Application of transgenesis ppt
- 2. INTRODUCTION As the world population expend, the urge arises to control the problem of limited resources e.g.Agriculturally ,Medicinally and Industrially. Scientists have developed solutions to address this urgent crises. They have genetically engineered living organisms in order to benefit society in all spheres of life through a process called Transgenesis.
- 3. TRANSGENESIS It is a process of introducing an exogenous gene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit new property and will able to transmit to its offspring.
- 4. HISTORY In 1983 the first genetically engineered plant was produced by Richard B.Flavell and Mary Dell. They infect tobacco with agrobacterium tumificians with an antibiotic resistant gene and through tissue culture technique were able to grow new plant containing resistant gene. In 2000, vitamin A enriched rice was developed.
- 5. MOUSE AS A MODEL ORGANISM Over the past century, the mouse has been used as a earlier mammalian model system for genetic research. Mouse has a close genetic and physiological similarity to humans. TYPE 1 DIABETES: An autoimmune disease or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM),account for up to 10% of diabetes. Non obese diabetic mice are enabling researchers to identify IDDM susceptibility genes and disease mechanism.
- 6. CYSTIC FIBROSIS The cftr knockout mouse has helped advanced research into cystic fibrosis. Study with cftr gene show that it is because of clearance or certain bacteria from lungs. These mice has become a model for developing approaches to correct CF defect and cure disease.
- 7. HOW TRANSGENIC ANIMALS ARE PRODUCED? Because of the discovery of DNA, molecular biology techniques gain importance. This technology combine techniques and expertise from Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Genetics and developmental biology etc. BASIC METHOD: 1. DNA Microinjection 2. Retrovirus mediated gene transfer 3. Embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer
- 8. DNA MICROINJECTION Mouse was first animal to undergo gene transfer by microinjection. Transfer of desired gene into pronucleus of reproductive cell.
- 9. RETROVIRUS MEDIATED Retroviruses used as a vector to transfer gene resulting in a chimera. Chimera was inbreed as many as 20 times or more to produce homozygous transgenic offspring.
- 10. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL MEDIATED Isolation of totipotent stem cells from embryo. Desired gene is inserted then incorporated into host’s embryo resulting in chimeric animal.
- 11. CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN WELFARE Benefits are in the field of: 1. Agriculture 2. Medicine 3. Industry
- 12. AGRICULTURE 1. BREEDING:- Selective Breeding to produce animals exhibit desired traits(Milk production, high growth rate etc) Possible to develop traits in shorter time and easy way to increase yield. 2. QUALITY:- Transgenic cows produce more milk or with less cholesterol, cattles have more meat on them and sheeps that grow more wool.
- 13. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1. NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT AND PHARMACUTICAL:- Products such as growth hormone, blood anti clotting factor obtained from milk of transgenic animals and also for PKU and CF. In 1997 first transgenic cows, Rosie produce milk contain human gene Alpha lactalbumin. Alpha antitrypsin use to treat emphyesema.
- 14. 2. GENE THERAPY:- Replacement of defective gene by normal gene. A.I.V institute in Finland produce a gene that make substance which promote growth of RBC.
- 15. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS In 2001, two scientist at Naxia biotechnologist in Canada spliced genes into the cells of lactating goat, the goat starts to manufacture silk in their milk and secrete tiny thread from their body. Extracting polymer strand from milk and weaving into thread. Now used in military uniform and tennis racket string.
- 16. COMMERCIAL VALUES 1. GOLDEN RICE:- Modified rice produce beta carotene the precursor to vitamin A. This is differ from parental strain due to three gene. a) PSY (phytoene synthase) b) CRTL (phytoene desaturase) c) ICY (lycopene cyclase) These genes are inserted into rice nuclear genome and expressed in the endosperm.
- 17. BLUE ROSES Roses modified with Pansley gene to express blue color the japanes company suntory. Before this success blue color roses are created. by dying techniques
- 18. VACCINE PRODUCING BANANA Genetically engineered banana contain a vaccine. It provide an ease for delivering a vaccine especially to children without medical need. Vaccinated for diseases like hepatitis B and cholera.
- 20. REASONS OF PRODUCING TRANSGENIC ANIMALS 1. Some transgenic animals are used as a model for detecting, diagnosing and treating different diseases such as mouse carrying the genes which help in the development of cancer. The mouse was named as Oncomouse or Harvard mouse. 2. Improve animal production.