Apa style guide_6th_ed_oct09

APA Style Guide, 6th
ed.
William E. Laupus Health Sciences Library
Page 1 of 15
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This handout provides an overview of the American Psychological Association’s style of citation and writing. It is
based on the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA Publication
Manual). For additional information and examples, consult a copy of the handbook that is available in the in the
Laupus Library Reference Area (Call #: WZ 345 P976 2010).
WHY CITE SOURCES?
When writing a paper, we often build upon the information and ideas of others. When information is borrowed
from others, we must give them credit. Citing sources accomplishes the following:
~ provides a way to give proper credit to the sources used in writing the paper
~ enables the reader to find the information for themselves
~ adds credibility and provides strength for your arguments
WHEN TO CITE SOURCES?
Credit must be given whenever:
1. quoting from a source (copying from the source word for word)
2. summarizing or rephrasing information from a source into one's own words
HOW TO CITE SOURCES?
APA style requires 2 elements:
1. IN-TEXT REFERENCES
~ located in the text of the paper
~ tells the reader what information was borrowed and where it came from
2. A LIST OF REFERENCES
~ located at the end of the paper
~ tells the reader what sources were used to write the paper and provides complete information about
the sources
The in-text references and list of references work together to give complete credit to the sources that are used in
writing the paper. The in-text reference in the paper should correspond with the beginning of the citation in the list
of references.

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FORMATTING A PAPER IN APA STYLE
~ Use standard 8.5 x 11 inch (letter size) good quality white paper.
~ Use 12-pt Times New Roman font.
~ Double space lines throughout the paper. Exceptions: Triple or quadruple spacing can be done around
equations. Single or one-and-a-half spacing can be done in tables or figures.
~ Use a 1 inch (2.54 cm) margin on all sides of each page—left, right, top, and bottom.
~ Text appears on one side of the paper—the reverse side is blank.
~ Left justify your margins, meaning the left margin will be flush to the left side of the page and the right margin
will be uneven.
~ Indent the first line of every paragraph five to seven spaces or a standard ―Tab‖ key space (½ inch).
~ Use 2 spaces after a sentence period in your essay and 1 space after commas, colons, and semicolons.
~ Order of the paper (not all of these elements are a necessary part of every paper):
1. title page
2. abstract
3. text
4. references
5. footnotes
6. tables
7. figures
8. appendices
~ PAGE NUMBERING: Number all pages of the paper, beginning with the title page. The number is in the top
right corner (1 inch from right and ½ inch from the top page edges).
~ RUNNNING HEAD: A running head will appear at the top of every page. It is flush against the left-hand
margin (1 inch) and ½ inch from the top of the page. The running head is an abbreviated form of the title that
is no longer than 50 characters in length. The abbreviated title will be preceded by the phrase, ―Running
head:‖ on the first page only. E.g., Running head: THIS IS MY ESSAY TITLE (on page 1); THIS IS
MY ESSAY TITLE (on subsequent pages)
~ HEADINGS: Headings are not required, but they may be useful for the purpose of displaying hierarchal
organization in your paper. There are a total of five heading styles. The following outlines the format for the
first three levels of headings. For more than three levels of headings refer to the APA Publication Manual (6th
ed., pp. 62–63).
Bold, Centered, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Bold, Flush Left, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Indented, bold, sentence case paragraph heading ending with a period.
~ Visuals may include graphs, photographs, tables, etc. Clearly label each visual with a title that concisely
describes its subject. In the text of your paper, refer to the visual by its label (e.g., Figure 1, etc.).
~ Formatting titles or publications mentioned in your paper:
o ITALICIZE: titles of books, plays, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, journals, films, compact discs, and
paintings.
o PLACE QUOTATION MARKS AROUND: titles of articles, essays, short stories, poems, chapters of
books, and songs.
o CAPITALIZE: All major words in the title.
1st level.
2nd level.
3rd level.

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APA STYLE EXAMPLES
APA style requires brief references in the text of the paper and complete reference information at the end of the paper. Below are some general guidelines:
IN-TEXT REFERENCES
An in-text reference is generally given in one of two ways.
For rephrased information (information put into your own words):
~ use author's surname followed immediately by the copyright
year in brackets within the sentence
OR
~ provide the author's surname and copyright year in brackets at
the end of the sentence before the period
For quoted information (information copied word for word):
~ use the author's surname followed immediately by the
copyright year in brackets and the page from which the
information was copied in brackets at the end of the sentence
(see example on page 10 for details)
OR
~ provide the author's surname, copyright year, and page in
brackets at the end of the sentence before the period (see
example on page 10 for details)
REFERENCES
The list of sources is titled "References" and is located at the end of the
paper on a new page.
~ alphabetize entries by the first word of the entry
~ entries are double spaced and the second line of an entry is a
hanging indent of a ½ inch (standard tab space)
~ use only initials for the first and middle names even if the full
name is given
~ in titles of books and articles, capitalize only the first word of
the title, the first word following a colon or dash, and all
proper nouns
~ in titles of periodicals, capitalize all significant words
~ italicize the titles of books and periodicals
~ one space after all punctuation
~ list only works that were referenced in the text of the paper
(except personal communications)
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES IN THE LIBRARY
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. [Circulation
and Reference Collections; Call #: WZ 345 P976 2010]
APA Style [Web site]. http://www.apastyle.org/ [The official Web site for APA Style—this site offers blogs, FAQs, tutorials, and more.]

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ANATOMY OF A REFERENCE
(For more examples see pp. 5-10)
In-Text Reference –
Paraphrase
The bacteriological revolution brought much significance to the housewife and her chores (Tomes & Tiny, 1998).
References Page –
Book Citation
Cushing, C. E., & Allan, J. D. (2001). Streams: Their ecology and life. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
References Page –
Journal Article
Citation
For digital versions of journal
citations, see p. 6 of this guide.
Socket, H. T. (1987). Has Shulman got the strategy right? Harvard Educational Review, 57, 208–219.
References Page –
Web Page Citation Food Groups. (2008, December 3). Retrieved October 20, 2009, from http://apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx.
Use ―&‖ between authors’
names in parenthesis.Borrowed information put into the author’s own words.
Authors. Year. Title—italicized.
Place of
publication. Publisher.
Capitalize the first word of the
title and subtitle—unless a
proper name/noun follows.
Use ―&‖, not ―and‖. Use initials instead
of full first/given or middle names.
Year.Authors.
Article title, only capitalize the first
word of the title and subtitle—unless
a proper name/noun follows.
See pp. 186–187 of the
APA Publication Manual
for recording publisher
location rules.
Journal title, only capitalize the first
word of the title and subtitle. Italicize.
Volume number italicized. Include issue number in parenthesis if each issue starts on
page 1 or if you are unsure—the issue number will not be italicized (e.g., 57(1)).
Pages.
URL
Note: Retrieval date (e.g., Retrieved July 24, 2009, from . . . ) is no longer required unless the document is regularly updated (e.g., a Wiki page). There are
many other types of Web documents (e.g., books, journals, corporate reports, etc.)—refer to chapters 6 and 7 of the APA Publication Manual for examples.
Date posted, updated, or
published if provided. Use
―n.d‖ (for no date)
otherwise.
If there is no author,
move the title to the
beginning of the
reference.

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IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE PAGE
Book –
One Author
See p. 203 in the APA Publication
Manual
Aronsson (2000) found . . . . OR
. . . (Aronsson, 2000).
Aronsson, L. (2000). The development of sustainable tourism. London,
England: Continuum.
Book –
Two Authors
Manual
~ Use "and" between authors’ names when citing in the sentence.
~ In brackets, use "&" between authors' names.
Cushing and Allan (2001) compared . . . . OR
. . . (Cushing & Allan, 2001).
Cushing, C. E., & Allan, J. D. (2001). Streams: Their ecology and life.
San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Book –
Three to Five Authors
See pp. 177 and 203 of the APA
Publication Manual
1st time citing the work:
Hayes, Strosahl, and Wilson (1999) found . . . . OR
. . . (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999). Hayes, S. C., Stosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and
commitment therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Subsequent citations:
Hayes et al. (1999) discovered . . . . OR
. . . (Hayes et al., 1999).
Editor and no Author
Manual
~ Since the information was edited, do not use the editor's name as if he or she
wrote it.
. . . (Carlock, 1999).
Carlock, C. J. (Ed.). (1999). Enhancing self-esteem (3rd ed.).
Philadelphia, PA: Accelerated Development.
Chapter or Section of a Book –
with an author
Manual
Regulus (1995) determined . . . . OR
. . . (Regulus, 1995).
Regulus, T. A. (1995). Gang violence. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of social work (19th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1045–1055).
Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

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Chapter or Section of a Book –
no author
See pp. 202–203 in the APA
Publication Manual
. . . (Anderson, Anderson, & Glanze, 1994).
Anderson, K. N., Anderson, L. E., & Glanze, W. D. (Eds.). (1994).
Subcutaneous injection. In Mosby's medical, nursing, and allied
health dictionary (4th ed., p. 1497). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Journal Article (Print)
Publication Manual
Koopman (2001) researched . . . .
OR
. . . (Koopman, 2001).
~ If each issue of a volume begins on page 1 or you are unsure, then include the
issue number in parenthesis after the volume number (e.g., 285(5)).
Koopman, W. J. (2001). Prospects for autoimmune disease: Research
advances in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA: Journal of the
American Medical Association, 285, 648–650.
Journal Article from Publisher
Web Site (article with no DOI)
Manual
Koopman (2001) researched . . . .
OR
. . . (Koopman, 2001).
~ Include print information, followed by the URL of the journal’s homepage.
Koopman, W. J. (2001). Prospects for autoimmune disease: Research
advances in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA: Journal of the
American Medical Association, 285, 648–650. Retrieved from
http://jama .ama-assn.org/
Full Text Article with Digital
Object Identifier (DOI)
See pp. 175, 187–192, 198 in the APA
Publication Manual
~ If you have a work by 6 or more authors, it is permissible to use et al. after the
first author’s name for the first and subsequent entries in text.
Yu et al. (2009) discovered that . . . .
OR
It was discovered that . . . (Yu et al., 2009).
~ For more on a DOI, go to: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx
~ If authors number eight or more, use the first six names, then insert three
ellipses, then the last author’s name (See p. 184 in APA Publication Manual)
Yu, H., Zhou, Y.-J., Li, G.-X., Zhang, G.-H., Liu, H.-L., Yan, L.-P., . . .
Tong, G.-Z. (2009). Further evidence for infection of pigs with
human-like influenza viruses in China. Virus Research, 140, 85–
90. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2008.11.008
Magazine Article
Manual
Kluger and Dorfman (2002) evaluated the . . . . OR
. . . (Kluger & Dorfman, 2002).
Kluger, J., & Dorfman, A. (2002, August 26). The challenges we face.
Time, 160(9), 32–38.

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Newspaper Article – no author
See pp. 176 and 200 in the APA
Publication Manual
~ The article title will be placed between quotation marks in the text of the essay.
In the article ―Rotor Blades Fail Inspection‖ (2002) . . . . OR
. . . (―Rotor Blades Fail Inspection,‖ 2002).
~ If no author is present, use the title of the article in place of the author’s name.
Rotor blades fail inspection. (2002, July 27). Medicine Hat News, p. A1.
Brochure – Same Author and
Publisher
Manual
In the brochure by Travel Alberta (2002) . . . . OR
. . . (Travel Alberta, 2002).
~ When the author and publisher are identical use the word author as the
publisher.
Travel Alberta. (2002). Official Alberta vacation guide [Brochure].
Edmonton, Canada: Author.
Episode from a Television
Series
Manual
Dolinsky and Alexander’s (1968) work . . . . OR
. . . (Dolinsky & Alexander, 1968).
~ Use writer and director in place of author, and producer in place of editor.
Dolinsky, M. (Writer), & Alexander, D. (Director). (1968). Plato’s
stepchildren [Television series episode]. In F. Freiberger
(Producer), Star Trek. Los Angeles, CA: Paramount Pictures.
Video
See p.209 in the APA Publication
Manual
In the video Faces of Reality produced by Gillespie and directed by
Ashworth (2000) . . . .
OR
. . . (Gillespie & Ashworth, 2000).
~ Provide the primary contributors such as producer and/or director.
~ If the video is in DVD or Blu-ray formats, you would use those terms in place of
―Videotape.‖
Gillespie, M. (Producer), & Ashworth, S. (Director). (2000). Faces of
reality [Videotape]. Edmonton, Canada: Alberta Alcohol and
Drug Abuse Commission.
Secondary Source
Manual
~ In the text cite the original source and in brackets cite the secondary source
with the phrase ―as cited in‖.
Kiel and Elliott's study (as cited in Eve, Horsfall, & Lee, 1997) found . .
. .
~ Cite only the secondary source in the reference list.
Eve, R. A., Horsfall, S., & Lee, M. E. (Eds.). (1997). Chaos, complexity,
and sociology. London, England: Sage.

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A Review
Publication Manual
In Osborne’s (1998) review of the book . . . .
OR
. . . (Osborne, 1998).
~ In square brackets use the phrase ―Review of the‖ and the type of material
reviewed (book, video, etc.). If the article/review has a formal title, it will
precede the bracketed text.
Osborne, R. E. (1998). [Review of the book The fabric of self: A theory
of ethics and emotions, by D. Rothbard Margolis]. Choice, 36,
223.
Corporate Report, Government
Author
See pp. 184, 205–206 in the APA
Publication Manual
~ A group author / publisher style of reference will include corporations,
associations, government agencies or study groups act as author and
publisher.
~ Spell out the full name of the group publisher and author, do not use
abbreviations or acronyms.
The Health Canada (2006) report noted that . . . . OR
. . . (Health Canada, 2006).
~ If present, include publication or catalogue number in parenthesis after the title.
Health Canada. (2006). Residential indoor air quality guideline:
Formaldehyde (HC Publication No. 4120). Retrieved from
http:// www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-
sesc/pdf/pubs/air/ formaldehyde-eng.pdf
No Author or Editor
Manual
~ Use the title in place of the author.
According to the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1993) . . . .
OR
. . . (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 1993).
~ Place the title in the author position.
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield,
MA: Merriam-Webster.
Web Page
Publication Manual and
http://apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx
~ Cite electronic information the same way as printed works, use the author and
date of electronic publication.
A document from the United Nurses of Alberta (2009) suggests that . . .
.
OR
. . . (United Nurses of Alberta, 2009).
~ Provide as many of the bibliographic elements as are available.
~ Include the complete Web address for the page of information (cut and paste
the web address to ensure accuracy).
~ Be sure that the Web site hosting a document is the actual author; a Web site
might be hosting the information for other organizations.
United Nurses of Alberta. (2009, June). Fishing for facts on the nursing
shortage? Retrieved from
http://www.una.ab.ca/news/archive/pdfs/
Wrong%20Way/redherring.pdf

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Wiki Entry
See Section 7.11 (pp. 214–215) of the
APA Publication Manual
The ―APA Style‖ (2009) article suggests that . . . .
OR
It is suggested that . . . (―APA Style,‖ 2009).
~ The date of retrieval must be included when citing a wiki article.
APA style. (2009, October 15). In Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia.
Retrieved October 20, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
APA_style
Video Blog (e.g., YouTube,
etc.)
See p. 215 of the APA Publication
Manual
Simon Cowell, a notoriously difficult judge, said that Paul Potts's
performance on Britain's Got Talent, ―was a complete breath of fresh
air‖ (myredroom, 2007). Cowell went on to say that, ―I thought you
were absolutely fantastic.‖
~ Use the screen name that the author/poster has adopted. Nothing is italicized.
myredroom. (2007, June 10). Paul sings Nessun Dorma high quality
video/sound widescreen 16:9 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1k08yxu57NA
Archived Documents
(This includes archived letters, limited-
circulation brochures, in-house
produced documents, private
collections, etc.)
See pp. 212–213 of the APA
Publication Manual
The Vera Bracken Library’s (2008) brochure states that . . . .
OR
. . . (Vera Bracken Library, 2008).
~ The presentation style and level of information will vary from source to source.
Vera Bracken Library. (2008, August). New student’s survival guide to
Library Services. [Brochure]. Medicine Hat College, Medicine
Hat, Canada.
Blog Post)
See pp. 214–215 of APA Publication
Manual
Schroeder (2009) reported that . . . .
OR
. . . (Schroeder, 2009).
Schroeder, S. (2009, October 5). Apple to Woolworths: Your New Logo
Is Too Apple-y [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://mashable.com/ 2009/10/05/apple-woolworths-logo/
No Date
Manual
~ Use n.d. (not italicized) to indicate no date.
In the text by Rosenthal (n.d.) . . . . OR . . . (Rosenthal, n.d.).
Rosenthal, R. (n.d.). Social research procedures. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.

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Personal Communication
Manual
~ For example letters, e-mail, personal interviews, notes taken in class, etc.
S. L. Rainsforth (personal communication, August 20, 2002) suggested
. . . . OR . . . (S. L. Rainsforth, personal communication, August 20,
2002).
~ Do not list personal communications in the reference list.
~ Letters, transcripts, audio records, online public forums, etc. that are archived
in archives, Internet, libraries, museums, etc. do need to be cited. Refer to
Section 6.20 (p. 179) of the APA Publication Manual for details.
Figures (Visual Elements)
See pp. 38, 53, 151–167 in the APA
Publication Manual
Figure 1. Property and Violent Crime in Major Metropolitan Areas,
1996. From The Canadian Criminal Justice System (p. 36), by S.
Ramcharan, W. de Lint and T. Fleming, 2001, Toronto, Canada:
Prentice Hall. Copyright 2001 by Pearson Education Canada. Reprinted
[OR Adapted] with permission.
~ Label the visual (e.g., Figure 1., Figure 2., etc.; in italics) with a caption (the
caption serves as title and explanation)—this is double spaced.
~ If copyright information has to be included – place it after the caption.
~ Label should line up with the left-hand margin, the visual is centered.
~ Figures should not be integrated into the essay’s text because they can disrupt
the flow of your paper if not placed properly. Each figure should be on a
separate page after any tables, but before an appendix (see p. 2 for manuscript
order). If a visual element is not immediately relevant to the essay, but serves
to clear-up a point of extraneous detail, it can be placed in an appendix.
~ Despite including the full reference below the figure (or table), you should still
list it on your reference page, and format your reference page entry according
to the type of material you quoted from (i.e. book, journal article, website).
Refer to the examples already listed.
~ If you are seeking to publish your paper and used a figure (or table) from
another source, you must get permission to reprint that particular material. You
do not need take this step for your unpublished undergraduate papers.

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Short Quotation (less than 40
words)
Publication Manual
~ Place quotation marks around the information that was copied word for word
from the source.
~ Include the page number of the information.
Olson (2000) stated that, ―Teachers are at the nexus of curriculum
implementation‖ (p. 171).
OR
It has been suggested that, ―Teachers are at the nexus of curriculum
implementation‖ (Olson, 2000, p. 171).
~ Format your reference page entry according to the type of material you quoted
from (i.e., book, journal article, Web site). Refer to the examples already listed.
Long Quotation (more than 40
words)
Manual
~ Start a new line and indent a half inch from the side margins.
~ Do not use quotation marks.
~ Copy word for word and double space.
~ Place finishing punctuation marks before the page reference.
Olson (2000) concluded that:
enacting curriculum decisions within classrooms is a complex,
multistoried narrative in a dynamic process of continual
negotiation. Because preservice teachers enter an ongoing
narrative in process, finding their place within the story can be
confusing and frustrating. Finding space to create their own
curriculum story with students is difficult. (p. 175)

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Quotation–
no page numbers in the text
Publication Manual
~ Use a paragraph number, or paragraph number and heading to mark the
location of the quotation. If paragraph numbers are not present, it is permissible
to count them manually.
~ Use ―para.‖ to indicate a paragraph number.
EXAMPLE 1 – Paragraph number:
As Olson (2000) states, ―Teachers are at the nexus of curriculum
implementation‖ (para. 17).
EXAMPLE 2 – Heading and paragraph number:
As Olson (2000) states, ―Teachers are at the nexus of curriculum
implementation‖ (Conclusion section, para. 17).

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ADAPTED FROM: Flaming, D. (2002). Using nursing science does not guarantee nursing
excellence. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 16, 147–159.
USING NURSING SCIENCE 3
Using Nursing Science does not Guarantee Nursing Excellence
Nursing excellence is usually defined in terms of having and applying more and more
knowledge, especially from nursing science—the more nurses know the better their practice. This
conceptualization of nursing practice has similarities with the ancient Greek mode of reasoning called
techne, but cannot adequately deal with the ambiguities of everyday nursing. Nursing excellence does
occur, however, with phronetic, ontological practice in which a nurse's morals, habits, and dispositions
guides practice.
The scientific supremacy of knowledge application is rooted in society's love affair with science.
What has happened, according to Saul (1992), is that knowledge-based experts and technocrats,
originally experts only in technical matters, have become leaders in all societal spheres, including the
practical and political. However, what Sockett (1987) says about context in teaching is appropriate for
nursing practice. He states that:
context, personality, temperament, and style are not merely adjuncts to the knowledge base; they
are the very stuff of practice . . . [context] is not a set of abstractions, but is the social, perhaps
political, base for practical day-to-day, hour-to-hour decisions made by teachers. (p. 209)
Nurses, assuming that scientific knowledge is sufficient, may stop communication prematurely with a
patient or client. Adaptive nursing assumes a high level of continuity across situations, but nursing
practice is not, as Nussbaum (2000) says about life, a matter of "weighing, counting, and measuring"
(p. 106).
Phronetic practice, or nursing excellence, requires that nurses make deliberate, ethical choices
(Kenny, 1978). Undeliberated acceptance of a generalized predetermined action is consistent with
techne, but not with phronesis. Gadamer (1981) states that good practice involves making deliberate
choices, not just blindly applying knowledge. Practice is not wishing for something to happen, but
involves making informed judgments and choosing one thing against another in particular situations.
NOTE: This sample page of a research paper was pieced together
to provide as many in-text examples as possible.
Page number is on right-
hand side of the page, 1
in. from the right margin
and ½ in. from the top of
the page. They appear on
every page —including
the title page.
Include the full title of your
paper only on the first
page of text. Center the
title.
Use 12-pt Times New
Roman font for essay
text.
1 in. (2.54 cm) margin on
all sides of each page of
the paper.
Use double space
throughout the paper.
Align text with the left
margin.
Publication Manual for
information on formatting
headings.
See pp. 23–25, 229–230
in the APA Publication
Manual for title page and
paper layout.
Block quotations—quotes
longer than 40 words – are
indented an additional ½
in. and have no quotations
marks surrounding them.
Each new paragraph is
indented ½ in.
Place running head in top left-hand corner—precede it with the phrase ―Running head:‖ (on title page
only) and abbreviated title in capitals. It will not exceed 50 characters in length. It is 1 in. from the left-
hand margin and ½ in. from the top of the page. It appears on every page—including the title page.

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ADAPTED FROM:
USING NURSING SCIENCE 12
References
Adler, M. (1985). Ten philosophical mistakes. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Audi, R. (Ed.). (1995). The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press.
Forsythe, D., Delaney, C., Maloney, N., Kubesh, D., & Story, D. (1989). Can caring behavior be taught?
Nursing Outlook, 37(4), 164–166.
Gadamer, H. G. (1981). Reason in the age of science (F. G. Lawrence, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Kenny, A. (1978). The Aristotelian ethics. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Leonard, V. W. (1996). Mothering as a practice. In S. Gordon, P. Benner, & N. Nodding (Eds.),
Caregiving (pp. 124–140). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
MacIntyre, A. (1984). After virtue (2nd ed.). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1997). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). The fragility of goodness: Luck and ethics in Greek tragedy and philosophy.
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Reed, P. (1999). A treatise on nursing knowledge development in the 21st century: Beyond
postmodernism. In E. C. Polifroni & M. Welsh (Eds.), Perspectives on philosophy of science in
nursing (pp. 478–490). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
Saul, J. R. (1993). Voltaire's bastards: The dictatorship of reason in the West. Toronto, Canada: Penguin
Books.
Sherman, N. (1989). The fabric of character: Aristotle's theory of virtue. Oxford, England: Clarendon
Press.
Sockett, H. T. (1987). Has Shulman got the strategy right? Harvard Educational Review, 57, 208–219.
Taylor, C. (1995). The dialogical self. In R. F. Goodman, & W. R. Fisher (Eds.), Rethinking knowledge
(pp. 57–66). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary. (1991). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
References page
begins with the title
―References‖ and is
centered at the top of
the page.
Each citation is ordered
alphabetically, by the
author’s or editor’s last
name—or title if
author/editor is not
evident.
Each entry is flush
against the left-hand
margin; subsequent
lines for the same entry
must employ a hanging
indent of ½ in.

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Flaming, D. (2002). Using nursing science does not guarantee nursing excellence. Research and
Theory for Nursing Practice, 16, 147–159.

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