Application of high hydrostatic pressure
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This document discusses the application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology to food processing. HHP uses water pressures between 100-900 MPa to decontaminate packaged foods while maintaining sensory qualities. It can inactivate microbes and enzymes without using heat or chemicals. HHP is shown to reduce food allergens by disrupting tertiary and quaternary protein structures through rupture of non-covalent bonds. This alters the conformation of allergens and reduces their allergenicity. HHP has potential for developing hypoallergenic foods and decreasing the impact of food allergies.
Application of high hydrostatic pressure
- 1. Application of High Hydrostatic Pressure Gopal Jee Chourasia Agricultural & Food Engineering Department IIT Kharagpur 1
- 2. Contents • Introduction • Basic principles • HHP technology • Generation of HHP • HHP products • HHP application • Conclusions • References 2
- 3. 1. Extend shelf life 2. Maintain sensory properties 3. Maintain or improve nutritive properties 4. Ensure safety 5. Make more convenient Why process food?
- 4. 4
- 5. IntroductionIntroduction The High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) treatment is an athermic decontamination process which consists in subjecting packaged food to water pressures from 100 to 900 Mpa . The pressure applied is isostatically transmitted inside a pressure vessel. 5
- 6. working principle The application of HHP related to 2 basic principles • Isobaric principle . • Pascal’s principle. 6
- 7. Diagram of the HHP equipmentDiagram of the HHP equipment 7
- 8. • Solid foods, mainly vacuum packed • Dry-cured ,Cheeses ,or cooked meat products • Fish, Seafoods, marinated Products. • Ready to eat meals, sauces • Fruits, marmelades / jam • Liquid Food, in flexible packaging • Dairy products • Fruit juices 8 Food that can be HHP treatedFood that can be HHP treated
- 9. Food that can not be HHP treatedFood that can not be HHP treated Solid foods with air included • Bread • Mousse Packaged foods in completely rigid packaging • In glass • Canned Foods with a very low water content • Spices • Dry fruits 9
- 10. About colour: • In fresh or marinated meat, the iron in the myoglobin changes from ferrous to ferric and globin is denatured: the red color is lost . About texture: • Inhibition or stimulation of the proteolytic activity in muscles activity (depending on processing conditions) • Proteins are partially denaturized in products where proteins have not been previously modified by other process: heating, drying, fermentation . 10 Main technological effects of HHPMain technological effects of HHP
- 11. Processing or formulation factors that canProcessing or formulation factors that can modify the effect of high pressuremodify the effect of high pressure Temperature: • High temperatures increase the effect of high pressure against microorganisms and meat components. • Sub-zero temperatures can protect fish products components. • keeping reasonable microbial inactivation capacity. pH: • Low pH values increase the effect of high pressure against microorganisms and meat components. 11
- 12. Bacteriocins: • Some bacteriocins specially nisin, are very effective combined with high pressure, even on Gram –ve bacteria. Water activity: • With higher water activity , more effectiveness of high pressure processing , but also more recovery from sub lethally injured microorganisms. 12
- 13. Other advantages of high pressureOther advantages of high pressure • No residues • Uses only tap water • Safe for workers • Very low use of energy • Accepted by consumers and retailers • Does not produce – new chemical compounds 13
- 14. Present range of pressures availablePresent range of pressures available 14
- 16. Application • Food allergy, a common disease, is an abnormal immune response of an individual triggered by the ingestion of certain foods. • The phenomenon that nontoxic proteins in food with no adverse response in the majority of individuals lead to allergy symptoms in a certain sensitive population is still poorly understood, and no perfect treatment is currently available. 16
- 17. • Based on different principles including Enzymatic hydrolysis, Genetic modification, and Physical methods . • The hypoallergenic foods currently available on the market are primarily manufactured using enzymatic hydrolysis. But the proteolysis process has a negative impact on food structure and organoleptic characteristics. 17
- 18. • In addition the high-pressure treatment only affects noncovalent bonds such as the hydrogen, ionic, and hydrophobic bonds. • It induces changes in the physicochemical characteristics and the functional activity of the biological macromolecules in the food such as protein denaturation and inactivation of enzymes and microbes. • However, the flavor and natural nutrients (such as the small molecules of amino acids, pigments, peptides, monosaccharides, fruit acids, vitamins etc) as well as other low molecular- weight colors and flavors in the food are unaffected. 18
- 19. • The impact of high pressure on the proteins is related to the rupture of the noncovalent interactions in the protein molecule. • The primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins consist of different types of interactions. • The primary structure is composed of an amino acid sequence that is connected by covalent bonds. • Secondary protein structures change at very high pressure, likely as a result of cleavage of hydrogen . 19
- 20. • The tertiary structure, which is also called the protein subunit, shows how the secondary structure domains fold into a 3- dimensional configuration as a consequence of noncovalent interactions between amino acid side chains. • The quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of the subunits, held together by noncovalent bonds. • Therefore, high pressure has a substantial impact on the tertiary and quaternary structures of the protein, which are mainly maintained by noncovalent bonds. • The tertiary structure of a food allergen is the key to its allergenicity . • Therefore, high-pressure treatment has great potential in reducing food allergenicity. 20
- 21. Conclusions • To date, investigations on high-pressure-treated foodstuffs have not revealed any evidence of any microbial, toxicological or allergenic risks as a consequence of high- pressure treatment. • Results of presently available studies suggest that high- pressure treatment might be used for the specific reduction of the allergenicity of certain protein families. • High-pressure treatment has a positive effect on reducing the allergenicity of food allergens by different mechanisms, such as protein denaturation, induction of protein conformational changes or modifications, allergen removal. • By extraction of allergens, and the promotion of enzymatic hydrolysis to alter the sensitization of the allergens, indicating a good development potential of the HPP for a decrease improvement of food allergies. 21
- 22. Refrences: • Akiyama H, Imai T, Ebisawa M. 2011. Japan food allergen labeling regulation– history and evaluation. In: Taylor SL, editor. Advances in food and nutrition research. Burlington, Vt.: Academic Press. p 137–71. • Balasubramaniam VM, Farkas D, Turek EJ. 2008. Preserving foods through high- pressure processing. Food Technol 62(11):32–8. • Blanc Vissers YM, Adel-Patient K, Rigby NM, Mackie AR, Gunning AP, Wellner NK, Skov PS, Przybylski-Nicaise L, Ballmer-Weber B, Zuidmeer-Jongejan L, Sz´epfalusi Z, Ruinemans-Koerts J, Jansen AP, Bernard H, Wal JM, Savelkoul HF, Wichers HJ, Mills EN. 2011. Boiling peanut Ara h 1 results in the formation of aggregates with reduced allergenicity. Mol Nutr Food Res 55:1887–94. • Lopata AL, O’Hehir RE, Lehrer SB. 2010. Shellfish allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 40:850–8. • Meyer-Pittroff R, Behrendt H, Ring J. 2007. Specific immuno-modulation and therapy by means of high pressure treated allergens. High Press Res 27:63–7. 22