AND KEYOPT1 NOT = 1
WARNING TOLERANCE (59) = 0.1000000E-04
ERROR TOLERANCE (60) = 0.1000000E-01
164

3D SOLID ELEMENT FACE
ELEMENT SHAPE CHECKING IS ON WITH DEFAULT LIMITS
7.5.8.5.Changing Shape Parameter Limits
If the program's default shape parameter limits do not suit your purposes, you can change them by using
either the command method [SHPP,MODIFY,VALUE1,VALUE2] or the GUI.
For information about how to use the command method, see the description of the SHPP command in the
Command Reference.
The GUI method is the simplest, and thus preferred, method for changing shape parameter limits. Follow
these steps:
1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Shape Checking. The Shape
Checking Controls dialog box appears.
2. Click the Change Settings option so that Yes appears.
3. Click on OK. The Change Shape Check Settings dialog box appears.
4. For any limit that you wish to change, enter a new limit. Use the scroll bar to move up and down
within the list of limits.
5. When finished entering new limits, click on OK.
7.5.8.5.1.Examples of Changing Shape Parameter Limits
The element shape checking controls provide the flexibility to fit varied analysis needs. For example, perhaps
you are not particularly concerned about aspect ratio measures. You can turn off all aspect ratio testing by
including the command SHPP,OFF,ASPECT in your start130.ans file. If that seems too drastic for your situation,
you may choose to specify SHPP,MODIFY,1,1000 instead. Doing so radically loosens the warning limit for
aspect ratio tests, without turning off the tests entirely:
7.5.8.6.Retrieving Element Shape Parameter Data
You can use the *GET and *VGET commands to retrieve element shape parameter data:
Command(s):
*GET, Par, ELEM, ENTNUM, SHPAR, IT1NUM
*VGET, ParR, ELEM, ENTNUM, SHPAR, IT1NUM,,, KLOOP
For example, the command *GET,A,ELEM,3,SHPAR,ASPE returns the calculated aspect ratio of element
number 3 and stores it in a parameter named A. The command *VGET,A(1),ELEM,3,SHPAR,ASPE returns the
aspect ratio of element number 3 and stores it in the first location of A. Retrieval continues with elements
numbered 4, 5, 6, and so on, until successive array locations are filled.
See the descriptions of the *GET and *VGET commands in the Command Reference for more information.
165

7.5.8.7.Understanding Circumstances Under Which the Program Retests Existing Ele-
ments
Certain types of changes that you make to defined elements can invalidate prior element shape testing. The
program generally traps these types of changes and retest the affected elements automatically. Circumstances
under which the program retests existing elements include:
• When you change the element type [ET,,Ename or ETCHG,Cnv] or one of its key options [KEYOPT].
• When you change the element TYPE number of an element [EMODIF].
• When you change the large deformation key [NLGEOM,Key] for SHELL181 elements.
• When you define a shell thickness [R] after you define an element, or you change an existing shell
thickness [RMODIF] or the REAL number of a shell element [EMODIF].
Element type and TYPE number There is a distinction between the element type and that element
type's TYPE number. The element type is the true name of the element (for example, SHELL181, sometimes
shortened to simply 181). The element type's TYPE number is an arbitrary number that is locally assigned
to a particular element type; you use the TYPE number to reference the element type when assigning attrib-
utes to your model.
7.5.8.8.Deciding Whether Element Shapes Are Acceptable
Here are some suggestions to help you decide whether you should be concerned about an element shape
warning:
• Never ignore an element shape warning. Always investigate the effect that a "poorly" shaped element
might have on your analysis results.
• Recognize that structural stress analyses that have the goal of determining stress at particular locations
will typically suffer more severe effects from "poorly" shaped elements than will other types of analyses
(deflection or nominal stress, modal, thermal, magnetic, etc.).
• If any "poorly" shaped elements are located in a critical region (such as near a critical stress point), their
effect is more likely to be detrimental.
• "Poorly" shaped higher-order (midside-node) elements will generally produce better results than will
similarly shaped linear elements. The default shape parameter limits are more restrictive on linear ele-
ments than on higher-order elements.
• Verification of analysis results by comparison with other analyses, test data, or hand calculations is es-
sential regardless of whether elements produce shape warnings. If such verification indicates that you
have high-quality results, there is little reason to worry about shape warnings.
• Some of the best quantitative measures of an element's acceptability are the error measures based on
the element-to-element discontinuity in a stress or thermal gradient field. (See The General Postprocessor
(POST1) in the Basic Analysis Guide. An element that produces shape warnings and shows a high error
measure compared to its neighbors is suspect.)
To check element shapes in an existing mesh (an internally created mesh or an imported mesh), use the
CHECK command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Check Mesh> Connectivity> Sel Bad Elems).
Refer to the description of the SHPP command in the Command Reference for more information about element
shape checking.
166

7.5.9.Mesh Validity Checking
There are times when the CHECK command will fail to detect potential problems in a mesh. The CHECK
command is designed to examine each individual selected element and report warnings or errors based on
specified shape criteria. It will not detect overlapping or poorly-connected elements. The MCHECK command
is designed to detect potential problems with how elements are connected to each other. Figure 7.39 (p. 168)
shows an example of a flawed mesh that would not be detected by the CHECK command. All elements in
this mesh are of acceptable quality. The MCHECK command, however, would detect the potential connectivity
problem and report an error.
The MCHECK command will perform a number of validity checks on the selected elements, including
1. Normal check: Wherever two area elements share a common edge, MCHECK verifies that the ordering
of the nodes on each element is consistent with their relative normals.
2. Volume check: Wherever two volume elements share a common face, MCHECK verifies that the sign
of the integrated volume of each element is consistent.
3. Closed surface check: MCHECK verifies that the element exterior faces form simply-connected closed
surfaces (this may detect unintended cracks in a mesh).
4. Check for holes in the mesh: MCHECK warns if the number of element faces surrounding an interior
void in the mesh is small enough to suggest one or more accidentally omitted elements, rather than a
deliberately formed hole. For this test, the number of faces around the void is compared to the smaller
of a) three times the number of faces on one element, or b) one-tenth the total number of element faces
in the model.
Similar to the CHECK command, MCHECK provides the option of unselecting all valid elements, so that the
potential problem elements can be identified visually. Use Lab=ESEL to unselect valid elements.
To check mesh connectivity:
Command(s): MCHECK,Lab
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Check Mesh> Ck Connectivity
167
7.5.9.Mesh Validity Checking

Figure 7.39 Flawed Mesh (elements “folded”)
7.6.Changing the Mesh
If you decide that the generated mesh is not appropriate, you can easily change the mesh by one of the
following methods:
• Remesh with new element size specifications.
• Use the accept/reject prompt to discard the mesh, then remesh.
• Clear the mesh, redefine mesh controls, and remesh.
• Refine the mesh locally.
• Improve the mesh (for tetrahedral element meshes only).
Details of these methods are discussed below.
7.6.1.Remeshing the Model
You can remesh a meshed model by resetting element size controls and initiating the meshing operation
[AMESH or VMESH]. This is the simplest way to change your mesh. The accept/reject prompt is not required,
and the mesh does not need to be cleared in order to remesh it.
However, there are some restrictions to using this method. You can change element size specifications
controlled by the KESIZE, ESIZE, SMRTSIZE, and DESIZE commands, but you cannot change size specifications
assigned directly to lines [LESIZE]. If you want the option of changing LESIZE settings before remeshing,
use the mesh accept/reject prompt instead of this method.
168

This remesh option is available only when meshing is performed interactively through the GUI. If you are
using command input, you must first clear the mesh before remeshing (see Clearing the Mesh (p. 169) for
more information).
7.6.2.Using the Mesh Accept/Reject Prompt
As mentioned earlier, you can activate the mesh accept/reject prompt in the GUI by picking Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesher Opts before meshing. (The prompt is turned off by default.) When activated,
the prompt appears after each meshing operation and allows you to either accept or reject the generated
mesh. If the mesh is rejected, all nodes and elements will be cleared from the meshed entities. You can then
reset any of the meshing controls and remesh the model.
The accept/reject prompt is available for area and volume meshing. The advantage of using the prompt is
that you do not have to manually clear the mesh [ACLEAR and VCLEAR].
7.6.3.Clearing the Mesh
Clearing the mesh of nodes and elements is not always required before remeshing. However, you do have
to clear the mesh in order to respecify LESIZE settings. You also have to clear the mesh if you want to
change the underlying solid model.
To clear the mesh from keypoints [KCLEAR], lines [LCLEAR], areas [ACLEAR], or volumes [VCLEAR], pick
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> entity type in the GUI. (For more information on the
clearing operation, see Clearing a Mesh (p. 193) of this manual.)
7.6.4.Refining the Mesh Locally
If you are generally satisfied with a mesh but would like to have more elements in a particular region, you
can refine the mesh locally around selected nodes [NREFINE], elements [EREFINE], keypoints [KREFINE],
lines [LREFINE], or areas [AREFINE]. The elements surrounding the chosen entities will be split to create
new elements. You control the refinement process by specifying:
• The level of refinement to be done (in other words, the desired size of the elements in the refinement
region, relative to the size of the original elements)
• The depth of surrounding elements that will be remeshed, in terms of the number of elements outward
from the selected entity
• The type of postprocessing to be done after the original elements are split (smoothing and cleaning,
smoothing only, or neither)
• Whether triangles can be introduced into the mesh during the refinement of an otherwise all-quadrilat-
eral mesh
You can access local mesh refinement in the GUI by picking Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing>
Modify Mesh> Refine At> entity. You can also do overall refinement by using the command ESEL,ALL
or by picking the menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> All. See
Revising Your Model (p. 179) of this manual for details on refining a mesh locally.
7.6.5.Improving the Mesh (Tetrahedral Element Meshes Only)
The tetrahedral mesh improvement feature enables you to improve a given tetrahedral mesh. The program
performs this improvement through face swapping, node smoothing, and other techniques that it uses to
reduce the number of poorly-shaped tetrahedral elements (in particular, the number of sliver tetrahedral
169
7.6.5.Improving the Mesh (Tetrahedral Element Meshes Only)

elements) - as well as the overall number of elements - in the mesh. It also improves the overall quality of
the mesh.
7.6.5.1.Automatic Invocation of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement
In many cases, you won't need to take any action to obtain the benefits offered by the tetrahedral mesh
improvement feature. As described earlier in Controlling Tetrahedral Element Improvement (p. 124), the program
invokes the feature automatically as a postprocessing step of its volume meshers. Tetrahedral mesh improve-
ment also occurs automatically during the creation of transitional pyramid elements (described in Creating
Transitional Pyramid Elements (p. 124)) and the refinement of tetrahedral element meshes (described in Revising
Your Model (p. 179)).
7.6.5.2.User Invocation of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement
Although tetrahedral mesh improvement often occurs automatically, there are certain situations in which
you'll find it useful to request additional improvement for a given tetrahedral mesh:
• When tetrahedra improvement is invoked automatically during a volume meshing operation [VMESH],
the program uses a linear tetrahedral shape metric for improvement. This means that the program ignores
midside nodes that may be present within the elements. However, when you request tetrahedra im-
provement of a given mesh as documented below, the program takes the midside nodes into account.
Thus, for meshes of quadratic (midside-node) tetrahedral elements, requesting additional tetrahedra
improvement [VIMP] after the mesh is created [VMESH] can help to remove, or at least reduce, the
number of element shape test warning messages that are produced and to improve the overall quality
of the mesh.
• Since imported tetrahedral meshes have not received the benefits of the tetrahedral mesh improvement
that the program often performs automatically, imported tetrahedral meshes are likely candidates for
user-invoked improvement.
Tetrahedral mesh improvement is an iterative process. Each time that processing completes, a special window
appears to report the improvement statistics from that iteration, along with diagnostic messages. If you
want to try to improve the mesh further, you can reissue your request repeatedly, until either the statistics
indicate a satisfactory mesh, or until it converges and no more noticeable improvement is made.
You can request improvement of two "types" of tetrahedral elements:
• You can request improvement of tetrahedral elements that are not associated with a volume. (Typically,
this option is useful for an imported tetrahedral mesh for which no geometry information is attached.)
Use one of these methods:
Command(s): TIMP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Improve Tets> Detached Elems
• You can request improvement of tetrahedral elements that are in a selected volume or volumes. (You
might want to use this option to further improve a volume mesh created in the program [VMESH].)
Use one of these methods:
Command(s): VIMP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Improve Tets> Volumes
7.6.5.3.Restrictions on Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement
The following restrictions apply to tetrahedral mesh improvement:
170

• The mesh must consist of either all linear elements or all quadratic elements.
• For all of the elements in the mesh to be eligible for tetrahedral mesh improvement, they must all have
the same attributes, including element type. (The element type must be tetrahedral, but the tetrahedral
elements may be the degenerated form of hexahedral elements.) After tetrahedral mesh improvement,
the program reassigns the attributes from the old set of elements to the new set of elements.
Note
Tetrahedral mesh improvement is possible in a mesh of mixed element shapes (as opposed
to types). For example, as stated earlier, improvement occurs automatically during the creation
of transitional pyramid elements at the interface between hexahedral and tetrahedral element
types. However, in a mixed mesh, only the tetrahedral elements are improved.
• Loading has an effect on whether tetrahedral mesh improvement is possible. Tetrahedral mesh improve-
ment is possible when loading occurs in either of these ways:
– When loads have been applied to the element faces or nodes on the boundary of the volume only
– When loads have been applied to the solid model (and have been transferred to the finite element
mesh)
Tetrahedral mesh improvement is not possible when loading occurs in either of these ways:
– When loads have been applied to the element faces or nodes within the interior of a volume
– When loads have been applied to the solid model (and have been transferred to the finite element
mesh), but have also been applied to the element faces or nodes within the interior of a volume
Note
In the last two loading situations, the program issues a warning message to notify you that
you must remove the loads if you want tetrahedral mesh improvement to occur.
• If node or element components are defined, you will be asked whether you want to proceed with mesh
improvement. If you choose to proceed, you must update any affected components.
7.6.5.4.Other Characteristics of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement
Other characteristics of tetrahedral mesh improvement include:
• Element numbering and node numbering are modified.
• Generally, if the program encounters an error or a user abort occurs, it leaves the mesh unchanged.
However, the program may save a partially improved mesh after an abort if you verify the save when
the program prompts you. If you have requested improvement for multiple volumes [VIMP], the abort
applies only to the current volume mesh that is being improved; all previously improved volume meshes
are already saved. (The same applies when an error occurs after the first of multiple volumes is improved.)
Please see the TIMP and VIMP command descriptions for more information.
7.7.Meshing Hints
Consider the hints and cautions in this section if you are having difficulty obtaining a good mesh.
171
7.7.Meshing Hints

Flattened regions or regions having excessively sharp corners: Areas or volumes that are flattened or
have a sharp interior corner can commonly experience a meshing failure.
Figure 7.40 Avoiding Sharp Corners
Extreme element size transition: Poor element quality will often occur if you specify too extreme a transition
in element sizes.
Figure 7.41 Avoiding Extreme Element Size Transitions
Excessive element curvature: When using midside-node structural elements to model a curved boundary,
you should usually make sure that you make your mesh dense enough that no single element spans more
than 15° of arc per element length. If you do not need detailed stress results in the vicinity of a curved
boundary, you can force the creation of straight-sided elements [MSHMID,1] in a coarse mesh along curved
edges and faces. In cases where a curved-sided element will create an inverted element, the tetrahedra
mesher automatically changes it to a straight-sided element and outputs a warning.
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Figure 7.42 Use ofMSHMID,1 to Force Straight-Sided Elements
Tetrahedron meshing failure: A tetrahedron meshing failure can be quite time-consuming. One relatively
quick way that you can make a preliminary check for a possible tetrahedron meshing failure is by meshing
the surfaces of a volume with 6-node triangles. If this surface triangle mesh contains no sudden size transitions
(admittedly often a difficult judgement) and produces no curvature or aspect ratio warnings, tetrahedron
meshing failure is much less likely than if these conditions are not met. (Be sure to clear or deactivate the
triangle elements before using the analysis model.)
Subtracting meshed entities: Avoid subtracting meshed entities from your model whenever possible.
However, if you subtract entities that have been meshed and an undesirable mesh mismatch results, you
can recover by clearing the mesh and remeshing the entities.
High- and low-order elements in adjacent entities: When you use high- and low-order elements in adjacent
entities (for example, high-order elements in one volume and low-order elements in an adjacent volume,
or high-order elements in an area and low-order elements in a volume attached to the area), ANSYS, Inc.re-
commends that you perform the low-order mesh first, followed by the high-order mesh. Reversing this order
can cause database corruption when the entity containing the high-order mesh is cleared without first
clearing the low-order mesh.
7.8.Using CPCYC and MSHCOPY Commands
7.8.1.CPCYC Example
The cyclic sector model shown below represents 1/20 (18° of arc) of a disk. For loadings which are the same
on every sector, we can obtain a correct solution by coupling the degrees of freedom on the “low” sector
boundary and the corresponding DOF on the “high” boundary. Cyclic sector models are typically referred to
the global cylindrical coordinate system. Moving from the “low” boundary in the +θ direction passes through the
sector toward the “high” boundary. Cyclic coupling requires identical node and element patterns on the low and
high sector boundaries. The MSHCOPY operation allows convenient generation of such a matching mesh.
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7.8.1.CPCYC Example

Figure 7.43 Prior to Coupling
7.8.2.CPCYC Results
The CPCYC operation will couple the DOF on the low boundary to the corresponding DOF on the high
boundary. It will also rotate the nodal DOF into the cylindrical system you use to specify the angle spanned
by the sector. (This is needed to couple radial deflection to radial deflection, axial to axial, and circumferential
to circumferential.)
Figure 7.44 After Coupling
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7.8.3.MSHCOPY Example
The cyclic sector model shown below represents 1/20 (18° of arc) of a disk.
If loads are symmetric about the cut planes, the left and right faces can be treated as symmetry surfaces. In
such cases, equally good results could be obtained by slicing the model in half through the center of the
hole, including only 9° of arc.
For more complex loadings, or for cyclic sector models having non-flat cut surfaces, symmetry boundary
conditions are not correct, and may produce misleading results. There are several approaches to obtaining
correct solutions for such cases, all of which require establishing a relationship between solution degrees
of freedom on the “low” sector boundary and corresponding DOF on the “high” boundary. (Cyclic sector
models are typically referred to the global cylindrical coordinate system. Moving from the “low” boundary
in the +θ direction passes through the sector toward the “high” boundary. For example, see CPCYC.) These
methods all require identical node and element patterns on the low and high sector boundaries. The MSHCOPY
operation allows convenient generation of such a matching mesh.
Figure 7.45 Illustration of High and Low Boundary Sector Boundaries
7.8.4.Low Sector Boundary
The first step is to mesh the low sector boundary areas. MESH200 is a good choice.
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7.8.4.Low Sector Boundary

Figure 7.46 Illustration of Low Sector Boundary
7.8.5.Area Elements from MSHCOPY and AMESH
The second step is to use MSHCOPY to duplicate the low sector boundary elements onto the high sector
boundary. If you intend to perform a modal cyclic symmetry analysis, be sure to allow MSHCOPY to create
the low and high node components.
Figure 7.47 Low and High Sector Boundaries Selected
7.8.6.Meshing the Sector Volume(s)
The third step is to mesh the sector volume(s). The volume elements will use the area element connectivity
already in place on the sector boundaries.
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Figure 7.48 Illustration of Meshed Volume(s)
The final step is to make sure that the area elements do not affect the solution, by one of the following
methods:
– Use MESH200 elements to mesh the sector boundaries. They have no DOF, and cannot affect a solution,
or
– Clear all area elements after creating the volume mesh, or
– Unselect all area elements before solution. This method will cause a warning at solution about the un-
selected elements. You also run the risk that someone may inadvertently activate them during a later
solution using the same analysis model.
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7.8.6.Meshing the Sector Volume(s)

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Chapter 8: Revising Your Model
ANSYS offers various methods for revising and refining your model. The following topics are available:
8.1.Refining a Mesh Locally
8.2.Moving and Copying Nodes and Elements
8.3.Keeping Track of Element Faces and Orientations
8.4.Revising a Meshed Model:Clearing and Deleting
8.5.Understanding Solid Model Cross-Reference Checking
8.1.Refining a Mesh Locally
There are generally two situations in which you may want to refine a mesh in a local region:
• You have meshed a model and you would like a finer mesh in specific regions of the model, or
• You have completed the analysis and, based on the results, would like a more detailed solution in a
region of interest.
For all area meshes and for volume meshes composed of tetrahedra, the ANSYS program allows you to refine
the mesh locally around specified nodes, elements, keypoints, lines, or areas. Meshes composed of volume
elements other than tetrahedra (for example, hexahedra, wedges, and pyramids) cannot be locally refined.
The following mesh-refinement topics are available:
8.1.1.How to Refine a Mesh
8.1.2.Refinement Commands and Menu Paths
8.1.3.Transfer of Attributes and Loads
8.1.4.Other Characteristics of Mesh Refinement
8.1.5.Restrictions on Mesh Refinement
8.1.1.How to Refine a Mesh
You must follow these two steps to refine a mesh:
1. Select the entity (or set of entities) around which refinement will be done.
2. Specify the level of refinement to be done (in other words, the desired size of the elements in the re-
finement region, relative to the size of the original elements). The refined elements will always be
smaller than the original elements; the local mesh refinement process does not provide mesh
coarsening (LEVEL).
8.1.1.1.Advanced Controls
If you prefer to have more control over the refinement process, you can also set values for any of the following
advanced options:
• You can specify the depth of the mesh refinement region in terms of the number of elements outward
from the indicated entities (DEPTH).
• You can specify the type of postprocessing to be done after the original elements are split. Postprocessing
may include both smoothing and cleaning, smoothing only, or neither one (POST).
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• You can specify whether triangles can be introduced into the mesh during the refinement of an otherwise
all-quadrilateral mesh. In other words, you can indicate whether quadrilateral elements must be retained
(RETAIN).
Use the following xREFINE commands and menu paths to select entities for refinement and to set refinement
controls. (The refinement controls are described in detail below.)
• To refine around a selected set of nodes, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): NREFINE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Nodes
• To refine around a selected set of elements, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): EREFINE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Elements
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> All
• To refine around a selected set of keypoints, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): KREFINE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Keypoints
• To refine around a selected set of lines, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): LREFINE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Lines
• To refine around a selected set of areas, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): AREFINE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At> Areas
Figure 8.1 (p. 181) shows examples of mesh refinement around a node [NREFINE], element [EREFINE], keypoint
[KREFINE], and line [LREFINE].
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Chapter 8:Revising Your Model

Figure 8.1 Examples of Local Mesh Refinement
Figure 8.2 (p. 181) illustrates the use of the AREFINE command to perform tetrahedral mesh refinement
around an area.
Figure 8.2 Tetrahedral Mesh Refinement Around an Area
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8.1.2.1.Specifying the Level of Refinement
Use the LEVEL argument to specify how much refinement is to be done. The value of LEVEL must be an
integer from 1 to 5, where a value of 1 provides minimal refinement, and a value of 5 provides maximum
refinement. When LEVEL = 1, the resulting element edges in the refined region are approximately 1/2 the
original edge lengths; when LEVEL = 5, the resulting element edges are approximately 1/9 the original
edge lengths. The table below lists all of the possible settings of LEVEL, along with the approximate resulting
edge length for each setting.
Approximate Edge Length
Value of LEVEL Argument
1/2
1
1/3
2
1/4
3
1/8
4
1/9
5
Values of LEVEL from 1 to 5 attempt to provide gradually decreasing element edge lengths. However, be
aware that when RETAIN = ON, different values of LEVEL may provide the same refinement. (For more
information, see the explanation of the RETAIN argument below.) Elements in the layer just outside of the
refinement region (that is, beyond the specified DEPTH) may also be split in order to transition to the refine-
ment elements.
Note
All values of LEVEL result in smaller elements in the refinement region. The local mesh refinement
process does not provide mesh coarsening.
8.1.2.2.Specifying the Depth of Refinement
By default, the mesh is refined one element outward from the chosen entities (except for element refinement,
which uses DEPTH = 0 as the default), and the elements are split one time (that is, the element edges are
divided in half, since LEVEL = 1 by default).
8.1.2.3.SpecifyingPostprocessingfortheRefinementRegion:SmoothingandCleanup
As part of the refinement process, you can specify the type of postprocessing ANSYS does after the original
elements are split. You can choose smoothing and cleaning (the default), smoothing only, or neither one.
• If you want ANSYS to do smoothing and cleaning, set POST = CLEAN (or choose Cleanup & Smooth in
the GUI).
• If you want ANSYS to do only smoothing, set POST = SMOOTH (or choose Smooth in the GUI).
• If you do not want ANSYS to do either type of postprocessing, set POST = OFF (or choose Off in the
GUI).
Smoothing: By default, nodes in the refinement region are smoothed (that is, their locations are adjusted)
to improve the element shapes. Node locations will be adjusted subject to the following constraints:
• Nodes at keypoints will not move.
• Nodes on lines will move only on the line.
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• Nodes within areas will remain on the surface.
• If the mesh has been detached from the solid model (MODMSH,DETACH or menu path Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Model Checking), smoothing will not be done.
You can turn node smoothing off for all nodes by setting POST = OFF for the refinement command being
used. (Doing so turns cleanup off as well.)
Cleanup: When cleanup is turned on (POST = CLEAN), the ANSYS program performs cleanup operations (in
2-D models) on all of the elements that are associated with any affected geometric entities. In 3-D models,
ANSYS performs cleanup only on those elements that are in or directly adjacent to the refinement region.
Cleanup operations improve the quality of the elements. If the mesh has been detached from the solid
model, (MODMSH,DETACH or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Model Checking),
cleanup will not be done on area meshes, but it will be done on tetrahedral volume meshes.
When you are refining a quadrilateral mesh, cleanup operations attempt to eliminate triangles from the re-
finement transition region. If poorly-shaped quadrilateral elements remain after the cleanup operations have
optimized element quality, ANSYS splits the elements into triangles. You can prevent this splitting of quad-
rilateral elements by setting RETAIN = ON (the default). Figure 8.3 (p. 183) illustrates the cleanup of an all-
quadrilateral mesh.
Note
You can turn cleanup off by setting POST = OFF or POST = SMOOTH for the refinement command
being used.
Figure 8.3 All-Quadrilateral Mesh
8.1.2.4.Specifying Whether Quadrilateral Elements Should Be Retained
Note
The ANSYS program ignores the RETAIN argument when you are refining anything other than
a quadrilateral mesh.
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By default, RETAIN = ON, which means that the refinement process will not introduce triangular elements
into an otherwise all-quadrilateral mesh. When RETAIN = OFF and POST = SMOOTH or OFF, the resulting
refinement region may contain triangles in order to maintain transitioning. When RETAIN = OFF and POST
= CLEAN, triangles are minimized; however, they may not be completely eliminated - a minimal number of
triangles may remain in the transition region in order to provide good element quality.
Note
If an area is meshed with a mixture of quadrilateral and triangular elements, the quadrilateral
elements will not be maintained in the refinement region even when RETAIN = ON.
Since quadrilateral meshes are much more constrained than triangular meshes, increasing or decreasing the
value of the LEVEL argument may not provide the desired increase or decrease in the level of refinement
when RETAIN = ON. In addition, even when quadrilateral elements can be maintained, the quality of some
of them may be poor, especially with a higher value of LEVEL. By setting RETAIN = OFF, however, some
triangles may be introduced into the mesh. This may not be desirable, especially if you are using lower-order
elements. You can keep these triangles out of the point of interest by doing one of the following:
• Refine with a larger DEPTH; that is, at a larger radius from the point of interest.
• Refine with POST = CLEAN. This setting for the POST argument minimizes the number of triangles as
much as possible.
• Refine using another method (for example, use local mesh controls and remesh).
8.1.3.Transfer of Attributes and Loads
Element attributes associated with the "parent" element are automatically transferred to all of the "child"
elements. These attributes include element type, material properties, real constants, and element coordinate
systems (see Generating the Mesh (p. 101) for details on element attributes).
Loads and boundary conditions applied to the solid model are transferred to nodes and elements when the
solution is initiated (or when loads are manually transferred with the SBCTRAN or DTRAN commands).
Therefore, solid model loads will be correctly applied to the new nodes and elements created during refine-
ment. However, loads and boundary conditions applied at the node and element level (finite element loads)
cannot be transferred to new nodes and elements created during refinement. If you have such loads in a
region selected for refinement, the program will not allow refinement to take place unless the loads are first
deleted. Therefore, it is recommended that you apply loads only to the solid model rather than directly to
nodes and elements if you anticipate using mesh refinement.
Note
Since solid model loading is not applicable for an explicit dynamics analysis (that is, the ANSYS
LS-DYNA product), mesh refinement must be performed before the application of loads in this
type of analysis.
Other characteristics of mesh refinement include the following:
• The new elements and nodes created during refinement (including midside nodes) are projected to the
underlying solid model geometry. (See Figure 8.4 (p. 185).)
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• When using the option to refine around nodes [NREFINE], midside nodes that are included in the selected
set are ignored.
• Mesh refinement will not cross area and volume boundaries. That is, if the specified DEPTH goes beyond
the edges of the meshed area or volume, the adjacent area and/or volume meshes won't change (see
Figure 8.5 (p. 186)). However, if an entity picked for refinement (node, element, keypoint, or line) is on
the boundary, or entities are picked on both sides of the boundary, then refinement will extend into
the adjacent area or volume.
• Mesh refinement will take place only in elements that are currently selected (see Figure 8.6 (p. 186)).
• Refinement can be used on a mesh that has been detached from the solid model (MODMSH,DETACH
or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Model Checking). In this case, the refine-
ment will not be stopped by area boundaries. Also, the nodes and elements will not be projected to
the solid model and none of the postprocessing specified with the POST argument will be done.
• When cleanup is turned on (POST = CLEAN) during the refinement of a tetrahedral mesh, ANSYS auto-
matically performs a high level of cleanup operations (that is, a level equivalent to VIMP,,,2) in the re-
finement region only. If you receive shape error messages during refinement, turn off shape checking
[SHPP,OFF], perform refinement again [xREFINE], and then request tetrahedral element improvement
at the highest level [VIMP,,,3].
• If you use the LESIZE command to specify divisions for lines and those lines are later affected by the
refinement process, ANSYS will change the line divisions for the affected lines (that is, the numbers of
divisions on the lines not only increase, but also show up as negative numbers in a subsequent line
listing [LLIST]).
Note
The presence of the negative sign affects how ANSYS treats the line divisions if you clear the
mesh later (ACLEAR, VCLEAR, etc., or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear>
entity). If the number of line divisions is positive, ANSYS does not remove the line divisions
during the clearing operation; if the number is negative, ANSYS removes the line divisions (which
will then show up as zeros in a subsequent line listing).
Figure 8.4 Nodes and Elements are Projected to Underlying Geometry
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Figure 8.5 Mesh Refinement Will Not Cross Area Boundaries
Figure 8.6 Only Selected Elements are Refined
8.1.5.Restrictions on Mesh Refinement
The following restrictions apply to mesh refinement:
• Although local refinement can be used for all area meshes, it can be used for only those volume meshes
that are composed of tetrahedra. Meshes composed of volume elements other than tetrahedra (for ex-
ample, hexahedra, wedges, and pyramids) cannot be locally refined.
• If the model contains contact elements in the region selected to refine, you cannot use local mesh re-
finement. In this case, refine the mesh before defining contact elements (or, delete the contact elements,
refine the mesh, then reapply the contact elements).
• Local mesh refinement does not support elements that are generated on the free faces of existing ele-
ments [ESURF]. Instead of using refinement on these elements, delete the surface elements, refine the
underlying elements, and then generate the surface elements again.
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• If beam elements exist adjacent to the refinement region, refinement cannot be done. In order to refine
in this area, the beam elements should be deleted and redefined after refinement is performed.
• If loads are applied directly to the nodes and elements in a model, refinement cannot be done. In this
case, you must delete the loads in order to refine the mesh. (To avoid this situation, it is recommended
that you apply loads to the solid model instead of the finite element model.)
• Local mesh refinement cannot be done if initial conditions at nodes [IC], coupled nodes [CP family of
commands], or constraint equations [CE family of commands] exist in the model. If any of these exist,
you must remove them before refinement can be done.
• Local mesh refinement is not recommended for an explicit dynamics model (that is, when using the
ANSYS LS-DYNA product) since the small elements resulting from refinement may dramatically reduce
the time step size.
• The KSCON command is not supported. For any area that was meshed with the KSCON command,
midside nodes will be placed at the middle of the edges when refinement is done.
• If element or node components are defined, you will be asked whether you want to proceed with the
refinement. If you choose to proceed, you must update any affected components.
In the normal solid modeling procedure, you will ordinarily complete your entire solid model before gener-
ating your finite element mesh. However, if repetitive geometric features appear in your model, you might
sometimes find it more efficient to model and mesh just one representative portion of your model, and then
copy that meshed region as many times as needed to complete the model. (It is usually much less expensive
to copy an existing mesh than to generate a new mesh.) A certain amount of forethought is generally required
if you are to accomplish this procedure successfully.
The general procedure for copying a meshed region is to use the commands for generating and transferring
areas and volumes, which are described below. When a meshed solid model entity is copied using one of
these commands, all the attached lower-order entities, as well as the node and element mesh, are copied
along with that entity.
• To generate additional areas from a pattern of areas, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): AGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Areas> Areas
• To generate additional volumes from a pattern of volumes, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): VGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Volumes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Volumes
• To generate areas from an area pattern by symmetry reflection, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): ARSYM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Areas
• To generate volumes from a volume pattern by symmetry reflection, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): VSYMM
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Volumes
• To transfer a pattern of areas to another coordinate system, use one of the following methods:
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Command(s): ATRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Transfer Coord> Areas
• To transfer a pattern of volumes to another coordinate system, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): VTRAN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Transfer Coord> Volumes
You must plan ahead to ensure that the interfaces between copied regions will match up node for node.
For example, if you freely meshed a volume, the pattern of nodes on the right end would not necessarily
match the pattern of nodes on the left end. If the original part and its copy were to be joined such that the
right end of one part interfaced with the left end of the other part, a seam of discontinuity would be created
where the two mismatched faces touched.
It is relatively easy to create matching node patterns along the line edges of meshed areas: simply specify
the same number of line divisions and division spacings on both sides of the original part. Volumes are not
so straightforward, however. You will need to use a trick to force matching node patterns on two faces of
a meshed volume. Before meshing with volume elements, mesh one of the matching faces with dummy
area elements, then copy that meshed area to the other matching face. (Depending on how you originally
created your volume, you might or might not have some cleaning up to do at this point. If you wind up
with duplicate coincident areas, you should redefine your volume in terms of the new meshed area, and
delete the original volume.) The volume can then be meshed with solid elements. After the volume meshing
is complete, you should delete the dummy area elements. (You can do this fairly cleanly using selecting and
either the ACLEAR command or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Areas.)
Having created meshed regions which will match up at their interfaces, you can now copy the part, such
that the repeated regions just touch. Even though these regions will have matching nodes at the interfaces,
the degrees of freedom at these nodes will remain independent; that is, a seam of discontinuity will exist
in your model at the interface. You should execute NUMMRG,ALL to eliminate this discontinuity. It is usually
good practice to follow these operations with a NUMCMP command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Num-
bering Ctrls> Compress Numbers).
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Figure 8.7 Generating Meshed Volumes With Matching Node Patterns at Interfaces
If your model contains shell elements, and if you apply surface loads, you will need to keep track of the
element faces in order to be able to define the proper direction for your loads. In general, shell surface loads
will be applied to element face one, and will be positive in accordance with the right-hand rule (following
the I, J, K, L nodal sequence, as illustrated below). If you create your shell elements by meshing a solid
model area, the normal direction of the elements will be consistent with the normal direction of the area
(the area's normal direction can be determined by issuing the ALIST command or by executing menu path
Utility Menu> List> Areas; the direction of the sequence of lines defining that area will define the normal
direction by the right-hand rule).
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Figure 8.8 Positive Normal Direction as Defined by the Right-Hand Rule
I
J
L
K
1
Face (bottom)
2
Face (top)
There are several ways that you can conduct graphical checks:
• You can conduct a quick graphical check of the positive normal direction for shell elements by issuing
a /NORMAL command (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Shell Normals), followed by an EPLOT com-
mand (Utility Menu> Plot> Elements).
• You can turn PowerGraphics ON. PowerGraphics displays the "top" and "bottom" of shells with different
colors.
• You can apply your surface loads with the assumed correct sign, and then verify their direction by
turning on the surface load symbol [/PSF,Item,Comp,2] before executing EPLOT.
8.3.1.Controlling Area,Line,and Element Normals
Inconsistent normal directions can lead to problems in your model. For example, if adjacent shell elements
have inconsistent normal directions, you could encounter difficulties in postprocessing of stress and strain
results. Clearly, if a surface of your model contains both top and bottom shell element faces, averaged
nodal stresses and strains could be incorrect. However, PowerGraphics [/GRAPHICS,POWER] accounts for
the mismatched normal directions and can produce proper nodal stress plots. (PowerGraphics is the default
when the GUI is on.)
ANSYS provides various tools that you can use to control area, line, and element normals:
Command(s): ENORM, ANORM, ENSYM, LREVERSE, AREVERSE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Shell Normals
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Areas> Area Normals
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Reverse Normals> of Shell Elems
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Reverse Normals> of Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Reverse Normals> of Areas
The sections that follow describe how you can use these tools to:
• Reorient shell element normals so that they are consistent with that of a specified element [ENORM]
• Reorient area normals so that they are consistent with that of a specified area [ANORM]
• Reverse the normals of existing shell elements [ENSYM]
• Reverse the normal of a line [LREVERSE]
• Reverse the normal of an area [AREVERSE]
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Note
You cannot use the tools described in this section to change the normal direction of any element
that has a body or surface load. We recommend that you apply all of your loads only after ensuring
that the element normal directions are acceptable.
Caution
Real constants (such as nonuniform shell thickness and tapered beam constants) may be invalidated
by an element reversal.
8.3.1.1.Reorienting Shell Element Normals
If you find that your elements have inconsistent positive normal directions, you can reorient them uniformly
to match a specified element. (Element coordinate systems, if defined by the I, J, K nodes, might also be
reoriented by this operation.)
To use the command method to reorient shell element normals, issue the command ENORM,ENUM:
• Use the ENUM argument to identify the number of the element having the normal direction that the
reoriented elements are to match.
For example, the command ENORM,3 reorients the normals of all selected shell elements so that they are
consistent with the normal direction of element number 3. See the description of the ENORM command in
the Command Reference for details.
In the GUI, you can reorient shell element normals by choosing menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Shell Normals. When the Reorient Shell Normals picker appears,
pick the element having the normal direction that the reoriented elements are to match and click on OK.
8.3.1.2.Reorienting Area Normals
If a group of areas has inconsistent normal directions, you can reorient them uniformly to match the normal
direction of a specified area.
To use the command method to reorient area normals, issue the command ANORM,ANUM,NOEFLIP:
• Use the ANUM argument to identify the number of the area having the normal direction that the reori-
ented areas are to match.
• Use the NOEFLIP argument to indicate whether you want to change the normal direction of any existing
elements on the reoriented area(s) so that they are consistent with the new normal direction. Specify
0 if you want to make the normals consistent; specify 1 if you do not.
For example, the command ANORM,5,0 reorients the normals of all selected areas so that they are consistent
with the normal direction of area number 5, and also makes any area elements on the areas consistent with
that normal direction. See the description of the ANORM command in the Command Reference for details.
In the GUI, you can reorient area normals by choosing menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling>
Move/Modify> Areas> Area Normals. When the Reorient Area Normals picker appears, pick the area having
the normal direction that the reoriented areas are to match and click on OK in the picker. Then, in the Make
area normals consistent dialog box, indicate whether you want any existing area elements to be consistent
with the new normal direction and click on OK in the dialog box.
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8.3.1.Controlling Area,Line,and Element Normals

8.3.1.3.Reversing the Normals of Existing Shell Elements
To use the command method to reverse the normals of existing shell elements, issue the command EN-
SYM,,,,IEL1,IEL2,IEINC:
• Use the IEL1, IEL2, and IEINC arguments to reverse the normals of elements from IEL1 to IEL2
(defaults to IEL1) in steps of IEINC (defaults to 1).
For example, the command ENSYM,,,,1,50 reverses the normals of shell elements numbered 1 through 50.
In the GUI, you can reverse the normals of existing shell elements by choosing menu path Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Reverse Normals> of Shell Elems. When the Reverse Shell
Normals picker appears, pick the shell elements whose normals are to be reversed and click on OK.
8.3.1.4.Reversing the Normal of a Line
To use the command method to reverse the normal of a line, issue the command LREVERSE,LNUM,NOEFLIP:
• Use the LNUM argument to identify the number of the line whose normal is to be reversed.
• Use the NOEFLIP argument to indicate whether you want to change the normal direction of the existing
elements on the line so that they are consistent with the reversed line's new normal direction. Specify
For example, the command LREVERSE,1,1 reverses the direction of line 1, but does not make any line elements
on the line consistent with the new direction. See the description of the LREVERSE command in the Command
Reference for details.
In the GUI, you can reverse the normal of a line by choosing menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Move/Modify> Reverse Normals> of Lines. When the Reverse Line Normals picker appears,
pick the line whose normal is to be reversed and click on OK in the picker. Then, in the Make line normals
consistent dialog box, indicate whether you want any existing line elements to be consistent with the new
normal direction and click on OK in the dialog box.
8.3.1.5.Reversing the Normal of an Area
To use the command method to reverse the normal of an area, issue the command AREVERSE,ANUM,NOEFLIP:
• Use the ANUM argument to identify the number of the area whose normal is to be reversed.
• Use the NOEFLIP argument to indicate whether you want to change the normal direction of the existing
elements on the area so that they are consistent with the reversed area's new normal direction. Specify
For example, the command AREVERSE,7,0 reverses the normal direction of area 7 and makes any existing
area elements on it consistent with the new normal direction. See the description of the AREVERSE command
in the Command Reference for details.
In the GUI, you can reverse the normal of an area by choosing menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Move/Modify> Reverse Normals> of Areas. When the Reverse Area Normals picker appears,
pick the area whose normal is to be reversed and click on OK in the picker. Then, in the Reverse area normals
dialog box, indicate whether you want any existing area elements to be consistent with the new normal
direction and click on OK in the dialog box.
192

8.4.Revising a Meshed Model: Clearing and Deleting
Because of the solid modeling cross-reference checking that the ANSYS program performs, you cannot delete
meshed solid model entities, nor can you use EDELE or NDELE to delete elements and nodes that are asso-
ciated with solid model entities. In order to revise your model, you generally need to clear solid model en-
tities of their meshes by using the mesh clearing commands. These clearing commands can be thought of
as the inverse of the meshing commands. After clearing your model, you can proceed to modify your solid
model as desired.
8.4.1.Clearing a Mesh
The mesh clearing commands delete the nodes and elements associated with the corresponding solid
model entity. When you clear a higher level entity, all lower level entities will be automatically cleared, unless
those lower entities are themselves meshed with elements. Nodes on the boundary of an entity shared by
an adjoining meshed entity are not deleted as a result of clearing.
• To delete nodes and point elements associated with selected keypoints, use one of the following
methods:
Command(s): KCLEAR
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Keypoints
• To delete nodes and line elements associated with selected lines, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): LCLEAR
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Lines
• To delete nodes and area elements associated with selected areas, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): ACLEAR
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Areas
• To delete nodes and volume elements associated with selected volumes, use one of the following
methods:
Command(s): VCLEAR
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Volumes
The program will report how many of each kind of entity have been cleared after a mesh clearing operation.
An entity is considered to have been "cleared" if either its elements or its nodes have been cleared.
Figure 8.9 Nodes at Boundary of Two Areas
Nodes at this boundary are shared by both
areas and, therefore, should not be and will
not be deleted unless both areas are cleared.
193
8.4.1.Clearing a Mesh

If the elements/nodes being cleared are at the end of the element/node lists, then the next available ele-
ment/node ID is reset accordingly. (You can suppress this resetting with a MOPT,CLEAR,OFF command.)
As was discussed earlier, element attributes that were assigned to the solid model by TYPE, REAL, MAT,
and ESYS commands followed by a meshing command [AMESH, VMESH, etc.] will be cleared by a mesh
clearing command. These "clearable" attributes are designated by negative attribute numbers in the output
from listing commands [ALIST, VLIST, etc.]. The mesh clearing commands do not affect attributes that were
assigned by an attribute association command [AATT, VATT, etc.]. In either case, issuing new attribute asso-
ciation commands will overwrite whatever element attributes were previously associated with the cleared
solid model.
8.4.1.1.Modifying Element Attributes
There are several reasons why you might want to modify element attributes after meshing: you might have
simply committed an error in assigning attributes, you might need to change your design, or you might be
converting your model from one analysis discipline to another (such as in a sequential thermal-stress analysis).
The techniques available for modifying element attributes include the following:
8.4.1.2.The Brute Force Method
You can clear your mesh using mesh clearing commands; set new attributes using either attribute association
commands or commands such as TYPE, REAL, etc.; and then remesh using meshing commands. Because
remeshing can sometimes be expensive, this approach should probably be avoided if the mesh itself is ac-
ceptable. Note what happens when a mesh clearing command is executed: solid model attributes set by a
meshing command (identified by negative attribute numbers in listings produced by ALIST, VLIST, etc.) will
be deleted; solid model attributes set by an attribute association command [AATT, VATT, etc.] will not be
changed. Thus, because the attribute association commands override the TYPE, REAL, MAT, and ESYS
commands, you will not be able to reassign solid model attributes with the TYPE, REAL, MAT, and ESYS
commands if you initially assigned attributes by using attribute association commands. (You will need to
issue a new attribute association command.) Upon remeshing, the attributes associated with the solid
model entities will be assigned to the elements generated on those entities.
Direct Element Modification: Element attributes can also be modified without the expense of remeshing:
you can select the elements to be modified; reset attributes (using, in this procedure, the TYPE, REAL, MAT,
and ESYS commands); and execute EMODIF,ALL or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling>
Move/Modify> Elements> Modify Attrib. This procedure modifies the element attributes directly, without
affecting the corresponding solid model attributes. This procedure, although convenient, can be dangerous,
because the element attributes in your finite element model will no longer match the element attributes in
your solid model. Also, you could conceivably change element attributes to inappropriate values, without
receiving any kind of warning. For these reasons, you must proceed cautiously if you decide to attempt to
change element attributes by direct element modification.
Another way of directly modifying the material number of specified elements is by using the MPCHG com-
mand or menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Change Mat Num. (Unlike other element-
modification commands, which are valid only within PREP7, MPCHG is valid within both PREP7 and SOLUTION.
Thus, this command can be used to change element properties between solutions.)
Attribute Table Modification: Another possibility would be to change entries in the attribute tables after
meshing, but before entering SOLUTION. A warning will be issued if the REAL set or the MAT set contain
unused entries (such as could happen if a REAL property set for a beam were assigned to a spar element).
No remeshing is required with this procedure.
194

A Note About Adding and Deleting Midside Nodes: For any of these procedures, if you change the element
TYPE attribute to substitute midside-node elements for non-midside-node elements, you will also need to
use one of the following methods to add the extra midside nodes as required:
Command(s): EMID
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Add Mid Nodes
EMID must be preceded by execution of a MODMSH,DETACH command or menu path Main Menu> Pre-
processor> Checking Ctrls> Model Checking. Also, in order to delete midside nodes, you must first remove
them from the midside-node elements by issuing EMID,-1.
8.4.2.Deleting Solid Model Entities
You can delete solid model entities with the entity deletion commands described below. Lower level entities
cannot be independently deleted if they are attached to a higher level entity. Thus, if you have created a
block using a geometric primitive command, you cannot selectively delete a keypoint that is associated with
that block, unless you first delete, in descending hierarchical order, all the higher level entities (lines, areas,
and volumes) that are attached to that keypoint.
• To delete unmeshed areas, use one of these methods:
Command(s): ADELE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Area and Below
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Areas Only
• To delete unmeshed keypoints, use one of these methods:
Command(s): KDELE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Keypoints
• To delete unmeshed lines, use one of these methods:
Command(s): LDELE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Line and Below
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Lines Only
• To delete unmeshed volumes, use one of these methods:
Command(s): VDELE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Volume and Below
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Volumes Only
Conversely, by activating the "sweep" option (that is, setting KSWP = 1) on the LDELE, ADELE, or VDELE
commands, you can direct the program to delete all the associated lower level entities automatically. (Such
lower level entities will not be deleted if they are attached to another higher level entity, however.) For ex-
ample, if you decide to delete an unmeshed sphere volume, you can issue a single VDELE command, with
KSWP set to 1, to delete the volume and all its associated areas, lines, and keypoints.
8.4.3.Modifying Solid Model Entities
You can modify the geometry of a solid model by changing the position of its keypoints using one of the
following methods:
Command(s): KMODIF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Keypoints> Set of KPs
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Keypoints> Single KP
195
8.4.3.Modifying Solid Model Entities

Any meshed regions attached to modified keypoints will be automatically cleared of nodes and elements.
All lines, areas, and volumes attached to the modified keypoint will then be automatically redefined using
the active coordinate system.
Unmeshed solid model entities may also be redefined by reissuing the commands that originally defined
them. For example, consider the following sequence, in which a second K command is used to modify a
keypoint:
CSYS,0
K,1,5.0,6.0,7.0 ! Create KP 1 at X=5.0, Y=6.0, Z=7.0
CSYS,1
K,1,5.0,6.0,7.0 ! Redefine KP 1 at R=5.0, =6.0, Z=7.0
Keypoint 1 could only be redefined in this way if it was not attached to any higher level entities. Lines, areas,
and volumes can be similarly redefined, but only if they are not attached to any higher level entities.
You can modify unmeshed lines using the operations described below. These operations will also update
attached unmeshed areas, even if these areas are attached to volumes.
• To divide a single line into two or more lines, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): LDIV
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Divide> Line into 2 Ln's
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Divide> Line into N Ln's
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Divide> Lines w/ Options
• To combine adjacent lines into one line, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): LCOMB
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Lines
• To generate a fillet line between two intersecting lines, use one of the following methods:
Command(s): LFILLT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Line Fillet
8.5.Understanding Solid Model Cross-Reference Checking
The previous sections alluded to several conditions that restrict you as you modify your meshed solid
model. These restrictions arise due to the cross-reference checking that has been incorporated into the
ANSYS program to prevent contamination of the solid model and finite element model data. They may be
summarized as follows:
• Meshed keypoints, lines, areas, or volumes may not be deleted or moved.
• Nodes or elements associated with keypoints, lines, areas, or volumes may not be moved. They can be
deleted only with the mesh clearing commands.
• Areas contained in volumes may not be deleted or changed.
• Lines contained in areas may not be deleted or changed (except by LDIV, LCOMB, or LFILLT, as discussed
previously).
• Keypoints contained in lines may not be deleted. They can be moved only with the KMODIF command,
which revises and clears (if meshed) attached lines, areas, and volumes.
The basic reasoning behind these rules might be visualized from the following sketch. Schematically, your
completed model can be thought of as a stack of blocks, in which the bottommost block represents your
keypoints, the next block represents lines, and so forth. If you were to change a lower entity (a line, for in-
196

stance), you would disturb the entities that are stacked on top of it. (Admittedly, this illustration somewhat
oversimplifies the dependence of higher level entities on lower entities.)
Figure 8.10 Why We Have Solid Model Cross-Reference Checking
These rules are not as restrictive as they might appear. Furthermore, for those few instances when they ab-
solutely prevent you from performing an operation that you need, you can deactivate them, as is discussed
in the next few paragraphs. Be aware, however, that in deactivating these rules, you lose the protections
that they provide, and thereby increase the chances of irrevocably damaging your model's database.
8.5.1.Circumventing Cross-Reference Checking (A Risky Activity)
Cross-reference checking of the solid model usually serves only to help you avoid corrupting your model's
database. There are occasions, however, when you might have good reason to attempt a "forbidden" oper-
ation. The MODMSH command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Checking Ctrls> Model Checking) exists for
this purpose. MODMSH has three options: DETACH, NOCHECK, and CHECK.
MODMSH,DETACH detaches the finite element model from the solid model, which will allow the finite element
model to be modified by node and element commands. This detachment keeps the database "clean," in
that there will be no recognized database conflicts. Consider, for instance, a single keypoint and its associated
node. Following a MODMSH,DETACH, the program will no longer recognize the associativity between these
two entities, so that you can now move the node to a new location without creating a conflict in the database.
Once you have detached your model, you cannot perform such operations as selecting or defining the finite
element model in terms of the solid model, clearing the mesh, or transferring solid model boundary conditions
to the finite element model.
MODMSH,NOCHECK is very dangerous. It deactivates all cross-reference checking, and makes it startlingly
easy to get the database so fouled up that hardly any solid modeling operations are possible. Its utility is
that it allows you to use commands such as EMODIF, NMODIF, EDELE, NDELE, etc. to modify elements and
nodes that were generated with the mesh commands. Activating this option will cause the program to warn
you that cross-reference checking is bypassed whenever you initiate a solution or issue a PFACT or SOLVE
command. Use this option only if you are completely sure of what you are doing, for the havoc you can inflict
on your database with the NOCHECK option on will often make it impossible for the ANSYS customer support
staff to help you recover from any trouble you get yourself into.
MODMSH,CHECK restores cross-reference checking after it has been inhibited. However, since the database
integrity could have been compromised while the checking was off, the program will continue to warn you
whenever you initiate a solution or issue a PFACT or SOLVE command. The only way to get rid of this
warning message is to start over with a "clean" database.
197
8.5.1.Circumventing Cross-Reference Checking (A Risky Activity)

198

Chapter 9: Direct Generation
Direct generation is the approach in which you define the nodes and elements of a model directly. Despite
the many convenience commands that allow you to copy, reflect, scale, etc. a given pattern of nodes or
elements, direct generation can commonly require about ten times as many data entries to define a model
as compared to solid modeling.
This documentations's earlier discussions concerning planning (Planning Your Approach (p. 5)), coordinate
systems (Coordinate Systems (p. 15)), and working planes (Using Working Planes (p. 25)) apply to direct
generation as well as to solid modeling.
A model assembled by direct generation is defined strictly in terms of nodes and elements. Even though
node and element generation operations can be interspersed, no one element can be defined until after all
of its nodes have been created.
The following topics related to direct generation are available:
9.1.Nodes
9.2.Elements
9.1.Nodes
This section describes various tasks related to the direct generation of nodes. Topics include:
• Defining nodes
• Generating additional nodes from existing nodes
• Maintaining (list, view and delete) nodes
• Moving nodes
• Rotating a node's coordinate system
• Reading and writing text files that contain nodal data
You can use any of the methods described in the following table to define nodes.
Table 9.1 Defining Nodes
GUI
Com-
mand
Define
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes>
In Active CS or > On Working Plane
N
individual nodes in the
active coordinate system
[1]
On Keypoint
NKPT
a node at an existing
keypoint
1. If using ANSYS interactively, you can define a working plane snap increment and use picking [N, P] to
generate nodes graphically. (For more information on the working plane, see Using Working
Planes (p. 25).)
199

Once you have created an initial pattern of nodes, you can generate additional nodes using the methods
described in the following table.
Table 9.2 Generating Additional Nodes from Existing Nodes
GUI
Com-
mand
Fill between Nds
FILL
generate a line of nodes
between two existing
nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Nodes>
Copy
NGEN
generate additional
nodes from a pattern of
nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Nodes>
Scale & Copy or > Scale & Move
NSCALE
generate a set of nodes
from a pattern of nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Scale>
Nodes> Scale & Copy or > Scale Move
Quadratic Fill
QUAD
generate a quadratic
line of nodes from three
nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Nodes
NSYM
generate a reflected set
of nodes
Transfer Coord> Nodes
TRANS-
FER
transfer a pattern of
nodes to another co-
ordinate system
At Curvature Ctr
CENTER
define a node at the
center of a curvature of
an arc of nodes [1]
1. If a local cylindrical coordinate system is defined [CS] at the center of curvature, you can use the FILL
command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> Fill between Nds) to generate
additional nodes on the arc. If a radius of curvature is given, the center of curvature is automatically
calculated to be along the perpendicular bisector of the NODE1-NODE2 line in the plane of NODE1,
NODE2, and NODE3.
You can use any of the methods described in the following table to maintain nodes.
Table 9.3 Maintaining Nodes
GUI
Com-
mand
Maintenance
Utility Menu> List> Nodes
NLIST
list nodes
Utility Menu> List> Picked Entities> Nodes
Utility Menu> Plot> Nodes
NPLOT
display nodes [1]
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Nodes
NDELE
delete nodes [2]
200
Chapter 9:Direct Generation

1. Node numbers will also be displayed in EPLOT displays (Utility Menu> Plot> Elements) for nodes
attached to elements, if you have issued the proper /PNUM command (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls>
Numbering).
2. Deleting a node also deletes any boundary conditions (such as displacements, forces, etc.) as well as
any coupling or constraint equations containing the deleted node.
You can move a node by overwriting it with the N command (or any other node-generating command) or
by using one of the methods in the following table.
Table 9.4 Moving Nodes
GUI
Com-
mand
Main Menu> Modeling> Preprocessor> Create> Nodes>
Rotate Node CS> By Angles
NMODIF
modify one or all of the
coordinates defining a
node
Rotate Node CS> By Angles or > Set of Nodes or > Single
Node
Nodes> To Intersect
MOVE
move a node to an inter-
section of coordinate
system surfaces
Use the NDIST (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Check Geom> ND distances) command to calculate
the distance between two nodes.
You can use any of the methods described in the following table to rotate a node's coordinate system. The
nodal coordinate system is parallel to the global Cartesian coordinate system by default. See Nodal Coordinate
Systems (p. 21) for more information.
Table 9.5 Rotating a Node's Coordinate System
GUI
Com-
mand
Rotate a Nodal Co-
ordinate System
Rotate Node CS> To Active CS
NROTAT
into the active coordin-
ate system
Rotate Node CS> To Active CS
Rotate Node CS> By Vectors
NANG
by direction cosines
Rotate Node CS> By Vectors
In Active CS or > On Working Plane
N,
NMODIF
by angles
Main Menu> Modeling> Preprocessor> Create> Nodes>
Rotate Node CS> By Angles
201
9.1.Nodes

GUI
Com-
mand
Rotate a Nodal Co-
ordinate System
Rotate Node CS> By Angles or > Set of Nodes or > Single
Node
9.1.1.Reading and Writing Text Files That Contain Nodal Data
You can read a text file containing nodal data. This ability could be useful if you are importing ASCII nodal
data from another mesh generator, a CAD/CAM program, or another ANSYS session. You can also write such
an ASCII file for export to another program (which must be able to read this ANSYS file) or to another ANSYS
session. You will not normally need to read or write nodal data in a standard ANSYS model generation session.
If you do need to read or write nodal data you can use any of the methods described in the following table.
Table 9.6 Reading and Writing Files Containing Nodal Data
GUI
Com-
mand
Read Node File
NR-
RANG
specify a range of nodes
to be read from a node
file
Read Node File
NREAD
read nodes from a file
Write Node File
NWRITE
write nodes to a file
9.2.Elements
This section describes various tasks related to the direct generation of elements. Topics include:
• Prerequisites for defining elements
• Assembling element tables
• Pointing to entries in element tables
• Reviewing the contents of element tables
• Defining elements
• Maintaining (list, view, and delete) elements
• Generating additional elements from existing elements
• Using special methods for generating elements
• Reading and writing text files that contain element data
• Modifying elements by changing nodes
• Modifying elements by changing element attributes
9.2.1.Prerequisites for Defining Element Attributes
Before you directly generate elements, you must have already defined the minimum number of nodes required
for that element and must have specified the proper element attributes.
202

You assemble tables of element attributes using the methods described in the following table and various
coordinate system commands. See Generating the Mesh (p. 101) in the Modeling and Meshing Guide for more
information on creating element attribute tables.
Table 9.7 Assembling Element Tables
GUI
Com-
mand
Define
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type>
Add/Edit/Delete
ET
an element type from
the element library
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants
R
the element real con-
stants
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material
Models> analysis type
MP, MP-
DATA,
MPTEMP
a linear material prop-
erty
Once the element attribute tables are in place, you can "point" to various entries in the element tables. The
values of these pointers that are in effect at the time that you create your elements are used by the program
to assign attributes from the tables to the elements. Use one of the methods shown in the following table
to set attribute pointers.
Table 9.8 Pointing to Entries in Element Tables
GUI
Com-
mand
Set
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Ele-
ments> Elem Attributes
TYPE
element type attribute
pointer
REAL
element real constant
set attribute pointer
MAT
element material attrib-
ute pointer
ESYS
element coordinate sys-
tem attribute pointer
You can review the contents of element table using one of the methods described in the following table.
Table 9.9 Reviewing the Contents of Element Tables
GUI
Com-
mand
List
Utility Menu> List> Properties> Element Types
ETLIST
currently defined ele-
ment types
Utility Menu> List> Properties> All Real Constants or >
Specified Real Constants
RLIST
real constant sets
Utility Menu> List> Properties> All Materials or > All
Matls, All Temps or > All Matls, Specified Temp or >
Specified Matl, All Temps
MPLIST
linear material proper-
ties
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material
Models
TBLIST
data tables
203
9.2.1.Prerequisites for Defining Element Attributes

GUI
Com-
mand
List
Utility Menu> List> Properties> Data Tables
Utility Menu> List> Other> Local Coord Sys
CSLIST
coordinate systems
9.2.2.Defining Elements
After you have defined the necessary nodes and set the element attributes, you can proceed to define your
elements. You can define an element by identifying its nodes using the E command (Main Menu> Prepro-
cessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered> Thru Nodes or Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Create> Elements> User Numbered> Thru Nodes). The number of nodes required for each
element and the order in which they must be input are determined by the element type. The order in which
nodes are defined determines the element normal direction. See Keeping Track of Element Faces and Orient-
ations (p. 189) in the Modeling and Meshing Guide for more information.
If you are working interactively, you can use graphical picking (that is, pick nodes) to generate the elements
by choosing one of the GUI paths associated with the E command.
If you are using command input, only eight nodes can be input on the E command. For element types that
require more than eight nodes, use the EMORE command to define the additional nodes. For example,
SOLID186, a 3-D 20-node structural solid element, will require two EMORE commands in addition to the E
command. (The EMORE command is not necessary if graphical picking is used to create the elements.)
Caution
If you create overlapping elements (that is, elements attached to the same nodes and occupying
the same space), various ANSYS features such as graphics, surface loads, selecting logic, etc. might
not function as expected. It is best to avoid the use of overlapping elements altogether; if this is
not possible, use extreme caution whenever you employ overlapping elements.
Once you have created your elements, use the methods described in the following table to maintain elements.
Table 9.10 Maintaining Elements
GUI
Com-
mand
Maintenance
Utility Menu> List> Elements
ELIST
list elements
Utility Menu> List> Picked Entities> Elements
Utility Menu> Plot> Elements
EPLOT
display elements [1]
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Elements
EDELE
delete elements [2]
1. Element numbers will be shown in your EPLOT display if you turn them on with the /PNUM command
(menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering). In most instances, the program will automatically
assign element numbers, using the next available unused number. (The first E command defines element
number 1, the second E command defines element number 2, and so on.)
2. Deleting elements creates "blanks" in your element-numbering sequence. The automatic numbering
procedure will not reuse these blank numbers, even if they are at the end of your sequence. (If you
define 10 elements, then delete them all, the next E command will define element number 11. Numbers
1-10 will remain blank.) You can control element numbering through the number control commands
204

(see Number Control and Element Reordering (p. 209) in the Modeling and Meshing Guide), or through
the EN command Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> User Numbered>
Thru Nodes), which allows you to define an element's number directly.
Once you have created an initial pattern of elements, you can generate additional elements using the
methods described in the following table. Please note these commands do not generate nodes; you must
generate the necessary nodes before you generate additional elements. Also, the element attributes (MAT,
TYPE, REAL, and ESYS) for the generated elements are based upon the elements in the original pattern and
not upon the current specification settings.
Table 9.11 Generating Additional Elements From Existing Elements
GUI
Com-
mand
Generate Elements
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Elements>
Auto Numbered
EGEN
from an existing pattern
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Elements>
User Numbered
ENGEN
from an existing pattern
with explicitly incremen-
ted element numbers
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Ele-
ments> Auto Numbered
ESYM
from a pattern by sym-
metry reflection
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Reflect> Ele-
ments> User Numbered
ENSYM
by symmetry reflection
with explicitly assigned
element numbers
Reverse Normals> of Shell Elements
Some elements can be generated using the special methods described in the following table.
Table 9.12 Using Special Methods for Generating Elements
GUI
Com-
mand
Generate
ments> Surf/Contact> option
ESURF
[1]
“surface” elements over
the exterior faces of ex-
isting elements
ments> Surf/Contact> Surface Effect> Attach to Fluid>
Line to Fluid
LFSURF
[2]
“surface” elements over-
laid on the edges of ex-
isting plane elements
and assign the extra
node as the closest fluid
element node
ments> Surf/Contact> Surf Effect> Attach to Fluid> Area
to Fluid
AFSURF
[3]
"surface" elements over-
laid on the surface of
existing solid elements
element node
205
9.2.2.Defining Elements

GUI
Com-
mand
Generate
ments> Surf/Contact> Surf Effect> Attach to Fluid> Node
to Fluid
NDSURF
[4]
"surface" elements over-
laid on the surface of
the existing elements
element node
ments> Auto Numbered> At Coincid Nd
EINTF
two-node elements
between coincident or
offset nodes
1. Use ESURF,XNODE to generate SURF151or SURF152, elements with the "optional" node used in some
thermal analyses.
2. Use LFSURF to generate SURF151 elements with the "optional" node used in some thermal analyses.
3. Use AFSURF to generate SURF152 elements with the "optional" node used in some thermal analyses.
4. Use NDSURF to generate SURF151 or SURF152 elements with the "optional" node used in some thermal
analyses.
9.2.3.Reading and Writing Text Files That Contain Element Data
You can read or write a text file that contains element data. These capabilities can be useful for transferring
data to and from another program (or another ANSYS session). You will not normally need to use these
capabilities in a standard ANSYS model generating session. If you do need to read or write element data
you can use any of the methods described in the following table.
GUI
Com-
mand
MainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Elements>
Read Elem File
ERRANG
specify a range of ele-
mentstobereadfroman
element file
Read Elem File
EREAD
read elements from a file
Write Elem File
EWRITE
write elements to a file
9.2.4.A Note About Overlapping Elements
Be advised that if you create overlapping elements (that is, elements attached to the same nodes and oc-
cupying the same space), various ANSYS features such as graphics, surface loads, selecting logic, etc. might
not function as expected. It is best to avoid the use of overlapping elements altogether; if this is not possible,
use extreme caution whenever you employ overlapping elements.
9.2.5.Modifying Elements By Changing Nodes
You can redefine an element in terms of different nodes, taking care that the element attribute pointers are
set to the appropriate values. The element attribute settings that are in place when you execute these
commands or GUI paths will control the element type, real constants, material properties, and for some
element types, the element coordinate system that are assigned to the redefined elements.
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To modify a previously defined element, use the EMODIF command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling>
Move/Modify> Elements> Modify Nodes).
To redefine an element by its number and node connectivity, use the EN command (Main Menu> Prepro-
cessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> User Numbered> Thru Nodes).
You can also use the ENGEN and ENSYM commands and GUI paths, which are described earlier in this
chapter, to overwrite and redefine groups of elements.
9.2.6.Modifying Elements By Changing Element Attributes
There are several ways of changing the attributes of an element after it has been created.
To change the material number of a specified element within either PREP7 or SOLUTION, use the MPCHG
command. (See the MPCHG command description in the Command Reference for a list of menu paths asso-
ciated with this command.)
The combination of the EMODIF and *REPEAT commands provide another versatile method of redefining
the attributes of existing elements (within PREP7 only). You cannot access the *REPEAT command directly
in the GUI. The following program listing illustrates the use of the EGEN, EMODIF, and *REPEAT commands.
See their individual command descriptions in the Command Reference for more information.
E,1,2 ! Element 1
REAL,3 ! REAL set pointer = 3
E,2,3 ! Element 2 (REAL=3)
EGEN,40,1,2 ! Generate 40 elements from el. 2 (all with REAL=3)
EMODIF,5,REAL,4 ! Redefine element 5 with REAL set 4
*REPEAT,18,2 ! Redefine els. 7-39 in steps of 2 (with REAL=4)
Alternatively, you can change the entries in the attribute tables after creating an element, but before entering
SOLUTION. A warning will be issued if the REAL set or MAT set contain unused entries (such as could happen
if a REAL property set for a beam were assigned to a spar element).
Another way of changing your element attributes is by deleting your elements using the EDELE command
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Delete> Elements), redefining your pointers, and recreating your
elements using the EN command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> User
Numbered> Thru Nodes).
9.2.7.A Note About Adding and Deleting Midside Nodes
For any of these procedures, if you change the element TYPE attribute to substitute midside-node elements
for non-midside-node elements, you will also need to use the EMID command (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Move/Modify> Elements> Add Mid Nodes or > Remove Mid Nd) to add the extra midside
nodes as required. Also, in order to delete midside nodes, you must first remove them from the midside-
node elements by issuing de-node elements for non-midside-node elements, you will also need to use
EMID,-1.
When defining midside-node elements using the direct generation method (that is, the E, EN, and similar
commands), midside nodes are created and located according to the following scheme:
• Some higher-order elements permit the removal of midside nodes. For such elements, if a zero value
(or blank) is used for a midside node when a higher-order element is defined, the corresponding midside
node is removed from the element. This results in some or all of the quadratic terms (depending on the
number of removed midside nodes) in the element's shape functions being ignored, thus forcing the
element edge(s) to be and remain straight. In the extreme case of an element with all of its midside
207
9.2.7.A Note About Adding and Deleting Midside Nodes

nodes removed, the element will use linear shape functions thus producing results similar to the ana-
logous lower-order (non-midside-node) element type.
• When defining a higher-order element, if a node number is used for a midside node and that node has
not yet been defined (N, NGEN, FILL, NSYM, and similar commands), then the node will be automatically
defined and given a geometric location that is the calculated midpoint (linearly interpolated in Cartesian
coordinates) between its respective corner nodes. Nodal rotations for such nodes will also be automat-
ically calculated by linearly interpolating between the nodal rotation angles of the corner nodes. This
allows for the convenience of creating midside-node elements without the need to explicitly define the
geometric locations for midside nodes located midway between the corner nodes.
Note that this behavior applies only to the direct model generation method. Controls regarding midside
nodes in meshed models are provided in the ANSYS meshing controls.
208

Chapter 10: Number Control and Element Reordering
You can control the numbering of keypoints, lines, areas, volumes, elements, nodes, element types, real
constant sets, materials, coupled DOF sets, constraint equations, and coordinate systems. Control of the
numbering is useful when combining separately modeled portions of a model into one. Likewise, allowing
the ANSYS program to reorder elements automatically at the start of a sparse direct solution is typically the
preferred approach; however, other methods are available for controlling element reordering. The following
topics are available:
10.1.Number Control
10.2.Element Reordering
10.1.Number Control
The commands and GUI paths described here give you control of the numbering of keypoints, lines, areas,
volumes, elements, nodes, element types, real constant sets, materials, coupled DOF sets, constraint equations,
and coordinate systems. Control of the numbering is useful, and sometimes essential, when combining
separately modeled portions of a model into one.
Caution
The numbering of Boolean output entities is not 100% predictable. That is, sometimes the same
Boolean operation, when performed on different computer systems, will assign different numbers
to output entities. If you plan to generate an input stream file interactively on one machine and
rerun that input stream on another system, you should avoid using entity identification numbers
in your command stream. Instead, use selecting logic to identify specific entities as needed.
10.1.1.Merging Coincident Items
If two separate entities have the same location, you can merge these entities together into a single entity
using one of these methods:
Command(s): NUMMRG
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Merge Items
Note
Use of the NUMMRG command or its equivalent GUI path does not cause changes to a model's
geometry; only the topology is affected.
For example, suppose that you have two separate but coincident nodes. If you use the command NUMM-
RG,NODE (or the equivalent GUI path) to merge the nodes, the higher numbered node will be deleted and
will be replaced with the lower numbered coincident node. Two coincident nodes will thus be replaced by
a single node.
If two regions that have already been meshed are to be joined, you need to execute three separate merge
operations. If, for example, you are using the command input method, you would first issue a merge command
209

for nodes [NUMMRG,NODE], then one for elements [NUMMRG,ELEM], and last, one for all solid model entities
[NUMMRG,KP]. (Or, you could simply use NUMMRG,ALL to merge all selected coincident items in the
proper sequence. NUMMRG,ALL will also merge non-geometric items such as MAT, CE, etc.)
Caution
When merging entities in a model that has already been meshed, the order in which you issue
multiple NUMMRG commands is significant. If you want to merge two adjacent meshed regions
that have coincident nodes and keypoints, always merge nodes [NUMMRG,NODE] before merging
keypoints [NUMMRG,KP] (as described above). Merging keypoints before nodes can result in
some of the nodes becoming "orphaned"; that is, the nodes lose their association with the solid
model. The orphaned nodes can cause certain operations (such as boundary condition transfers,
surface load transfers, and so on) to fail.
Many solid modeling operations create coincident keypoints, lines, and/or areas. You can use NUMMRG,KP
(or the equivalent GUI path) to merge such coincident items. Keypoint locations are used as the basis for
merging. Once coincident keypoints are merged, any higher order solid model entities (lines, areas, and
volumes) attached to those keypoints are automatically considered for merging. The definition of coincident
changes depending on the tolerances used. By default, merging of keypoints attached to lines is done when
the distance between keypoints falls within the following criteria:
1. 1E-4 units of each other (see Figure 10.1 (p. 211)), and
2. 1E-5 times the length of the longest line connected to the keypoints in consideration
Criterion 1 above describes the consideration tolerance field (TOLER) on NUMMRG. TOLER is a consideration
tolerance. If a keypoint is withinTOLER of another keypoint, then those two keypoints are candidates to be
merged. If when "moving" the higher numbered keypoint, the distance exceeds the internal relative solid
model tolerance (criterion 2 above), the keypoints will not be merged. Lines, areas, and volumes are considered
for merging in a similar manner. Criterion 2 describes the default internal relative solid model tolerance, a
tolerance designed to protect you from eliminating tiny lines in the model by the merge operation. Both
criteria must be satisfied for keypoints to be merged.
210
Chapter 10:Number Control and Element Reordering

Figure 10.1 Default Merge Tolerances
Keypoints to be merged Criterion 1: TOLER
(can be adjusted)
Criterion 2: default internal
tolerance is relative to length
of lines attached to keypoints
The internal relative tolerance (criterion 2) can be overridden by an option to specify a global solid model
tolerance (GTOLER) on NUMMRG. GTOLER is a global, absolute tolerance, rather than a relative tolerance.
If GTOLER is used, the size of the lines attached to keypoints is no longer considered and it is fairly easy to
defeature your model by using too large a value for GTOLER. You should save your database before attempt-
ing to merge, especially when using the GTOLER option.
The following example, which corresponds to Figure 10.2 (p. 212), illustrates the use of NUMMRG to merge
entities:
PCIRC,... ! Create a partial circle
RECTNG,... ! Create a rectangle
NUMMRG,KP ! Default merge tolerances used
For a model having coincident keypoints, the NUMMRG operation will probably be more economical (that
is, faster) than AGLUE (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Glue> Areas).
211
10.1.1.Merging Coincident Items

Figure 10.2 Example of NUMMRG Application
RECTNG
PCIRC
Separate but coincident
keypoints and lines
If you merge keypoints that are very nearly coincident, any very short line connecting those keypoints will
be deleted. If the keypoints are too far apart to be merged, you can use the LCOMB command (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Lines) to eliminate the very short line. LCOMB will
produce a continuous (but not necessarily smooth) line. If the resulting line is kinked, it cannot be used as
a drag path [ADRAG, VDRAG], nor can it be used in any Boolean operations.
10.1.2.Compressing Item Numbers
As you build your model, you might, by deleting, clearing, merging, or performing other operations, create
unused slots in the numbering sequence for various items. These slots will remain empty for some items
(such as elements) but will be filled in for other items (such as keypoints) as new items are created. To save
data storage space (by eliminating otherwise empty numbers) or to preserve desired sequencing (by forcing
newly-created items to be assigned numbers greater than those of existing items), you can eliminate these
gaps by "compressing" your numbering, using one of these methods:
Command(s): NUMCMP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Compress Numbers
The compression operation may be selectively re-executed for chosen item groups (elements, keypoints,
etc.), or may be simultaneously applied to all valid items (using NUMCMP,ALL).
The following example demonstrates one application of the NUMCMP command:
VMESH,...
VCLEAR,... ! Node and element numbers will not be reused.
...
! Change meshing controls, element attributes, etc.
...
VMESH,... ! Node and element numbering will contain "gaps"
NUMCMP,NODE ! Optional step - NUMCMP can free up some computer memory
NUMCMP,ELEM ! by eliminating gaps in numbering sequences.
Please see the description of the NUMCMP command in the Command Reference for more information.
212

10.1.3.Setting Starting Numbers
When creating new, automatically-numbered items, you might want to set the starting number of your new
series of items higher than the greatest number used by existing items. By doing so, you will ensure that
your newly created entities will be consecutively numbered, and will thus be prevented from occupying
gaps in the existing numbering sequence. Another reason for specifying a set of starting numbers would
be if you were creating portions of your model independently of one another, and you wanted to avoid
numbering conflicts when they were combined together into one model. You can specify such user-defined
starting numbers using one of these methods:
Command(s): NUMSTR
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Set Start Number
If using command input, you must issue this command for each separate class of items (nodes, elements,
keypoints, etc.).
This example demonstrates the command input method:
! Create one portion of model:
...
...
! Create a separate, distinctly-numbered portion of your model:
NUMSTR,KP,100
NUMSTR,LINE,100
NUMSTR,AREA,100
NUMSTR,VOLU,100
For more information, see the description of the NUMSTR command in the Command Reference.
10.1.4.Adding Number Offsets
If you wish to combine two independently created portions of a model and want to prevent numbering
conflicts, you can renumber all selected items by adding an offset value to their existing numbers. Use one
of these methods:
Command(s): NUMOFF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Add Num Offset
You must re-execute this operation for each item group (nodes, elements, keypoints, etc.) that is to be re-
numbered.
The CDWRITE command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Archive Model> Write), which writes all selected
model data to a text file, automatically puts a series of NUMOFF commands at the beginning of the file to
push any existing data out of the way when the file is read. Gaps in numbering that may result from these
NUMOFF commands can be removed with the NUMCMP command.
Solid model data (in IGES format) can be written to a text file in PREP7. You can also transfer solid model
data from an externally-generated IGES file into the ANSYS database.
• To write solid model data to a file, use one of these methods:
Command(s): IGESOUT
GUI: Utility Menu> File> Export
• To transfer IGES data from a file into ANSYS PREP7 data, use one of these methods:
Command(s): IGESIN
213
10.1.4.Adding Number Offsets

GUI: Utility Menu> File> Import
New solid model entities created (in the AUX15 processor) by the IGESIN command (or GUI path) will
automatically be numbered to avoid conflicts with other solid model entities that already exist in the database.
If an IGES file is read into an empty database, ANSYS solid modeling entity numbering will not necessarily
start at 1. This is because intermediate entities might be created (and later deleted) in the translation process.
See Importing Solid Models from IGES Files (p. 97) for more information on the IGES interface.
At the start of a solution (/SOLU), the ANSYS program will automatically reorder your elements so that they
can be accessed in close proximity to each other. This reordering scheme could improve the memory usage
(locality) and, hence, the speed of the global assembly. This operation does not affect the element numbers
used to identify elements in pre- and postprocessing of your database. In most cases, allowing the ANSYS
program to reorder elements automatically is the preferred approach. If you do not want the program to
perform automatic reordering, you can re-establish the original element ordering using one of these methods:
Command(s): NOORDER
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Element Reorder> Reset Elem Order
For more hands-on control of element reordering, use any of the methods listed below to initiate reordering
within PREP7. (For any of these operations, the program knows not to overwrite your "manual" reordering
with an automatic reordering.)
• To initiate element reordering based upon a geometric sort, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WSORT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Element Reorder> Reorder by XYZ
• To define a starting wave list, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WSTART
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Element Reorder> Define Wave List
• To add more nodes to the starting wave list, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WMORE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Element Reorder> Extend Wave List
• To erase all reordering wave lists, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WERASE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Element Reorder> Erase Wave List
• To initiate reordering, use one of these methods:
Command(s): WAVES
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Element Reorder> Reorder by List
• To obtain an estimate of the wavefront statistics for your model, as currently ordered, use one of these
methods:
Command(s): WFRONT
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Element Reorder> Est. Wavefront
214

You should avoid placing point elements (for example, MASS21 and MASS71) on element midside nodes if
you intend to reorder your elements using the WAVES command; otherwise, the WAVES command may
fail.
215

216

Chapter 11: Coupling and Constraint Equations
When generating your model, you typically define the relationships among different degrees of freedom by
using elements to connect the nodes. However, you sometimes need to be able to model distinctive features
(rigid regions, pinned structural joints, sliding symmetry boundaries, periodic conditions, and other special
internodal connections) which cannot be adequately described with elements. You can establish such special
associations among nodal degrees of freedom by using coupling and constraint equations (CEs). Using these
techniques enables you to link degrees of freedom in ways that elements cannot.
The following topics concerning coupling and CEs are available:
11.1.What Is Coupling?
11.2.How to Create Coupled Degree of Freedom Sets
11.3.Additional Considerations for Coupling
11.4.What Are Constraint Equations?
11.5.How to Create Constraint Equations
11.6.Additional Considerations for Constraint Equations
11.1.What Is Coupling?
When you need to force two or more degrees of freedom (DOFs) to take on the same (but unknown) value,
you can couple these DOFs together. A set of coupled DOFs contains a prime DOF, and one or more other
DOFs. Coupling will cause only the prime DOF to be retained in your analysis' matrix equations, and will
cause all the other DOFs in a coupled set to be eliminated. The value calculated for the prime DOF will then
be assigned to all the other DOFs in a coupled set.
Typical applications for coupled DOFs include: 1) maintaining symmetry on partial models, 2) forming pin,
hinge, universal, and slider joints between two coincident nodes, and 3) forcing portions of your model to
behave as rigid bodies (see this chapter's discussion of constraint equations for more general rigid region
capability).
11.2.How to Create Coupled Degree of Freedom Sets
11.2.1.Creating and Modifying Coupled Sets at Specified Nodes
To define (or modify) a set of coupled degrees of freedom, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Couple DOFs
After creating a coupled set of nodes, you can include more nodes in that set by simply performing an ad-
ditional coupling operation (be sure to use the same set reference number). You can also use selecting logic
to couple "ALL" of the selected nodes. Nodes can be deleted from a coupled set by inputting them as neg-
ative node numbers on the CP command. To modify a coupled DOF set (that is, add or delete nodes, or
change the DOF label), use the CPNGEN command. (You cannot access the CPNGEN command directly in
the GUI.)
217

11.2.2.Coupling Coincident Nodes
The CPINTF command couples coincident nodes in a model by generating one coupled set for each specified
DOF label at every pair of coincident nodes. This operation is useful for "buttoning" together several pairs
of nodes (such as at a seam).
Command(s): CPINTF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Coincident Nodes
Instead of coupling coincident nodes, you can use one of these alternative methods to force the nodes to
behave in the same way:
• If all DOFs are to be coupled for coincident nodes, it is usually more efficient to simply merge those
nodes together by using the NUMMRG command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls>
Merge Items).
• You can connect coincident pairs of nodes by creating 2-node elements between them by using the
EINTF command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered> At
Coincid Nd).
• To tie together two regions having dissimilar mesh patterns, use the CEINTF command (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Adjacent Regions). This operation generates constraint equations
that connect the selected nodes of one region to the selected elements of the other region.
11.2.3.Generating More Coupled Sets
Once one or more coupled sets exist, additional sets can be generated using these methods:
• To generate new coupled sets using the same node numbers, but different DOF labels, as an existing
"pattern" set, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CPLGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Gen w/Same Nodes
• To generate new coupled sets using different (uniformly incremented) node numbers, but the same
DOF labels as an existing set, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CPSGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Gen w/Same DOF
11.2.4.Listing and Deleting Coupled Sets
You can perform two other operations to help you manage your coupled sets:
• To list coupled DOF sets, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CPLIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Other> Coupled Sets> All CP nodes selected
Utility Menu> List> Other> Coupled Sets> Any CP node selected
• To delete coupled DOF sets, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CPDELE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Del Coupled Sets
This operation deletes entire sets; you must use the CPNGEN command or the CP command (or its GUI
path) to delete specific nodes from coupled sets.
218
Chapter 11:Coupling and Constraint Equations

11.3.Additional Considerations for Coupling
Coupling operates in the nodal coordinate system of each node coupled. You should usually keep your
nodal coordinate systems consistent.
Degrees of freedom are coupled within a set but are not coupled between sets. You must not allow a degree
of freedom to appear in more than one coupled set.
"Grounded" degrees of freedom (that is, DOFs with values specified by D or other constraint commands)
must not be included in the coupled set.
In a reduced analysis, if master degrees of freedom are to be chosen from coupled DOF sets, only prime
DOFs may be designated as master degrees of freedom. (You must not designate any eliminated DOF in a
coupled set as a master degree of freedom.)
In a structural analysis, coupling DOFs to create a rigid region can sometimes cause apparent violations of
equilibrium. A set of coupled nodes which are not coincident or are not in line with the coupled displacement
direction may produce an applied moment that will not appear in the reaction forces.
11.4.What Are Constraint Equations?
Linear constraint equations provide a more general means of relating degree of freedom values than is possible
with simple coupling. Constraint equations must have the form:
Constant Coefficient
= ∑
=
( ( ) * ( ))
l U l
l
N
1
where U(I) is the degree of freedom of term (I), and N is the number of terms in the equation.
11.5.How to Create Constraint Equations
You can use several different methods to create constraint equations. These include the CE command (the
direct method) and other commands such as CEINTF, CERIG, and RBE3. These methods of generating con-
straint equations are discussed in the following sections.
In addition to the methods discussed here, you can use the internal multipoint constraint (MPC) feature of
certain contact elements (CONTA171, CONTA172, CONTA173, CONTA174, CONTA175, CONTA176, and CON-
TA177) to model contact assemblies and kinematic constraints. By this method, the program builds MPC
equations internally based on the contact kinematics. See "Multipoint Constraints and Assemblies" in the
Contact Technology Guide for more information on how to use this feature.
11.5.1.The Direct Method
You can create constraint equations directly, using one of these methods:
Command(s): CE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Constraint Eqn
The following example illustrates a typical application of a constraint equation, in which moment transfer
capability is created for a connection between a beam element and plane elements:
219
11.5.1.The Direct Method

Figure 11.1 Establishing Relationships Between Rotational and Translational DOF
UX, UY
UX, UY, ROTZ
5 5
1 2 3
5 5
UY3
-UY1
ROTZ2
X
Y
In this example, node 2 acts as a hinge if no constraint equations are used. To transfer moment between
the beam and the plane-stress elements, you can use the following equation:
ROTZ2 = (UY3 - UY1)/10
This equation would be rewritten in the required format and entered into the program as:
0 = UY3 - UY1 - 10*ROTZ2
CE,1,0,3,UY,1,1,UY,-1,2,ROTZ,-10
The first unique degree of freedom in the equation is eliminated in terms of all other degrees of freedom
in the equation. A unique degree of freedom is one which is not specified in any other constraint equation,
coupled node set, specified displacement set, or master degree of freedom set. You should make the first
term of the equation be the degree of freedom to be eliminated. Although you may, in theory, specify the
same degree of freedom in more than one equation, you must be careful to avoid over-specification. You
must also take care to ensure that each node and degree of freedom exists in the model. (Remember that
for a degree of freedom to be present at a node, that node must be connected to an element which supplies
the necessary degree of freedom.)
11.5.1.1.Periodic Conditions
Often in field analysis, it is desirable to take advantage of antisymmetric or periodic field variation to limit
the model size. For static magnetic analyses, this can be accomplished by using ANSYS cyclic symmetry
capabilities. See Solving a Magnetic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis for more information. For harmonic or transient
magnetic analyses, use the constraint equation method explained here.
A periodic condition is a boundary for which neither the flux-parallel nor flux-normal conditions hold, but
rather the potential at one point is of equal magnitude but of opposite sign to that of a point in another
location. This condition arises in the analysis of symmetry sectors of motors, for example, where the potentials
one pole pitch apart are equal but opposite in sign. In Figure 11.2 (p. 221), suppose node 129 in the outlined
symmetry sector is to be constrained as described above with node 363 on the opposite pole pitch.
220

Figure 11.2 Example of Specifying a Periodic Condition
363
129
Outline of model boundary
The constraint equation would read:
A129 = - A363
0 = A129 + A363
The CE command used to input this constraint equation would appear as follows:
CE,1,0,129,MAG,1,363,MAG,1
To automatically apply groups of periodic boundary conditions (CP and CE commands) for 2-D magnetic
analyses, use the PERBC2D command macro (refer to "Electric and Magnetic Macros" in the Low-Frequency
Electromagnetic Analysis Guide for a discussion of this modeling aide):
Command(s): PERBC2D
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Boundary> Flux Normal>
Periodic BCs
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Boundary> Flux Normal> Periodic BCs
Note
Periodic boundary conditions can also be represented in a structural analysis (for example, in a
turbine blade model) using CP commands on nodes rotated into the cylindrical coordinate system.
11.5.2.Modifying Constraint Equations
To change the constant term of a constraint equation in either PREP7 or SOLUTION, use one of these
methods:
Command(s): CECMOD
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Modify ConstrEqn
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Modify ConstrEqn
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Modify ConstrEqn
If you need to change any of the other terms of a constraint equation, you must use the CE command (or
the corresponding GUI path) in PREP7, before you start your solution.
221
11.5.2.Modifying Constraint Equations

11.5.3.Direct vs.Automatic Constraint Equation Generation
An example that appeared earlier in this chapter illustrated how you can use the CE command to create
constraint equations directly, one at a time.
Three other operations, described below, automatically generate multiple constraint equations for you.
11.5.3.1.Creating a Rigid Region
The CERIG command defines a "rigid region" by writing constraint equations to define rigid lines linking a
designated retained (or "master") node to a number of removed (or "slave") nodes. (The term "master node"
as applied to this operation is not the same as a master degree of freedom for a reduced analysis.)
Command(s): CERIG
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Rigid Region
By setting Ldof to ALL on the CERIG command (default), this operation will generate three equations for
each pair of constrained nodes in 2-D space. These equations define the three rigid body motions in global
Cartesian space (UX, UY, ROTZ). In order to create a rigid region on a 2-D model, you must make sure that
the X-Y plane is the rigid plane and that UX, UY, and ROTZ degrees of freedom are available at each con-
strained node. This operation will similarly generate six equations for each pair of constrained nodes in 3-D
space. All six degrees of freedom (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, and ROTZ) must be available at each constrained
node.
Entering other labels in the Ldof field will create different effects. If this field is set to UXYZ, the program
will write two constraint equations in 2-D (X, Y) space and three constraint equations in 3-D (X, Y, Z) space.
These equations will be written in terms of the slave nodes' translational degrees of freedom, and in terms
of the master node's translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Similarly, the RXYZ label allows you
to generate a partial set of equations that omit the slave nodes' translational degrees of freedom. The other
available Ldof labels will generate other types of constraint equations.
In general, your slave nodes need have only the degrees of freedom called for by Ldof, but your master
node must have all applicable translational and rotational degrees of freedom (that is, UX, UY, ROTZ for 2-
D; UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ for 3-D). For models that are made up of elements having no rotational
degree of freedom, you might consider adding a dummy beam element to provide rotational degrees of
freedom at the master node.
11.5.3.2.Tying Dissimilarly Meshed Regions Together
You can tie dissimilarly meshed regions together via the CEINTF command, or you can use contact elements
with the internal multipoint constraint (MPC) algorithm.
11.5.3.2.1.Using the CEINTF Command
You can generate constraint equations connecting the selected nodes of one region to the selected elements
of another region via the CEINTF command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Adjacent Re-
gions). This operation ties together regions with dissimilar mesh patterns. At the interface location between
two regions, select the nodes from the denser mesh region, A, and select the elements from the sparser mesh
region, B. The degrees of freedom of region A nodes are interpolated with the corresponding degrees of
freedom of the nodes on the region B elements, using the shape functions of the region B elements. Constraint
equations are then written that relate region A and B nodes at the interface. ANSYS allows two tolerances
on the location of these nodes. Nodes which are outside the element by more than the first tolerance are
222

not accepted as being on the interface. Nodes that are closer than the second tolerance to an element surface
are moved to that surface.
Certain limitations affect the CEINTF command: stress or thermal flux might not be continuous across the
interface. Nodes in the interface region must not have specified displacements.
11.5.3.2.2.Using Contact Elements
To learn more about tying dissimilarly meshed regions together via contact elements and the internal MPC
algorithm, see "Multipoint Constraints and Assemblies".
11.5.3.3.Generating Sets of Constraint Equations from Existing Sets
You can issue the CESGEN command to generate sets of constraint equations from existing sets. All node
numbers within the existing sets are then incremented to generate the additional sets. The labels and
coefficients of the additional sets remain the same as those of the original sets.
Command(s): CESGEN
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn > Gen w/same DOF
11.5.4.Listing and Deleting Constraint Equations
You can list and delete your constraint equations.
• To list constraint equations, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CELIST
GUI: Utility Menu> List> Other> Constraint Eqns> All CE nodes selected
Utility Menu> List> Other> Constraint Eqns> Any CE node selected
• To delete constraint equations, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CEDELE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Del Constr Eqn
11.5.5.Program Modification of Constraint Equations
During the solution, the user-defined constraint equations (CEs) may be modified as follows:
• CEs that are applied to DOFs which are not active (for example, a CE relating rotational DOFs on nodes
with only translational DOFs) are deleted.
• CEs for which all DOFs are constrained (D command) are deleted.
• CEs that have DOFs in another equation have their terms reordered so that they all have a common
retained DOF.
• CEs which are chained together are merged into a single CE.
• CEs which are internal to the solution process are generated by MPC contact and by cyclic symmetry.
These CEs cannot be listed or deleted.
11.5.6.Troubleshooting Problems with Constraint Equations
Overconstrained problems for which there is no unique DOF that can be solved typically generate an error
message similar to one of the following:
223
11.5.6.Troubleshooting Problems with Constraint Equations

• Constraint equation set is defective.
• Constraint equation is circular.
• Constraint equation has no unique degree of freedom.
• Contact overconstraint may occur.
In addition to CE-specific error messages, you may also notice "small (or zero) pivot" messages from the
solver. Such overconstraints may be caused by one of the following conditions:
• Duplicate CEs are specified for the same DOFs.
Work-around: Delete any duplicate specifications, or issue an NUMMRG,CE command to compress them
out.
• DOFs in a CE are also present in a coupled (CP) set.
Work-around: Delete the CP set and include the DOF in the CE to obtain the desired response.
• CEs are chained together in such a way that they form a "circular" set.
Typically, this condition occurs when you define CEINTF and/or MPC contact on adjacent surfaces.
Work-around: Perform the CEINTF operation, or specify the contact region encompassing both surfaces
simultaneously rather than individually.
11.6.Additional Considerations for Constraint Equations
All constraint equations are based on small rotation theory. Therefore, their use in large-rotation analyses
[NLGEOM] should be restricted to cases where the directions of the DOF included in constraint equations
do not change significantly.
The presence of constraint equations can produce unexpected reaction and nodal force results. Please see
The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the Basic Analysis Guide for a related discussion.
224

Chapter 12: Combining and Archiving Models
It is sometimes necessary to combine two or more separate models, and it is necessary to know how to
archive the models that you have made or the analyses you have performed. The following related topics
are available:
12.1.Combining Models
12.2.Archiving Models
12.1.Combining Models
You may need to combine two or more separate models if you are working on a portion of a model while
another person works on a different portion of the same model. Or perhaps you have subdivided a large
modeling task into smaller separate tasks, which created several separate models. One way to combine these
models would be to merge all the input (commands) together, if you have kept copies of the input files.
Conflicts may result with this method, however, because entities on different files may share the same
number, material properties may overlap, etc.
One alternative method is to use the CDWRITE command to write out ASCII files that you can combine with
the CDREAD command:
• To write data to an ASCII file, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CDWRITE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Archive Model> Write
• To read the data back in, use one of these methods:
Command(s): CDREAD
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Archive Model> Read
The advantage of this method is that the combination of the write and read operations takes care of con-
flicting data by automatically writing appropriate NUMOFF commands to each file that is produced. When
these files are read in, the NUMOFF commands prevent conflicts in data numbers by offsetting existing data
numbers. The data that is being read in retains its original numbering. You can use the NUMCMP command
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Compress Numbers) to remove gaps in numbering that
can result from these NUMOFF operations.
On large models, you can save time by writing out only the portion of the models that you wish to combine.
For instance, with the CDWRITE operation, you have the capability of writing out only the solid model in-
formation or only the database information. The database information consists of the finite element model
without any solid model or solid model loading information. If you are planning on combining two unmeshed
solid models, consider saving only the solid model information with the CDWRITE operation. You can then
use the CDREAD operation to read in the solid model files.
12.2.Archiving Models
What is the best way to keep, or archive the models that you have made or the analyses you have performed?
You can save your model , a single load case, and a set of solution option settings by saving the log file,
225

the database file, or the file(s) produced by the write operation [CDWRITE]. Multiple solutions and postpro-
cessing steps can be archived by saving the log file. There are advantages and disadvantages to each type
of file; they are described below.
12.2.1.Log File (File.LOG)
12.2.1.1.Pros
This file is probably the best file to save in terms of compactness. Also, this file is a record of the commands
you used to create your model, so you will probably recognize the steps that you used, and why you did
operations in a particular order. Also, since the file is saved in text file format (normally ASCII), you can
transfer it from one machine to another through such methods as E-mail, etc. In addition, since you can
modify these files with any text editor, you can change your model by changing this file, and you can add
/COM commands (comment lines) to describe your input. This will help you understand the input at a later
date. Parametric models (and thus models used in optimization analyses) can be archived using the log file.
Finally, this is the best file to give to other people (perhaps your ASD) who are helping you with questions
or problems.
Note
File.LOG is automatically created during an ANSYS session. If this file is lost or corrupted, you
can write a command log file for the current ANSYS database using the LGWRITE command
(Utility Menu> File> Write DB Log File). See the Operations Guide for more information on using
LGWRITE.
12.2.1.2.Cons
You will have to rerun the input in this file in order to get a database. Because such things as entity num-
bering, meshes, etc. can change between different hardware systems or between releases of ANSYS, you'll
probably need to rerun the input at the same release of the program that you originally used to create the
model. Also, if you created your model interactively, you may have difficulty running the input on this file
in batch mode to recreate the model. If there are any errors in the input, they can terminate a batch run,
which means that your model will not be built completely. If you encounter this problem, run your input
interactively with the /INPUT command (Utility Menu> File> Read Input from).
12.2.2.Database File (File.DB)
12.2.2.1.Pros
The database file can be resumed [RESUME] within the ANSYS version that the file was created in. As long
as you are resuming the file into the same ANSYS version that it was created in, you do not need to manip-
ulate or modify the file in any way.
Note
Although not guaranteed, you can also usually resume a database file created in the previous
version of ANSYS into the current version. For example, you can probably resume an ANSYS 5.2
database file into ANSYS 5.3 without encountering problems. However, ANSYS is not expected
to resume an ANSYS 5.2 database file into ANSYS 5.4 or later.
226
Chapter 12:Combining and Archiving Models

12.2.2.2.Cons
Large models can produce large database files, which can soon cause you to run out of disk space. Also,
because this file is saved in binary format (IEEE), transfer from one machine to another is sometimes more
difficult than with a text file.
12.2.3.CDWRITE File(s)
12.2.3.1.Pros
Relatively compact text file(s) (with the .cdb extension) are produced by the CDWRITE operation. Since
CDWRITE saves the current model in terms of geometric and finite element entities (rather than the commands
used to create the model), nearly all hardware platforms and or program release dependencies are eliminated.
CDWRITE files can typically be used to recreate a model on any hardware platform and in any upward
compatible release of the program. Also, because these files can be modified with a text editor, you can put
descriptive comments in these files to help you identify and understand them at a later date. Imported files
used to create the model need not be saved.
12.2.3.2.Cons
Files produced by CDWRITE are essentially a text file format dump of the database. While ANSYS commands
(and possibly IGES information) are contained in the files, they may not be the same commands that you
used to create your model, and they will not be in the same order as the commands that you used. For this
reason, it is difficult (and not recommended) to modify these files when you are trying to change a model.
Parametric model information is not saved, so changing the model by modifying parameter values is not
possible. For this reason, it is also not possible to save a model to be used for an optimization analysis using
CDWRITE. Also, to recreate your model, you must read these files in with the CDREAD command, which
can take a moderate amount of time for large models.
Note that, if a set of data exists prior to the CDREAD operation, that data set is offset upward to allow the
new data to fit without overlap. The NOOFFSET command allows this offset to be ignored on a set by set
basis, causing the existing data set to be overwritten with the new data set
227
12.2.3.CDWRITE File(s)

228

Chapter 13: Interfaces With Other Programs
Interface software allows you to exchange data between the ANSYS program and other application programs.
The software may be made available as an independent package or built into the application programs. The
following topics are available:
13.1.Interfacing With Computer Aided Design (CAD) Products
13.2.Other Interfaces
13.1.Interfacing With Computer Aided Design (CAD) Products
Many CAD programs have direct interfaces with the ANSYS program through software written by ANSYS,
Inc. or by the CAD vendors. See the ANSYS Connection User's Guide for information on ANSYS connection
functionality. For other programs, consult your CAD software vendor.
13.2.Other Interfaces
Interface software is also available for software in the following categories:
• Kinematics
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A fully integrated CFD capability is available within the ANSYS
program, using the FLOTRAN CFD module.
• Graphics and publishing
• Preprocessing and postprocessing
• Injection molding analysis
• Acoustics and noise reduction
• Experimental modal analysis
• Fracture and fatigue
• Multibody systems
• Crash analysis and metal forming
• Dynamics
Typically, the interface software for such applications is available from the respective vendors.
229

230

Index
A
aborting
meshing,160
active coordinate system,18
add boolean operation,63
adding
areas,140
midside nodes,194
ANSYS Pro/ENGINEER Interface,229
archiving models,225
area primitives
creating,52
areas
adding,140
and mapped meshing,133
assigning attributes to,104
concatenating,140
copying,187
copying a pattern of,45
creating additional from existing pattern,80
defining,45
deleting
area elements,193
unmeshed,195
displaying degeneracies in,87
in bottom up solid modeling,45
intersecting,58
lines,58
listing information about,85
maintaining,45
mapped meshing of,136
refining the mesh around,180
transferring across coordinate systems,187
attributes
transferring,184
axisymmetric structures,11
hints and restrictions,12
B
beams
meshing
with orientation nodes,146
boolean operations
add,63
alternatives,77
classify,73
glue (merge),76
intersect,58
KEEP options,56
numbering,58
overlap,74
pairwise intersect,61
partition,75
sculpting models with,56
subtract,64
updating entities after executing,78
working plane subtract,71
booleans,33,56
alternatives,93
cautions,85,209
corrections,91
degeneracies,86
plotting,87
discontinuities,90
failures,86,91
hints,91,93
numbering,209
operation tolerance,91
recovering from a failure,91
bottom up modeling,33,37
C
changing
element shape parameter limits,165
mesh specifications,168
classify boolean operation,73
clearing,193
entities in a model,33
mesh,169
combining
lines,135
combining models
solid models,94
combining solid models,225
concatenating
areas,140
lines,135
concatenation,135
deleting concatenated lines or areas,144
restrictions,144
selecting concatenated lines or areas,144
connecting elements,10
consideration tolerance,209
constraint equations,219
additional considerations,224
and dissimilarly meshed regions,222
program modification of,223
troubleshooting,223
converting
degenerate tet elements to non-degenerate ele-
ments,127
231

converting degenerate tet elements,126
coordinate systems,15,81
active,18
Cartesian,15
cylindrical,15
display,21
element,23
global,15
local,16
nodal,21
results,24
spherical,15
table of,102
toroidal,16
transferring areas,187
transferring volumes,187
copying
areas,187
nodes and elements,33,187
solid model entities,79
solid models,33
volumes,187
coupling,217
cross-reference checking of solid models,196
D
database
saving,95
default element attributes,104
default element size,114
defining
element shapes,109
degeneracies,86–87
degenerate elements,108
converting tet,126
element shapes
converting from degenerate to non-degenerate,127
deleting
area elements,193
areas
unmeshed,195
concatenated lines or areas,144
entities of a model,33
keypoint elements,193
line elements,193
lines
unmeshed,195
midside nodes,194
volume elements,193
volumes
unmeshed,195
depth and local mesh refinement,182
direct generation,199
definition,2
elements
adding midside nodes,207
deleting midside nodes,207
modifying,206–207
nodes
defining,199
deleting,199
displaying,199
generating from a pattern,199
listing,199
moving,199
rotating the nodal coordinate system,199
discontinuities,90
display coordinate system,21
displaying
degeneracies in areas,87
degeneracies in volumes,87
load symbols,83
E
edge length
and mesh refinement,182
element attributes,102
assigning,103
assigning to areas,104
assigning to keypoints,104
assigning to lines,104
assigning to volumes,104
clearing,193
element coordinate system (ESYS),102
element type (TYPE),102
material properties (MAT),102
real constants (REAL),102
section ID (SECNUM),102
solid model attributes,104
element coordinate systems,23
element data
reading from a file,206
writing to a file,206
element definition,204
element faces,189
element reordering,214
element shapes
and area mapped meshing,133
checking,161
changing shape limits,165
retesting existing elements,166
retrieving shape parameter data,165
turning off entirely,162
viewing current shape limits,164
232
Index

viewing results,163
degenerate shapes,108
pyramids,124
setting,108
tet,123
element shape
checking
failures and volume sweeping,156,163,166
element sizes,114
controlling transitioning during mesh,119
hierarchy during meshing,116
element types
table of,102
elements
adding midside nodes,207
deleting midside nodes,207
modifying,206–207
moving and copying,187
shape definition,109
sweeping through volumes,152
entities
clearing or deleting,33
deleting
unmeshed,195
equilibrium checks,219
error recovery,91
errors
tessellation,95
extruding
volumes,50
F
facet volume mesh,151
fan type meshing,132
files
Jobname.CDB,213
Jobname.IGES,213
fourth nodes (for quadratic elements),146
free mesh,101
free meshing,131
G
gasket
meshing,159
geometric primitives,33
geometry information,85
global coordinate systems,15
global element size,114
glue (merge) boolean operation,76
GTOLER,209
H
hard points
creating,40
defining,40
maintaining,40
mapped meshing limitation,133
hexahedral elements
transitional mapped meshing and,141
hexahedron elements,139
hierarchy
for element sizing during meshing,116
of modeling entities,33
I
IGES files
definition,97
interface,97
SMOOTH method,97
imported tetrahedral meshes
improving,170
improving a tetrahedral mesh,169
interface
meshing,159
interfaces
CAD software,229
with CAD programs,97
with IGES files,97
with other programs,229
with SAT,97
interior meshing controls,118
intersect boolean operation,58
intersecting
areas,58
areas and lines,58
lines,58
volumes,58
volumes and areas,58
K
keypoints
defining,38
deleting
keypoint elements,193
maintaining,38
KSCON command
mesh refinement restriction,186
233
Index

L
layers
meshing,128
levels of refinement for mesh,182
linear elements (no midside nodes),6
lines
assigning orientation keypoints to,146
combining,135
concatenating,135
copying a pattern of,41
deleting
line elements,193
unmeshed,195
generating,41
intersecting,58
maintaining,41
listing
all geometry information,85
area information,85
degeneracies
keypoints associated with,87
element shape checking results,163
keypoint information,85
layer mesh specifications on lines,131
line information,85
solid model loads,84
volume information,85
load symbols
displaying,83
loads
listing,84
on solid model,82
transferring,184
local coordinate systems,16
local mesh controls,116
local mesh refinement,169,179
M
mapped mesh,101
mapped meshing,133
by picking corners [AMAP],136
concatenation,135
limitation on using with hard points,133
mass and inertia calculations,85
master degrees of freedom
when used with coupling,219
material properties
table of,102
memory saving
when generating stiffness matrix,126
merging,209
mesh
sizes
setting by SmartSizing,112
mesh density,13
mesh expansion
controlling,118
mesh transitioning
controlling,119
meshers
choosing,120
meshes
clearing,169
meshing,33,101,145
2-D parametric space tri mesher,120
3-D tri mesher,120
abort,160
accept/reject prompt,169
advancing front tet mesher,123
area concatenation,140
area mapped meshing,133
assigning element attributes before,103
automatic selection of element type,104–105
beams,102,146
changing the mesh,168
choosing a surface mesher,120
choosing a tetrahedra mesher,123
clearing,193
controlling mesh expansion,118
controlling mesh transitioning,119
controlling midside node placement,111
controlling tetrahedral element improvement,124
controls,107
converting degenerate tet elements,126
Delaunay technique tet mesher,123
dissimilarly meshed regions:tying together,222
element shape checking,161
fan type meshing,132
free,33,101,131
free vs.mapped,101
generating a mesh,145
generating a mesh from facets,151
generating an interface mesh for gasket simulations,
159
hints,171
improving a tetrahedral mesh,169
interior meshing controls,118
layer meshing,128
local controls on,116
234
Index

local refinement,179
restrictions,186
specifying depth,182
specifying level,182
specifying postprocessing,182
using advanced controls,179
mapped,33,101,133
and default element size,114
mapped triangle meshing,133
MeshTool,107
orientation nodes,146
Q-Morph quad mesher,120
refinement,169
remesh,167–168
Riemann space tri mesher,120
setting element attributes,102
setting element shape,108
setting layer mesh controls via commands,130
setting layer meshing controls via the GUI,128
setting meshing controls,107
SmartSizing,111
specifying free or mapped meshing,110
sweeping a volume,152
TARGE170 element and fan type meshing,132
transition mapped hexahedral meshing,141
transition mapped quadrilateral meshing,137
transition mapped triangle meshing,138
transitional pyramids,124
volume mapped meshing,139
meshing,local refinement
retaining quadrilateral elements,183
transferring of attributes and loads,183
midside node elements,7
midside nodes,194
adding,207
controlling location of,111
deleting,207
model generation
2-D verses 3-D,5
axisymmetric harmonic elements,11
axisymmetry,11
booleans,33
bottom up,33,37
direct generation,199
element modification,206
element normal orientation,189
elements,204
harmonic elements,11 (see model generation,
axisymmetric harmonic elements)
linear versus quadratic elements,6
mesh density,13
meshing,101,145
meshing controls,107
overview,1
planning your approach,5
primitives,33
revising the model,179
surfaces of constant value,18
symmetry,11
top down,33
typical procedures,1
working plane,25
model orientation,189
moving
nodes and elements,187
solid model entities,79
solid models,33
moving and copying nodes and elements,187
N
nodal coordinate systems,21
rotating,199
nodal data
reading from a file,202
writing to a file,202
nodes
defining,199
deleting,199
displaying,199
listing,199
moving,199
using to orient beam elements,146
normals
controlling,190
reorienting area normals,191
reorienting shell element normals,191
reversing the normal of a line,192
reversing the normal of an area,192
reversing the normals of existing shell elements,192
number compression,212
number control,209
number offsets,213
numbering
entities after boolean operations,58
NURBS,85
O
off-nodes,146
orientation keypoints,102
assigning to lines,146
orientation nodes and beam meshing,146
235
Index

overlap boolean operation,74
P
parametric surfaces,85
partition boolean operation,75
periodic conditions,220
plotting
volumes,87
primitives,33
pyramids
creating transitional pyramid elements,124
Q
quadratic elements (midside nodes),7
quadrilateral elements,133
transitional mapped meshing with,137
R
reading
element data from a file,206
nodal data from a file,202
real constants
table of,102
refining a mesh,169
refining a mesh locally,179
remeshing the model,167–168
reordering of elements,214
reorienting
shell element normals,191
results coordinate system,24
revising
solid models,179
revising a model
clearing and deleting,193
local mesh refinement,179
moving and copying nodes and elements,187
tracking element faces and orientations,189
rigid region,219,222
S
working plane
ANSYS database,95
saving,26
scaling entities,81
sections
table of,102
selecting
concatenated lines or areas,144
shape parameter limits,164
changing,165
shapes
defining for elements,109
SmartSizing,111
advanced controls for,113
basic controls for,112
snap increment,28
solid model attributes
assigning,104
solid modeling,33
area normal orientation,189
booleans,33,56
bottom up,33,37
bottom up:areas,45
bottom up:hard points,40
bottom up:keypoints,38
bottom up:lines,41
bottom up:volumes,48
clearing,33,193
combining separate solid models,94
concatenation,135
copying a meshed area,33
copying entities,79
cross-reference checking,196
circumventing,197
definition,2
deleting entities,33,193,195
dragging,33
hierarchy of entities,33
hints,93
loads,82
mass and inertia calculations,85
mesh density,13
meshing,33,101,145
meshing controls,107
modifying entities,195
moving and copying meshed regions,187
moving entities,79
overview,33
primitives,33
revising the model,33,179
rotating,33
solid model attributes,104
tessellation,95
top down,33
top down:area primitives,52
top down:toroidal sector,54
top down:torus primitives,54
top down:volume primitives,53
toroidal coordinate system,16,33
solid models
remeshing,167–168
solver,memory saving option,126
236
Index

some suggested corrective actions (for booleans),91
starting numbers,213
status
working plane,26
stiffness matrix
memory saving option,126
subtract boolean operation,64
surface mesher
choosing,120
sweeping
volumes,51
sweeping elements through a volume,152
symmetric reflection,80
symmetry,11
T
tessellation,95
tetrahedra mesher
choosing,123
tetrahedral elements
improving mesh of,169
third nodes (for linear elements),146
tolerances,209
top down modeling,33
topological degeneracy,87
topology,85
toroidal coordinate system
solid modeling,16,33
toroidal sector
creating,54
torus primitives
creating,54
tracking element faces and orientations,189
transfer of attributes and loads,184
transition mapped meshing
hexahedral,141
quadrilateral,137
triangle,138
transitional pyramid elements
meshing with,124
triangle elements
transitional mapped meshing with,138
triangular elements,133
troubleshooting,91
mesh problems,171
U
unmeshed entities
deleting,195
V
volume primitives
creating,53
volume sweeping,152
avoiding shape failures,156
volumes
copying,187
creating a facet mesh for,151
defining,48
deleting
unmeshed,195
volume elements,193
displaying degeneracies in,87
extruding,50
intersecting,58
intersecting areas,58
maintaining,48
meshing
with hexahedron elements,139
sweeping,51
sweeping elements within,152
transferring across coordinate systems,187
W
wavefront
reordering,214
working plane,25
coordinate type,29
display grid,29
how to define,26
moving,27
polar,29
resetting default,26
retrieval tolerance - thickness,29
rotating,27
snap increment,28
tracking,30
working plane subtract boolean operation,71
writing
element data from a file,206
nodal data from a file,202
237
Index

238

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ANSYS Mechanical APDL Modeling And Meshing Guide Copyright And Trademark Information