![INTRODUCTION:-
ANIMAL CLONING [CLONE]:-
It is a genetic copy of another living organism cloned
organism are produced asexually i.e. sperm does not
fertile with egg.
CLONE :-
GENE/ DNA CLONE:- DUPLICATE OF STRINGS OF DNA
CONTAINING SERIES IN A HOST BACTERIUM.
MOLECULAR CLONE:- COPIES OF A CELL ARE MADE ,
RESULTING IN A CELL.
EMBRYO TWINNING CLONE:- EMBRYO WHICH HAS
ALREADY BEEN FORMED SEXUALLY IS SPLIT INTO TWO IDENTICAL
HALVES.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cloninginmammalsbynucleartransfertechnique-200912185341/85/Cloning-in-mammals-by-nuclear-transfer-technique-2-320.jpg)
![NUCLEAR TRANSFER METHOD:-
In this the mammary cells are removed
from the desired clone sheep.
An egg cell [ovum] from another sheep is
enucleated egg by electro fusion.
This egg is “cultured’’ in the oviduct of
another sheep & finally implanted into the
uterus of a fourth.
It tooks 277 attempts.
Given by Hans spemann in 1920 to conduct
the genetic research.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cloninginmammalsbynucleartransfertechnique-200912185341/85/Cloning-in-mammals-by-nuclear-transfer-technique-6-320.jpg)
![ROSLIN TECHNIQUE
• IT is used for cloning.
• this is done to make the donor cell in a suspended,
Quescent state, known as the ‘GO STAGE’’.
• IT was developed in roslin institute, roslin, Scotland
hence named roslin technique.
• IT was given by Wilmut and Keith Cambell.
• Its moto is to synchronized the cell cycle of donor cell
and egg cell.
1. For the synchronization, the donor cell starved i.e. it
was supplied with just enough nutrient to alive.
2. Then, nucleus less [enucleated ] egg cell is placed
near the donor cell.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cloninginmammalsbynucleartransfertechnique-200912185341/85/Cloning-in-mammals-by-nuclear-transfer-technique-8-320.jpg)
![CLONING BY SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR
TRANSFER [SCNT]:-
Transferring the
nucleus of a somatic
cell into an oocyte.
World’s first cloned
of mammals from
adult somatic cells,
dolly, in 1996 by
wilmut.
In cattle, mice, pigs,
goats, rabbits, by
edward in 2001.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cloninginmammalsbynucleartransfertechnique-200912185341/85/Cloning-in-mammals-by-nuclear-transfer-technique-11-320.jpg)
Cloning in mammals by nuclear transfer technique...
- 1. CLONING IN MAMMALS BY NUCLEAR TRANSFER.
- 2. INTRODUCTION:- ANIMAL CLONING [CLONE]:- It is a genetic copy of another living organism cloned organism are produced asexually i.e. sperm does not fertile with egg. CLONE :- GENE/ DNA CLONE:- DUPLICATE OF STRINGS OF DNA CONTAINING SERIES IN A HOST BACTERIUM. MOLECULAR CLONE:- COPIES OF A CELL ARE MADE , RESULTING IN A CELL. EMBRYO TWINNING CLONE:- EMBRYO WHICH HAS ALREADY BEEN FORMED SEXUALLY IS SPLIT INTO TWO IDENTICAL HALVES.
- 3. STEPS IN CLONING / PROCEDURE:- 1) Collection of ovaries / oocytes. 2) In-vitro maturation of oocytes. 3) Enucleated of oocyte. 4) fusion of somatic cell nucleus with recepient oocyte. 5) Activation & culture of embryo. 6) Embryo transfer in recepient animal.
- 5. HISTORY:- Dolly the sheep was born on 5 july 1996. 1996, scientists in scotland have announces the birth of the world first successfully cloned mammals dolly the sheep. was a female domestic sheep. first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. they took a cell from her body and then developed it artificially so that was an exact copy of her. This used the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer.
- 6. NUCLEAR TRANSFER METHOD:- In this the mammary cells are removed from the desired clone sheep. An egg cell [ovum] from another sheep is enucleated egg by electro fusion. This egg is “cultured’’ in the oviduct of another sheep & finally implanted into the uterus of a fourth. It tooks 277 attempts. Given by Hans spemann in 1920 to conduct the genetic research.
- 7. But currently used in the cloning of animal. Somatic cells– only cell other than egg, sperm or primodial germ cell. 1. This technique requires two cells– donor cell or recepient cells. 2. The nucleus of the egg is removed and replaced with the nucleus of the somatic cell. E.G. Such as skin or blood. Egg cell work best if it is unfertilized because it is more likely to accept donor nucleus. 3. The donor cell nuleus is then placed inside the egg cell either by cell fusion or by transplantation. 4. The egg cell is then promoted to form the embryo. 5. The embryo is transplant into Surrogate Mother And the perfect replica of the donor animal is formed.
- 8. ROSLIN TECHNIQUE • IT is used for cloning. • this is done to make the donor cell in a suspended, Quescent state, known as the ‘GO STAGE’’. • IT was developed in roslin institute, roslin, Scotland hence named roslin technique. • IT was given by Wilmut and Keith Cambell. • Its moto is to synchronized the cell cycle of donor cell and egg cell. 1. For the synchronization, the donor cell starved i.e. it was supplied with just enough nutrient to alive. 2. Then, nucleus less [enucleated ] egg cell is placed near the donor cell.
- 9. 3. After that, an electric pulses is fired to fuse the donor and egg cell together and it activate the embryo development. The surviving embryo are incubated in sheep’s oviduct for 6 days. Then embryo is placed in the uterus of surrogate mother of cell has gone well. By the help of this technique , sheep embryo development occurred.
- 10. HONOLULU TECHNIQUE • A Cloned sheep develops. • developed at the university of Hawaii, Hondulle. • Given by scientists Teruhiko Wakayama and Ryuzo Yanagimachi. • Significanctly it is differ from the roslin technique as it does not involves the electric pulse for cell fusion. Instead of it, the donor and then it is allowed to settled for an hour. • After which it is treated in a chemical bath containing strontum and cyto chalism B due to which embryo activation occurs for 5 hours/ • In this technique 3 types of donor cells are used i.e. I. Sertoli cells. II. Neuronal cells. III. Lumulus cells.
- 11. CLONING BY SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER [SCNT]:- Transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an oocyte. World’s first cloned of mammals from adult somatic cells, dolly, in 1996 by wilmut. In cattle, mice, pigs, goats, rabbits, by edward in 2001.
- 12. CLONE APPLICATION:- To produce desired individuals for research purpose. To produce desired individual. To rapid propagate desired individual. To produce genetic target genes / different organs. clones of endangered species. cloned animals is for testing new drugs & treatment.
- 13. DRAWBACKS OF CLONE:- VERY EXPENSIVE. TIME CONSUMING. ORGAN REJECTION BECAUSE OF CELL MUTATION. CLONES DO NOT ALWAYS LOOK IDENTICAL.