application of remote sensing in defence forces
- 1. The military command, which acquires the information fast and uses it fast will be at advantageous position in a future war.
- 2. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN DEFENCE FORCES • NAME : NEERAJ SHARMA • ROLL NO. : CUHP18ENV16 • SUBMITTED TO : ANURAG LINDA
- 3. INTRODUCTION From its beginning remote sensing has served for military purposes and has always been attractive to the military field while taking different configurations throughout History. Starting by aerial photograph on a balloon, remote sensing in the military has evolved to being today “satellised”.
- 4. HISTORY The use of remote sensing in the military area can be traced back to 1858, when Gaspar Felix Tournachon, nicknamed “Nadar”, took the first aerial photograph on a balloon. Nadar had patented the idea for taking aerial photographs for surveying.
- 5. Photograph taken by a bird Bird used for military surveillance
- 6. Aerial photograph taken by airplane
- 7. Aerial photograph taken by rocket
- 8. Geographic Information System (GIS) play a pivotal role in Military operations as the operation are essentially related to spatial in nature The concept of Command, Control, Communication and Coordination in military operations are largely dependent on the availability of accurate information and take quickest possible time for decision making. In the present digital era, GIS is an excellent tool for Military commanders in the operations. The use of GIS applications in military forces has revolutionised the way in which these forces operate and function. Military forces use GIS in a variety different ways including cartography, intelligence, battle field management, terrain analysis, remote sensing, military installation management and monitoring of possible terrorist activity. GIS
- 10. Supports coordinate conversion. Perform linear and radial visibility analysis across tiles, view data in 3D, and create threat domes. Batch coordinate conversion of coordinates in files; convert features to shapefiles and geodatabase feature classes. Creates a series of spatially accurate and projected ellipses for weapons system and aircraft ranges. ArcGIS Military Analyst also includes Military Overlay Editor (MOLE) TOOLS A COORDINATE TOOL TERRAIN ANALYSIS TOOLS CONVERSION TOOLS RANGE RING TOOL
- 11. CREATE RANG RINGS FOR TARGET ANALYSIS Multiple raster libraries
- 12. VECTOR DISTANCE TOOLS • Buffer • Near • Make Closest Facility Layer • Make Route Layer Creates new feature data with feature boundaries at a specified distance from input features. Adds attribute fields to a point feature class containing distance, feature identifier, angle and coordinates of the nearest point or line feature. Sets analysis parameters to find the closest location or set of locations on a network to another location or set of locations. Sets analysis parameters to find the among a set of points.
- 13. In land based military operations Military field commanders would like to know terrain conditions, elevations for maneuvering Armour carriers, tanks and use various weapons. In addition, they need vegetation cover, road networks, and communication lines with pin pointing accuracy for optimizing the resource utilization. A detailed land map with information on the land use, terrain model and proximity of habitat are essential for military operations. All these details must be available to the field commanders on a datum to match with the equipment he uses for position fixing and communication in his area of operation. Any discrepancy in these inputs may endanger the operation. Target assessment can be done if the inputs are properly matching with the system used for firing the weapon. Magnetic variation, gravitational information are required for sensitive military operations. TERRAIN EVALUATION
- 15. At sea Naval vessels depend largely on indirect methods to navigate when there is no means of establishing their position with visual aids. Global Positioning System (GPS) provides the means of determining the position at sea. Echo sounder provided measurement of the depth of the water below the vessel. Naval vessels will be operating at sea using several electronic gadgets for operations. Recent technological advances have provided the means to assess the unknown to greater accuracy. In the Oceans, complex natural features such currents, Wave conditions Sea Surface temperatures and tides may prove at times deterrent to naval operations. Using these natural features to the advantage a clear understanding of the complex ocean dynamics is an essential element for successful Naval operations. The recent induction of Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), on the bridge of the vessels helps the navigator to navigate the ship safely in all weather conditions. Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) is a replacement of conventional paper chart, which is used as tool for navigation provides in put for detailed information about depth, hazards and navigational aids within the area. NAVAL OPERATION
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- 17. Air Operations: Air operations in battle environment require the similar inputs as per land operations except they need height information more precisely for targeting. These include the detailed information about the target location, proximity of civilian areas, and terrain evaluation and meteorological conditions besides navigational data for. The virtual reality concepts are of great help in fighter and bombing aircrafts for effective air strike operations. Weather Information: Weather plays dominant role in the battlefield. Real time weather information is essential for field commanders either on land or in sea or in Air for successful completion of the task. At times, weather may play crucial role in success or failure of an operation. Every battlefield commander would like to know the information regarding cloud coverage, wind conditions, visibility and temperature parameters.
- 19. SATELLITES • GSAT-7 and GSAT-6 satellites have been developed for strategic purposes. • Dual-purpose satellites like the technology experimental satellite (TES, 2000) and the four cartographic satellites (CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A and 2B in 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010). • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites called RISAT II (2009) and RISAT I (2011) essentially to address terrorism related threats.
- 21. CARTOSAT-2 • Dedicated satellite for the Indian Armed Forces. • Spatial resolution < 1 • Spectral bands 0.50 – 0.85 • The swath covered is 9.6 km spatial resolution is 80 centimetres. • The satellite carries a panchromatic (PAN) camera capable of taking black-and-white pictures in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. • The highly agile Cartosat-2A can be steered up to 45 degrees. • CARTOSAT 3 is upcoming satellite with 0.25m resolution
- 22. CARTOSAT – 2 A CARTOSAT 2B
- 23. RISAT-2 • Radar Imaging Satellite 2 has a primary sensor, the synthetic aperture radar. • Altitude 536 km • Repetitive cycle 25 days • Spectral band 5.350 GHz (C – Band) • Swath 100 – 600 km • It has a day-night, all-weather monitoring capability and has a resolution of one metre. Potential applications include tracking hostile ships at sea. • Media preferred to classify it as a spy satellite. • ISRO claims that the satellite will enhance ISRO's capability for earth observation, especially during floods, cyclones, landslides and in disaster management in a more effective way.
- 25. GSAT-7 OR INSAT-4F • Multi-band military communications satellite developed by ISRO. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band communication spacecraft, which has been operational since September 2013. • According to defence experts, the satellite will enable the navy to extend it's blue water capabilities and stop relying on foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication services to its ships
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- 29. CARTOSAT SATELITE WHICH IS CALLED INDIA’S “EYE IN THE SKY” The images provided by cartosat satellite helped INDIAN ARMED FORCES during the surgical strike
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