Antibiotics- Side effects and Resistance
- 1. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS: SIDE EFFECTS AND RESISTANCEShrishti Mund II MBBS
- 3. ANTI MICROBIAL AGENTS • A general term for drugs, chemicals, or other substances that either kill or slow the growth of microbes.
- 4. • Antibiotics, also known as antimicrobial drugs, are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria in both humans and animals. Antibiotics fight these infections either by killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply. Antibiotics only treat certain bacterial infections. Antibiotics do not have any effect on viruses.
- 5. Side effects of Antibiotics
- 6. The most common side effects of antibiotics affect the digestive system. Side effects of antibiotics that affect the digestive system include: • vomiting • nausea (feeling like you may vomit) • diarrhoea • bloating and indigestion • abdominal pain • loss of appetite These side effects are usually mild and should pass once you finish your course of treatment. Antibiotic allergic reactions Around 1 in 15 people have an allergic reaction to antibiotics, especially penicillin and cephalosporins. In most cases, the allergic reaction is mild to moderate and can take the form of: • a raised, itchy skin rash (urticaria, or hives) • coughing • wheezing • tightness of the throat, which can cause breathing difficulties These mild to moderate allergic reactions can usually be successfully treated by taking antihistamines.
- 8. Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction to a trigger such as an allergy. It's also known as anaphylactic shock.
- 9. Some common antibiotic classes and their known side effects Penicillin • diarrhoea that is watery or bloody; • fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms; • easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness; • urinating less than usual or not at all; • severe skin rash, itching, or peeling; • agitation, confusion, unusual thoughts or behaviour; or • seizure (black-out or convulsions). Less serious penicillin V side effects are more likely to occur, such as: • nausea, vomiting, stomach pain; • vaginal itching or discharge; • headache; • swollen, black, or "hairy" tongue; or • thrush (white patches or inside your mouth or throat).
- 10. Tetracycline Common side effects include: • nausea, • vomiting, • diarrhea, • stomach upset, • loss of appetite, • white patches or sores inside your mouth or on your lips, • swollen tongue, • black hairy tongue, • sore throat, • trouble swallowing, • dizziness, • headache, • sores or swelling in your rectal or genital area, or • vaginal itching or discharge. Serious side effects of Sumycin includes: • sunburn (sun sensitivity), • nail discoloration, • muscle pain, • changes in the amount of urine, • brown or gray tooth discoloration, • numbness or tingling of the hands or feet, • unusual fatigue, • new signs of infection (e.g., persistent sore throat, fever, chills), • hearing changes (e.g., ringing in the ears, decreased hearing), • easy bruising or bleeding, • severe stomach or abdominal pain, • yellowing eyes or skin, or • dark urine.
- 11. Cephalosporin • Stomach discomfort • Nausea or vomiting • Diarrhea • Thrush (white fungus in the mouth), yeast infection, or other fungal infection • Blood abnormalities • Rash or itching Quinolone Most frequent side-effects are: gastrointestinal reactions : • nausea • dyspepsia • vomiting and CNS reactions such as • dizziness • insomnia • headache.
- 13. WHAT IS IT? • Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.When bacteria become resistant, antibiotics cannot fight them, and the bacteria multiply. • Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. • These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria.
- 14. WHY IS IT HAPPENING?
- 15. Bacteria may be intrinsically resistant to one or more class of antimicrobials, e.g., pseudomonas to penicillin G. They may acquire resistance by mutation or by acquisition of resistance genes from other organism, resulting in any of the following actions: • Produce enzyme that destroy the antimicrobial drug • Express flux systems that prevent the drug from reaching its intracellular target. • Modify the drug’s target site. • Produce an alternative metabolic pathway that evades the action of the drug. Acquisition of the new genetic material may be through: • Conjugation • Transformation • Transduction
- 19. HOW BAD IS IT? • Antibiotic resistance is rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases. • A growing list of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, blood poisoning, gonorrhoea, and food-borne diseases – are becoming harder, and sometimes impossible, to treat as antibiotics become less effective. Without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill.
- 20. • Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today. • Antibiotic resistance can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. • Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process. • A growing number of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis – are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective. • Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality.
- 21. WHAT CAN WE DO? Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact and limit the spread of resistance.
- 22. Individuals To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, individuals can: • Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certified health professional. • Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them. • Always follow your health worker’s advice when using antibiotics. • Never share or use leftover antibiotics. • Prevent infections by regularly washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoiding close contact with sick people, practising safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date. • Prepare food hygienically, following the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (keep clean, separate raw and cooked, cook thoroughly, keep food at safe temperatures, use safe water and raw materials) and choose foods that have been produced without the use of antibiotics for growth promotion or disease prevention in healthy animals.
- 23. Policy makers To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can: • Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance is in place. • Improve surveillance of antibiotic-resistant infections. • Strengthen policies, programmes, and implementation of infection prevention and control measures. • Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines. • Make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance.
- 24. Health professionals To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, health professionals can: • Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and environment are clean. • Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are needed, according to current guidelines. • Report antibiotic-resistant infections to surveillance teams. • Talk to your patients about how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic resistance and the dangers of misuse. • Talk to your patients about preventing infections (for example, vaccination, hand washing, safer sex, and covering nose and mouth when sneezing). Healthcare industry To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the health industry can: • Invest in research and development of new antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics and other tools.
- 25. Agriculture sector To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the agriculture sector can: • Only give antibiotics to animals under veterinary supervision. • Not use antibiotics for growth promotion or to prevent diseases in healthy animals. • Vaccinate animals to reduce the need for antibiotics and use alternatives to antibiotics when available. • Promote and apply good practices at all steps of production and processing of foods from animal and plant sources. • Improve biosecurity on farms and prevent infections through improved hygiene and animal welfare.
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