ANTIBIOTICS PRESENTATION-2016. Nurses pptx
- 2. Define antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs used to treat infection caused by pathogenic microbes. Antibiotics are categorized into two: Narrow spectrum antibiotic –these are active against a few types of bacteria. Broad spectrum antibiotics-are active against a larger number of bacteria
- 3. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF ANTIBIOTIS • penicillin’s • aminoglycosides • microlides • Cephalosporines • sulphonamides • trichomonacides
- 4. types of antibiotics penicillines These are the antibiotics to be grown and used against pathogenic bacteria in human beings. They currently remain one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics. They were discovered by Alexander Flemings in 1928.
- 5. They are bacteriostatic(stop increasing) and in higher doses they are bactericidal(kill). They interfere with the synthesis of bacteria cell wall. The resulting cell is weakened because of the structure and the bacteria are subsequently destroyed by osmosis lysis.
- 6. Under these we have the following: • Benzyl penicillin • Procain penicillin • Ampicillin(pen Britain) • Cloxacilline • Phenoxymetylyl(pen v) • Ampicillin
- 8. • We are going to discuss PROCAIN PENICILLIN • Presentation:injection • Route :IM never given I.V • Dosage:600mg O.D for 5-7 days
- 9. • Side effects: rashes, itching, severe dizziness, trouble with breathing Nursing implication: • It can make birth control pills less effective . • Do not inject in the vein or life threatening side effects may result.
- 10. CEPHALOSPORINS • They are chemically related to penicillin’s and have similar mechanical of activity. They act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria. Examples are: • Cephalexin • Cefotaxime
- 11. • CEPHALAXIN • Presentation: tablets 250mg-500mg • Suspension: 125mg-250mg/5ml • Dose:250mg-1000mg every 6 hours • Contra-indication: pregnant women, children younger than 8 years
- 12. • Discontinue use of oral contraction as drug interferes with it.
- 13. MICROLIDES • These are drugs that act by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. They are bacteriostatic and bactericidal depending on the organism and concentration of medicine present.
- 14. • Examples of these are: • Erythromycin • Azithromycin
- 15. • ERYTHROMYCIN • Presentation: tablets 250mg-500mg/oral • Suspension: 100mg/5ml • Side effects: gastro irritation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal upset.
- 16. • Nursing implication: • Take with food
- 17. sulphonamides They are not true antibiotics because they are not synthesized by micro organisms. Sulphonamides act by inhibiting bacterial biosynthesis of folic acid which eventually result in bacterial cell death
- 18. • Human cells do not synthesize folic acid and therefore are not affected. • USES • urinary tract infection • prevention of streptococcal infection • rheumatic fever
- 19. • Example CONTIMOXAZOLE(SEPTRIN) • It is a combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole
- 20. Uses • urinary tract infection • otitis media in children, chronic bronchitis • prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystic jiroveci(carinii)
- 21. • Presentation: suspension and tablets • Dosage:480mg-960mg tablets, suspension: 125/5mls • Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, drowsiness, dermatological reaction, and mental depression.
- 22. • Nursing implication • collect blood for routing laboratory investigation. • caution patients against exposure to sunrays or violet light. • patients to wear long sleeved clots, sun glasses and hat when outdoors.
- 23. AMINOGLYCOSIDES • Action: kill bacteria primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis. Other mechanisms are not fully defined. Examples: • Gentamycine • Kanamycine • Neomycine • Streptomycin
- 24. GENTAMYCINE • Presentation: injection 80mg in 2mls vials • Dosage:2mls up to 240mg/24hrs • Side effects: • otoxicity –damage to 8th cranial nerve can occur as a result aminoglycoside therapy.
- 25. • dizziness • tinnitus • progressive hearing loss • nephrotoxicity • Nursing implication • asses the hearing level of the patient • monitor urinalysis and kidney function for abnormal result.
- 26. QUINOLONES Are rapidly emerging as an important class of therapeutic agents. Demonstrate rapid bactericidal activity against the pathogens that causes nosocomial and community aquared urinary tract infection.
- 27. It’s action is equal to or better than penicillins, cephalosporin's, and aminoglycosides but most anaerobic is resistance.
- 29. NALIDIX ACID • Presentation: tablets • Dosage:500mg po, 1-4times daily for 7 days • Side effects: dizziness, headache, rashes, visua disturbances • Contra indications • hypersensitivity to the drug • first trimester of pregnancy
- 30. Nursing implication Nursing mothers to give formular milk . Avoid exposure to sunlight.
- 31. TRICHOMONACIDES • These are drugs used in treatement of trichomonas infection. Example • Metronidazole(flagyl)
- 32. • Presentation: tablets, suspension, infusion • Dosage :200mg-400mg 3 times a day for 5-7days • Indication: amoebic, trichomonasis, surgical sepsis • Side effects: • diarrhea, headache, vomiting and vomiting. • Nursing implication • Do not take it with alcohol.
- 33. • SUMMARY • We have come to the end of the lesson. We have defined antibiotics as drugs used to treat infections caused by pathogenic microbes, we described the different groups of antibiotics and also mentioned the types of antibiotics.
- 34. • ASSIGNMENT • Write on the following drugs: • Tetracycline • Chloraphenical • Doxycyclin • Benzyl penicillin • Ampicillin • Ampiclox • Cloxacillin • Cefotaxime • Kanamycine • Streptomycin • Ciplofloxacillin
- 35. • REFFERANCES • Ben Greenstein (2009), Trounce’s clinical Nursing 97drug handbook, 1997 Springhouse Corporation. • Pharmacology for nurses, 18th edition, Churchill Livingstone • Malestrom, Dictionary of medical terms 4th edition. • Zambia national formulary, 2013