Appendicular skeleton
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The appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones that facilitate movement and manipulate objects, consisting of limbs and supportive girdles. It features the pectoral girdle connecting upper limbs to the axial skeleton, comprising clavicles and scapulae, along with the pelvic girdle made of hip bones. The lower limb supports body weight and consists of the femur, patella, tibia, and other bones, while the upper limb includes the humerus, forearm bones, and wrist structure.
Appendicular skeleton
- 1. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Prepared by Mr. Abhay Rajpoot HOD (Dep. of Medical Surgical) abhayrajpoot5591@gmail.com
- 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON • The appendicular skeleton consists of : • 126 bones • Allows us to move and manipulate objects • Includes all bones besides axial skeleton • The limbs • The supportive girdles • The Pectoral girdle with the upper limbs and the Pelvic girdle with the lower limb.
- 4. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pectoral Girdle • The human body has two pectoral girdles that attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. • The pectoral girdle consists of : 1. 2 Clavicle ( Collar bone) 2. 2 Scapula (Shoulder blade)
- 5. PECTORAL GIRDLE • Also called the shoulder girdle • Connects the arms to the body • Positions the shoulders • Provides a base for arm movement • Consists of • Two clavicles • Two scapulae •Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium
- 6. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Clavicles • Also called collarbones • Long, S-shaped bones • Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) • Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
- 8. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Scapulae • Also called shoulder blades • Broad, flat triangles • Articulate with arm and collarbone • Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa
- 9. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Scapulae • Structures of the scapula • Body has three sides: • superior border • medial border (vertebral border) • lateral border (axillary border) • Body has three corners: • superior angle • inferior angle • lateral angle
- 10. PECTORAL GIRDLE • The Scapulae • The scapular head • Holds glenoid cavity • Which articulates with humerus • To form shoulder joint • Processes of the glenoid cavity • Coracoid process: • anterior, smaller • Acromion: • posterior, larger • articulates with clavicle • at the acromioclavicular joint
- 11. PECTORAL GIRDLE
- 12. THE UPPER LIMB • The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus
- 13. THE UPPER LIMB • The Humerus • The Shaft • Deltoid tuberosity: • a bulge in the shaft • attaches deltoid muscle • Radial groove: • for radial nerve • posterior to deltoid tuberosity
- 14. THE UPPER LIMB
- 15. THE UPPER LIMB • The Forearm (also called the antebrachium) • Consists of two long bones • Ulna (medial) • Radius (lateral)
- 17. THE UPPER LIMB • The Ulna • The olecranon • Superior end of ulna • Point of elbow • Superior lip of trochlearnotch • Articulates with trochlea of humerus • The coronoid process • Inferior lip of trochlear notch
- 18. THE UPPER LIMB The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna. The ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker.
- 19. THE UPPER LIMB • Eight carpal bones • Four proximal carpal bones • Four distal carpal bones • Allow wrist to bend and twist
- 20. THE UPPER LIMB • Metacarpal Bones • The five long bones of the hand • Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial • Articulate with proximal phalanges • Phalanges of the Hands (14 total finger bones) • Pollex (thumb) • Two phalanges (proximal, distal) • Fingers • Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
- 21. THE UPPER LIMB
- 22. THE PELVIC GIRDLE • Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) • Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement • Part of the pelvis • Coxal bones • Made up of three fused bones • Ilium (articulates with sacrum) • Ischium • Pubis
- 24. THE PELVIC GIRDLE • Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis • Female pelvis • Smoother and lighter • Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments • Pelvis modifications for Childbearing • enlarged pelvic outlet • broad pubic angle (>100°) • less curvature of sacrum and coccyx • wide, circular pelvic inlet • broad, low pelvis • ilia project laterally, not upwards
- 26. THE LOWER LIMB •Functions of the lower limbs • Weight bearing • Motion Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg
- 27. THE LOWER LIMB • Bones of the Lower Limbs • Femur (thigh) • Patella (kneecap) • Tibia and fibula (leg) • Tarsals (ankle) • Metatarsals (foot) • Phalanges (toes)
- 28. THE LOWER LIMB
- 29. THE LOWER LIMB • The Patella • Also called the kneecap • A sesamoid bone • Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris • Base attaches quadriceps femoris • Apex attaches patellar ligament
- 30. THE LOWER LIMB • The Tibia • Also called the shinbone • Supports body weight • Larger than fibula • Medial to fibula
- 31. THE LOWER LIMB • The Fibula • Attaches muscles of feet and toes • Smaller than tibia • Lateral to tibia
- 34. THE LOWER LIMB • TheAnkle • Also called the tarsus • Consists of seven tarsal bones • Bones of the ankle • Talus: • carries weight from tibia across trochlea • Calcaneus (heel bone): • transfers weight from talus to ground • attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon • Cuboid: • articulates with calcaneus
- 35. THE LOWER LIMB
- 36. THE LOWER LIMB • Metatarsal Bones of the Foot • Five long bones of foot • Numbered I–V, medial to lateral • Articulate with toes
- 37. THE LOWER LIMB • Phalanges of the foot • Phalanges • 14 bones of the toes • Hallux • Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) • Other four toes • Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
- 38. THE LOWER LIMB
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