Application of Biophilic Design in Architecture

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Biophilia
Living
creatures
(Life)
Love for Nature
(Life)
Abiotic
movement
Bio(Life) Phillia(love)
Application of Biophilic Design in Architecture
Ar. Manjiri Patil-Mohabansi1, Prof. Jasmine Kohli2, Ar. Ankit Mohabansi3
1 Student, Master in Environmental Architecture, MGM University ,Maharashtra, India
2 Assistant Professor, Dept of Architecture, MGM University,Maharashtra, India
3 Principal Architect, Milieu Casa Architects, Nasik
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
Application of Natural elements in designing is need of
today’s planning. These green planning not only enhances
beauty of spaces but also provide healthy environment.
Green spaces improve productivity of work and reduce
carbon footprint. The study explains Evolution of Biophilic
design, its principles and pattern. Application of Biophilic
design in sustainable architecture is also part of this
research paper. The aim of the paper is to asses awareness
of Biophilic architecture.
Keywords: Biophilic design, Patterns, Healthy atmosphere,
Sustainable architecture
1.INTRODUCTION
In today’s scenario, construction is backbone of the
economy of city. while doing this, concrete jungles are
spreading vigorously neglecting existence of green spaces
and its importance in urbanization. Though vegetation is
observed while planning any structure, we should even
give an attention towards use of other natural elements to
improve quality of spaces .This paper is focusing on use of
natural elements like Air, Light, Water as well as
Landscaping used in construction through case studies.
Paper also explains Link between human and nature using
principles and elements of Biophilic design. Our instinctual
responses to the natural world form the basis of human
psychology. Our brains have evolved to naturally seek out
environments that promote our physical and emotional
wellness. Many psychologists and researchers did
research on this and derived with Biophilic Principles and
attributes. Paper gives comparative analysis to study
evolution of biophilia.
METHODOLOGY
To derive with the design strategies of Biophilic design,
evolution of Biophilic design is studied. For that theories
and Principles are compared for period of time. Case study
of Biophilic structures gave existing design strategies.
Biophilic design is quantified by Biophilic Scorecard,
Certification and Public Surveys.
A. Evolution of Biophilic Design
Erich Fromm first described the human personality trait
known as biophilia, which was later elaborated by E.O.
Wilson(1984), both agreed that biophilia has a biological
basis, Hence it is necessary to research on connections
between human and Living things. Wilson claims that our
natural attraction for Nature and creature is spirit of our
humanity and hold us to all other living things (Fig1.)
Fig 1. Connection with Nature
Later on, Wilson, together with Stephen R. Kellert,
published the collection of essays ‘The Biophilia
Hypothesis ‘(Kellert and Wilson, 1993); This hypothesis
asserts that human reliance on nature is not restricted to
physical nourishment but it covers human craving for
aesthetics, intellectual, cognitive, and even spiritual
meaning and satisfaction.
As the year passes concept of biophilic design succeeded
with the time, here is the table which gives comparative
analysis of various researchers.(Table 1)

Table 1 : Comparative analysis of Evolution of Biophilia
At the beginning of the 21st century, the notion of
biophilia was developed and adapted within the
architectural drawings.(chart1)Designers started to give
special attention to connection of emotional aspect of
humans with the nature.
Chart 1 : Evolution of Biophilia
The evolutionary dependence on ‘nature’ was also
expounded by social ecologist Stephen Kellert by
identifying nine values of biophilia: ‘utilitarian,
naturalistic, scientific, aesthetic, symbolic, humanistic,
moralistic, dominionistic, and negativistic’. These values
were instrumental in promoting the health and well-being
of our forefather. (Table 2)
Value Description Function
1.Utilitarian Practical and
material exploitation
of nature
Physical
sustenance and
security
2.Naturalistic Satisfaction from
direct experience
and exploration of
nature
Curiosity,
discovery,
recreation
3.Ecologistic-
Scientific
Systematic study of
Nature (Forms,
functions,
interrelationships)
Knowledge,
understanding,
observational
skills
4.Aesthetic Physical appeal and
beauty of nature
Inspiration,
harmony,
security
Year Philosophy By Concept Outcome
1973 Erich Fromm Biophilia Love to life
1984 Edward O.
Wilson
the innate tendency to
focus on life and lifelike
processes
link with nature is not only physiological
but has a genetic basis.
1993 Wilson Biophilia
hypothesis
The innately emotional affiliation of
human beings to other living organisms
1996 Stephen Kellert Dependence on ‘nature’
was also expounded
Nine values of biophilia
2008a Kellert The inherent human inclination
to affiliate with natural systems
and processes
Biophilia theory have shifted from its
initial focus on life or living organisms to
exploring the relationship between
humans and the natural environment.
2008b Kellert Ecosystem & Fire as well as
Attraction, exploration and
Discovery added
Aesthetic attraction towards nature is
one of the strongest inclinations of
human species
2015 Kellert and
Calabrese
Simplified framework
entitled Biophilic Experiences &
Attributes
The frameworks have different
emphases, strengths, and limitations.
2020 Browning &
Ryan
Framework for biophilic design
that is reflective of the nature-
health relationships most
important in the built
environment
Flexible and adaptive, allowing for
project-appropriate implementation

5.Symbolic Use of nature for
expression in
language and
thought
Communication,
mental
development
6.Humanistic Strong emotional
attachment and
“love” for aspects of
nature
Bonding, sharing,
co-operation,
companionship
7.Moralistic Spiritual reverence
and ethnical concern
for nature
Order, meaning,
kinship, altruism
8.Dominionistic Mastery, physical
control, dominance
of nature
Physical skills
and prowess,
ability to subdue
9.Negativistic Fear, aversion,
alienation from
nature
Physical skills
and prowess,
ability to subdue
Table 2 : Nine values of biophilia by S.Kellert
The hierarchy and intensity of these values changes
individually as well as within human communities but
their healthy and adaptive expression belongs to each
individual of our species. Further in 2008. Kellert argue
that biophilic design takes advantage of an intrinsic
human affinity to incorporate natural and local systems
and processes into the design of the built
environment. Kellert (2008) delineates six items/elements
(Fig2) and attributes that go from natural looks to friendly
friendships in metropolises. These elements consist of
environmental features, natural shapes and forms, natural
patterns and processes, light and space, place-based
relationships, and evolved human-nature relationships.
Fig 2. BD elements and attributes
(Modified from Kellert, 2008)
Organic or Natural dimension of Biophilic Design defines
as shapes and Forms in the built environment that
directly, indirectly or symbolically reflect the inherent
human affinity for nature, While Places or Vernacular
dimension defines buildings and landscaping which
connects to existing ecology and geographic area. Using
sunlight, air, water can make healthier and wellbeing,
Forms can make space more workable and allow to take
benefit of natural elements. (e.g. air ventilation and
sunlight penetration angle can be depend on shape of
roofing).Similarly existing ecology make space more
beautiful (e.g. backdrop of mountains or waterfall in hilly
areas, contours can be used as landscape element )
Moving ahead Kellert and Calabrese (2015) introduced
revised framework for Biophilic design, it framed in 24
elements which were categories under 3 main
heads(Table3). The frameworks have different importance,
assets, and Boundaries. This framework was a guideline
for designing a structure as all planning aspects are
considered in it. Following fig explains this framework.
Table 3. Revised framework for BD by Kellert and
Calabrese (2015)
Direct
Experience of
Nature
Indirect
Experience of
Nature
Experience of
space and place
Light Image of Nature Prospect & Refuge
Air Natural Material &
Colour
Organized
complexity
Plants Natural Geometry Transitional Spaces
Water Naturalistic shapes
and Forms
Mobility &
Wayfinding
Natural
Landscape
Simulating natural
Light & air
Cultural &
Ecological
attachment to place
Weather Biomimicry Integration of parts
to wholes
Animal Age, Change, Patina
of Time
Fire Information
richness
Evoking Nature
Biophilic design can reduce stress, enhance creativity and
clarity of thought, improve our well-being and expedite
healing. Theorists and researchers were working on this
Biophilic design for years and years. In 2014 Browning,
W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. (2014) came up with 14
Patterns of Biophilic Design. These patterns cover interior
as well as exterior applications with flexible design
implementation(Table4)
Biophilia
Organic or
Naturalistic
Environmental
features
Natural shapes &
Forms
Natural Patterns &
Process
Light & Space
Places based
or Vernacular
Placed based
relationship
Evolved Human
nature relationship

Table 4 : 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design by Terrapin
Bright Green
(Note : Terrapin added a fifteenth pattern entitled “Awe” in 2020.which
was absent in 2014 ),It Is not considered in category for green
certification of USGBC.
Nature in the Space addresses the direct, physical and
ephemeral presence of nature in a space or place .Example
of elements are water, animal, Potted plants ,breezes,
water feature ,Green walls, courtyards.
Nature Analogues man-made elements that mimic
nature. Examples of organic analogues include affected
plants, continued moss divider, graphic artwork, patterns,
and structural designs that stimulate elements of
character.
Nature of the Space: This idea refers to the physiologic
hole or door in vessel which scope preparation and
structural design influence our human reactions and
feelings Quantifying Biophilic design
B. Quantifying Biophilic Design
Though there are no of patterns and elements of biophilic
design to improve productivity of work it is always
necessary to quantify BD with some measures to find out
its impact. Let us see under which measures it can be
simplified.
1. Biophilic Design Scorecard:
The Biophilic Design Scorecard is a tool developed by
Terrapin Bright Green that quantifies the degree to which
a building incorporates biophilic design features. It
assesses seven categories of biophilic design: visual
connection with nature, non-visual connection with
nature, natural shapes and forms, natural patterns and
processes, light and space, biomorphic forms and patterns,
and material connection with nature.
2. Green Building Certification:
Green building certifications, such as LEED (it
incorporates biophilic design principles into their criteria.
For these 14 patterns of BD developed by Terrapin Bright
Green and framework of Kellert’s framework of elements
and attributes is followed) certifies Buildings that achieve
higher levels of certification are more likely to have
biophilic design elements.
3. User Surveys:
User surveys can be used to quantify the perceived
benefits of biophilic design. Surveys can ask questions
about user satisfaction, productivity, and health and well-
being in spaces that incorporate biophilic design elements
compared to those that do not.
C . Green Certification tools to asses Biophilic Design
Earlier GBRTs tools were focusing only on Energy
efficiency, whereas now it is incorporating health and
well-being. Here is the comparative analysis to explain
weightage of Quantitate and Qualitative evolution across
the world’s Green certification standards.
Building
Standards
Qualitative
Evaluation of
Biophilic Design
Quantitative
Evaluation of
Biophilic Design
WELL V2 Mind – Biophilia I Mind – Biophilia II
1.Nature
incorporation
(Environmental
elements,
lighting,
space layout)
1. Outdoor
Biophilia
2. (25 % of the
site area
with
landscaped grounds
or rooftop gardens,
and
70 % plantings
including tree
canopies)
2.Pattern
incorporation(Na
ture’s pattern
throughout the
design)
2. Indoor Biophilia
(potted plants or
planted
beds > 1 % of floor
area per floor, and
covering
a wall area 2 % of
the floor area)
3.Nature
interaction(withi
n the building,
3. Water Feature
(at least one water
Nature in Space Natural Analogues Nature of the
Space
Visual connection
with Nature
Biomorphic Forms
and Patterns
Prospect
Non visual
connection with
Nature
Material connection
with Nature
Refuse
Non rhythmic
Sensory Stimuli
Complexity and
Order
Mystery
Thermal & Airflow
Variability
Risk/Peril
Presence of Water Awe
Dynamic & Diffuse
light
Connection with
Natural Systems

within the project
boundary,
external to the
building)
feature for
every 9290 m2
[100,000 ft2] in
projects larger
than 9290 m2
[100,000 ft2], each
one >1.8m in
height or 4 m2
in the area and
with technology
to address water
safety)
Building
Standards
Qualitative
Evaluation of
Biophilic Design
Quantitative
Evaluation of
Biophilic Design
BREEAM-
NL
V1.0 (NC) - HEA 10
Biophilic Design:
Browning et al.‘s
14 patterns of
biophilic
design in 3
categories:
1. Direct
Experience of
Nature
2. Indirect
Experience of
Nature
3. Experience of
Space and Place
Health - HEA 10
Biophilic Design
(standard):
From Browning
et al.‘s 3 categories
and 14
patterns of biophilic
design
1.Min 1 of the 3
categories are
included
2.Min 7 of the 14
patterns
are included
3. In 80 % of the
living spaces, at
least 2 patterns
can be directly
experienced while the
other 5
patterns can be
experienced on the
same floors
4. No significant
negative effect on the
main
health aspects
5. At least 3 measures
(patterns) are not
typical
for the building and
user function in
which they
are applied
GM (NRB
and RB)
NRB 2015 4.2c
Wellbeing - (i)
Biophilic
Design:
1. Accessible sky
Gardens, sky
Terrace, internal
courtyards and
rooftop gardens
as areas for
respite
NRB 2015 4.2c
Wellbeing - (i)
Biophilic Design:
3. 5 % of the
common areas or
functional spaces
fix indoor planting
5. Images of nature
for 5 % of common
areas
2. Biomimicry
designs
4. Natural shapes
and forms, or
ecological
attachment to the
place
RB 2016 4.02 c
Wellbeing - (i)
Biophilic
Design:
1. Nature in
common areas
2. Indirect
experience of
nature
3. Experience of
space and place
4. Space in
common areas
for lifestyle
wellbeing
LBC 4.0
Health D
Happiness -
Access to Nature:
1. Sufficient and
frequent human-
nature
interactions in
both the interior
and the
exterior
2. Post-occupancy
evaluation
regarding
daylight, fresh air
and access to
nature
Beauty - Beauty D
Biophilia:
1. Environmental
features, light and
space,
and natural
shapes and forms
2. Natural
patterns and
processes and
evolved human-
nature
Relationships
3. Place-based
relationships
(place,
climate, and
culture)
4. Human delight,
and culture,
spirit, and
place

LEED V4
(BDþC NC)
Pilot Credits
EQpc123 -
Designing with
Nature, Biophilic
Design for the
Indoor
Environment:
1. Nature in the
space (or
environmental
features, light and
space, natural
patterns
and processes)
2. Natural
analogues (or
natural shapes
and
forms)
3. Nature of the
space (or evolved
Human Nature
relationships)
4. Place-based
relationships
5. Opportunities
for human-nature
interactions
Table 5 . Green Certification tools to asses Biophilic design
D. Case studies to understand Biophilic Design
elements in Green certified buildings
Case study 1 : The Edge, Amsterdam
EDGE Amsterdam West :48,000 sqm redevelopment of
an office building
Designed by: former de Architekten Cie architect
key tenants : APG and Alliander .
Reviewing Dutch design projects from the ending of 1980
to 2000, the decision maybe tense that Biophilic design
only easily begun coming into practice following in
position or time the period 2000
In the Netherlands, Biophilic design in the 21st of one
hundred years is principally executed on the city- and
community scale, place large projects, design by political
bodies, aim to support
Water body at Entrance
Requirements for BREEAM Certification :
Qualitative Evaluation :
Measures have been included in the building for 14
patterns of biophilic design in 3 categories.
Quantitative Evaluation :
At least one component from all 3 categories of Biophilic
Design is included in the building.
Measures relate to the entire building and in 80% of the
occupied areas at least 2 components of Biophilic Design
can be experienced directly, while the other 5 components
can be experienced on the same floors.
The applied measures for Biophilic Design have no
significant negative effect on the most important health
aspects.
The Assessor uses his professional judgment to determine
that:
The measures have been applied in line with the purpose
of the credit.
View of Building

At least 3 measures are not typical for the building and use
function in which they are applied.
Measures included for BREEAM Certification :
The building has been upgraded to become an advanced
and sustainable office space, meeting the highest
requirements in terms of sustainability, technology and
office health.
Design strategies for Qualitative Evaluation :
Fully glazed Atrium : Natural daylight to reaches the deep
office floors.
To blow up the everyday dawn into the occupied spaces,
the eight round shafts for establishments, situated
everywhere the construction, are outside of and having
another in one's place by new satisfied light shafts that
reveal the floors from bottom to the roof.
Typical Floor Plan-Atrium at the center
Fig.4.Direct Experience of Nature
Light , Air, plants
Direct
Experience
of Nature
Light
Air
Plants
Water
Natural
Landscape
Animal
Fire
weather

Weather
Water
Section
Indirect Experience of nature :
This Attribute is nothing but Natural Analogues, which are
materials and patterns that evoke nature and are
characterized by four broad types: representational
artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms, and the use of
natural materials.
Fig.5. Indirect Experience of Nature
Natural Colour Biomorphic
Forms(Flower)
Indirect
Experien
ce of
Nature
Image of
Nature
Natural
Material,
colours
Natural
Geometry
Naturalistic
shapes and
forms
Simulating
natural light & Air
Evoking Nature
Biomimicry
Age, Change, Patina of time
Information richness

Evoking Nature
Transitional Spaces-Overlooking Terraces
Natural shape-Curves Nature in atrium
Organized Complexity
Experienc
e of Space
and Place
Prospect
and Refuge
Organized
Complexity
Transitiona
l spaces
Mobility and
Wayfinding
Cultural and Ecological
attachment to Place
Integration of
Parts to wholes

Mobility & wayfinding
Sequential and successional linking of
spaces/integration of space can be enhanced by a
central focal point that occurs either functionally or
thematically
Quantitative Evaluation
(1) 1 out of 3 Categories are included
- Experience of Space and Place
(2) 7 Patterns included
- Light. Air, Water, Plants, Biomimicry,
Natural Colours, Natural Geometry
(3) Light & Air-2 Patterns is experienced 80% on
Ground Floor
5 Patterns on the same floor are :
1.Plant
2.Biomimicry
3.Natural colours
4.Natural Geometry
5.Water
(4) No significance negative effect on the main health
aspect
(5) 3 patterns which are not typical
-Prospect
-Refuge
- Risk & Peril
Prospect-Enclosure by furniture
- 7 of the
14
Patterns
are
included
Light
Air
Water
Plants
Biomimicry
Natural colours
Natural Geometry
Refuge-Large
area Risk & Peril- Balcony

Case study 2 : The Titan Integrity Plus, Bengaluru,
Area : 390000 sq.ft.
Designed by: Mindscape Architects
Building that integrates with nature : Enhancing
Productivity of Employees in Workplaces through
Biophilic Design Strategies
Introduction :
Corporate commission construction is situated on a
6.5acre section which has a reservoir on the eastward side
and expressway towards northward.
The design has a very special connect with the site and the
adjoining lake. The plan is of exploiting each view likely to
the lakeside form some user a observer concerning this
serene background.
Location plan of Titan Integrity Plus, Bangalore
Requirements for LEED Certification:
Engage in the exploration of the biophilic design potential
for the project and implement a minimum of five design
strategies which incorporate biophilic design elements.
Each design planning must address not completely
individual particular biophilic design idea as assign to
source from either 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, from
Terrapin Bright Green (visualize Table 1), or Biophilic
Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing
Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Heerwagen, and Mador (Table
2). One of the biophilic design ideas must be from Table 1
OR from the Place Based Relationships division from Table
2.
Additionally, design procedures can involve fostering
human-character interplays, or providing adequate
opportunities for human-character interplays inside the
building and inside the project borderline, extrinsic to the
building, constituting an atmosphere that ties the
landscape and interior environments together.
Terraces provide insulation
Visual
connection to
nature
increases
productivity of
work
Presence of water
:Helps to improve
microclimate
Design
Strategies
Natural
material
connects
to nature
Cascading
Terraces
:preserves
existing
ecology
Natural forms
achieves by
reducing
straight lines in
planning

Natural Diffused Light
Natural Material
Natural Geometry (Curves)
Natural Material (above) Water body (below)
Water Body Enhances the
experience of a place through seeing, hearing or
touching water
 individual built space opens up onto a greened
terrace
 A green divider on the west side of the
construction shields the available scopes from the
rough situated or toward the west sunlight.
 Presence of water : balances microclimate by
evaporating cooling
Selected Category to comply Green Certification:
Nature Analogue
Natural Analogues encompasses Following three patterns
of biophilic design:
1.Biomorphic Forms & Patterns
Symbolic remarks to contoured, decorated, add up to or
numerical plans that persist in type.
2.Material Connection with NatureMaterials and
elements from nature that, through minimal processing,
reflect the local ecology or geology and create a distinct
sense of place
3.Complexity & Order
Rich aural facts that adheres to a relating to space ranking
identical to those encountered in type
Nature in
the space
Nature
Analogue
Experience of
space and Place

Five Design strategies to comply Green Certification
1.Biomorphic Forms
3.Material Connection with Nature
4.Presence of Water
2.Complexity and order and Pattern
The lengthier parts of the building face northward, that
acquires glare-free instinctive light
To interrupt the situated or toward the west sun, green
obstruction and green safeguard rooms are created for a
non-hindering system
5. Visual Connection with Nature
Bringing nature inside through design strategies:
Porosity in preparation and form admits constant activity
of breeze aompanying wind tunnels constructing venturiy
effect.

Biophilic
Design
Humans connection to
Free abounding Cascading green plateaus that is redolent
of edible grain fields, is related through outside staircases
gives a impression of inflated ground at each of these
floors.
Voluminous atriums admit light and escape hot air. Also
forms sense of individual community, affection and bright
interaction between various areas.
Every campaign of the water’s beat can be visualized on
the maximum. The landscaped terraces covered in grass,
insulate the building, thereby reducing the heat load and
creating comfortable conditions, in the immediate
atmosphere, and large trees provide natural shading,
which make the outdoors suitable for usage, even during
the hot Indian summers.
E. Biophilic design for sustainable architecture
It is necessary to reduce energy consumption by adopting
sustainability in planning. Though we follow Passive
techniques to achieving this, there are various challenges
are observed. Implementation of Biophilic design helps to
minimize such challenges by using natural element in
effective way. Here we can see comparison of sustainable
and Biophilic Design that how both can be beneficial in
their own way.
Difference between sustainable design and Biophilic
Design
Biophilic design offers any of approaches for upholding
sustainability in construction
Kellert and Calabrese (2008) Elements & Attributes
specifies a healthy list of potential methods across design
affairs and scales. while Terrapin’s (2014)14/15 Patterns
supplies a curated list of biophilic materials that are
abandoned to the creator to define
Conclusion:
The study of Biophilic design focuses on human reworking
to the things as they are that over mutative occasion have
progressive people’s strength, appropriateness and well-
being.
Sustainable
Design
Conclusion :
The tenable facet of biophilic design is
a important aspect for living houses and
atmospheres. Creating green spaces, water features,
plants and natural materials brings a range of benefits
such as reducing carbon footprint and regulating
temperatures of buildings.
Results :
Focusing on Health & Well
Being
the natural environment
Emotional aspect of the
interaction need with
nature
resources
Focuses on reducing the
consumption of
people.
Design approaches
physical and material-
oriented to the natural
processes required by
footprint on the earth
About conserving energy and
leaving a small

BIOGRAPHIES
Ar.Manjiri Patil-Mohabansi
-Student,Master in Environmental
Architecture,
MGM University,Maharshtra,India
-Post Graduation in Construction
Management,NICMAR,Pune,
Maharshtra,India
Prof.Jasmine Kohli
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Architecture.
MGM University,Maharshtra,India
Ar. Ankit A. Mohabansi
Milieu Casa Architects
(External Guide)
Regd. Architect,
Govt. Regd. Valuers, Urban
Designer, Interior Designer,
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3389/fpsyg.2021.700709/full#ref182
- Freeman Kenneth “ What’s the difference
between a space full of pretty plants and biophilic
design?
“purposefulplaces.co.uk,21sept2021,https://purp
osefulplaces.co.uk/2020/09/21/whats-the-
difference-between-a-space-full-of-pretty-plants-
and-biophilic-design/
-
References:
- Kellert, S., & Calabrese, E. (2015). The
practice of biophilic design.

Application of Biophilic Design in Architecture

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