AP Environmental Science Ch 5 part 1
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Species interactions such as competition, predation, and symbiosis influence natural selection by affecting population sizes and survival/reproductive rates. These interactions are a major factor in determining which traits become more common or rare in a population over generations as organisms adapt to each other.
AP Environmental Science Ch 5 part 1
- 1. Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control Ch. 5 Miller & Spoolman, 16th ed.
- 2. Your Goal for this lecture To be able to explain how interactions between organisms help drive natural selection
- 3. Big Idea # 1 Species interactions affect the resource use and sizes of other populations in an area
- 4. Species Interactions There are 3 main types of species interactions: Competition Predation Symbiosis
- 5. Importance of Species Interactions have a significant impact on each population involved are agents of natural selection - they influence who survives and is able to reproduce
- 6. Competition Competition for resources 2 types: Interspecific - 2 different species compete for the resource Intraspecific - members of the same species compete for the resource
- 7. Whiteboards For the species pictured, list some resources they might compete for and identify if it is inter or intraspecific competition
- 8. Intraspecific - fighting often involved to “win” the resource Can be very intense
- 9. Interspecific - usually no fighting, just better at getting it Less intense since species have slightly different niches
- 10. Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy exactly the same niche because competition for resources would be too intense The less competitive species must leave, adapt, or die
- 12. Examine the three graphs and determine what species is the better competitor and what evidence you have for that answer
- 14. Resource Partitioning Two species evolve adaptations that allow them to use the same resource in different ways, at different times, or in different places in order to minimize competition
- 16. How about humans? Are humans subject to the Principle of Competitive Exclusion? Defend your answer Yes! Our use of resources directly competes with other organisms, and forces them to leave the area or go extinct in that area (adaptation not possible since we change environment so quickly)
- 17. Predation All consumers feed on other organisms Herbivores feed on live plants Carnivores feed on animals Omnivores feed on both
- 18. Predator-Prey Relationships Changes in 1 population leads to changes in other populations
- 19. How do changes in population size affect ecosystems? A change in the size of one population will affect the size of other populations
- 20. J-curve Exponential Pattern of Growth
- 21. Intrinsic Pattern of Growth S-curve
- 22. Carrying capacity - the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment.
- 23. Could the carrying capacity of an ecosystem change? If yes, how?
- 25. • The size of the predator population affects the prey population and vice versa • Who is controlling the rises and falls of these 2 populations? The Hare or the Lynx?
- 26. What is anWhat is an adaptation oradaptation or strategy that wouldstrategy that would be helpful to abe helpful to a predator?predator? What is anWhat is an adaptation oradaptation or strategy that wouldstrategy that would be helpful to a preybe helpful to a prey organism?organism?
- 27. Structural advantages Natural Weapons - Fangs, claws Flexible bodies Larger Size Predator Strategies
- 28. Predator Strategies Ambush- Stalk a victim • Venom Gape & Suck (fish) Keen eyesight
- 29. Predator Strategies SPEED & CUNNING • More intelligent than prey • Run faster than prey •Hunt in packs
- 30. Predator Strategies Camouflage Sit in plain site
- 32. Prey Strategies Defense Techniques Inflate Flee Fight Back Stab Poison
- 33. Prey Strategies Structural advantages Hard Body Coverings Thorns or Spines Break away body parts Natural Weapons
- 34. Chemical Warfare Blinding ink Poison Offensive Smells and Tastes Prey Strategies
- 36. Mimicry • Mostly a prey technique Optical and sonic illusions LOOKS like a predator: • School of fish; false eyes; frilled neck and inflation
- 37. Batesian mimicry- a harmless animal mimics a harmful or unpalatable one Mullerian mimicy-two or more unpalatable species resemble each other
- 38. 2 rules about coloration Small + beautiful = poisonous Beautiful + easy to catch = deadly
- 39. Whiteboard Think of a local species What adaptations does it have to catch prey or avoid being eaten?
- 40. Predator Prey relationships Predator benefits Prey does not …or does it? Predators strengthen the population in the long term by preying on the weaker individuals
- 41. Coevolution When two species have lived together and adapted to each other for a long time such that changes in the gene pool of one species leads to changes in the gene pool of the other species
- 42. Symbiosis Symbiosis – when different organism live in close, physical contact with one another Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
- 43. Parasitism A form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is hurt Leeches, fleas, ticks, tapeworms, etc
- 44. Parasitism Simple parasites - fleas, ticks, leeches Move from host to host Or have only one host their whole life Complex parasites - plasmodium (malaria), toxoplasmosis Multiple hosts Multiple life stages
- 45. Parasitism and Coevolution Example: malaria Parasite infects red blood cells RBCs are swept into the spleen every few days and destroyed Parasite evolved to latch onto blood vessel with a sticky protein Body recognizes protein as foreign and will attack it Parasite evolves to have many different types of proteins, so body can never catch up
- 46. We all get parasites
- 47. Mutualism A form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit
- 48. Commensalism A form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or helped Example: sharks and remoras
- 49. Exit Ticket Summarize How do population interactions act as a driving force for natural selection?
Editor's Notes
- #39: The Blue-Ringed Octopus is very small, only the size of a golf ball, but its venom is so powerful that can kill a human. Actually it carries enough poison to kill 26 adult humans within minutes, and there is no antidote. They are currently recognized as one of the world痴 most venomous animals.Its painless bite may seem harmless, but the deadly neurotoxins begin working immediately resulting in muscular weakness, numbness, followed by a cessation and breathing and ultimately death.They can be found in tide pools in the Pacific Ocean, from Japan to Australia. The puffer fish produce rapid and violent death..Puffer poisoning causes deadening of the tongue and lips, dizziness, vomiting, rapid heart rate, difficulty breathing, and muscle paralysis. Victims die from suffocation as diaphragm muscles are paralyzed. Most of the victims die after four to 24 hours. No known antidote Box Jellyfish. It has caused at least 5,567 recorded deaths since 1954. Their venom is among the most deadly in the world. Its toxins attack the heart, nervous system, and skin cells. And the worst part of it is that jelly box venom is so overpoweringly painful, that human victims go in shock, drown or die of heart failure before even reaching shore. Survivors experience pain weeks after the contact with box jellies.You have virtually no chance to survive the venomous sting, unless treated immediately. After a sting, vinegar should be applied for a minimum of 30 seconds. Vinegar has acetic acid, which disables the box jelly痴 nematocysts that have not yet discharged into the bloodstream (though it will not alleviate the pain). Wearing panty hose while swimming is also a good prevention measure since it can prevent jellies from being able to harm your legs.Jelly box can be found in the waters around Asia and Australia.