Arch 331 - Lecture 01 - Architectural Structures - Form Behavior and Design.pdf
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The document outlines a course on architectural structures focusing on their behavior, design, and systems, highlighting key concepts such as statics, mechanics of materials, stability, strength, and stiffness. It emphasizes the integration of structural components and materials in building design, while addressing problem-solving techniques in structural math, load assessment, and safety considerations. Furthermore, it discusses various structural systems, materials, and design criteria necessary for achieving structural integrity and functionality.
Arch 331 - Lecture 01 - Architectural Structures - Form Behavior and Design.pdf
- 1. 1 F2009abn one structural behavior, systems and design ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN ARCH 331 DR. ANNE NICHOLS SUMMER 2014 Introduction 1 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331 lecture www.greatbuildings.com Introduction 2 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Syllabus & Student Understandings Introduction 3 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Course Description • statics – physics of forces and reactions on bodies and systems – equilibrium (bodies at rest) • structures – something made up of interdependent parts in a definite pattern of organization • design – assessing and meeting structural requirements of parts and the whole Introduction 4 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Course Description • mechanics of materials – external loads and effect on deformable bodies – use it to answer question if structure meets requirements of • stability and equilibrium • strength and stiffness – other principle building requirements • economy, functionality and aesthetics
- 2. 2 Introduction 5 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structure Requirements • stability & equilibrium – STATICS Introduction 6 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structure Requirements (cont) • strength & stiffness – concerned with stability of components Introduction 7 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural System Selection • kind & size of loads • building function • soil & topology of site • systems integration • fire rating • construction ($$, schedule) • architectural form Introduction 8 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Knowledge Required • external forces • internal forces • material properties • member cross sections • ability of a material to resist breaking • structural elements that resist excessive – deflection – deformation
- 3. 3 Introduction 9 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Problem Solving 1. STATICS: equilibrium of external forces, internal forces, stresses 2. GEOMETRY: cross section properties, deformations and conditions of geometric fit, strains 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES: stress-strain relationship for each material obtained from testing Introduction 10 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Relation to Architecture “The geometry and arrangement of the load-bearing members, the use of materials, and the crafting of joints all represent opportunities for buildings to express themselves. The best buildings are not designed by architects who after resolving the formal and spatial issues, simply ask the structural engineer to make sure it doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction Introduction 11 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn • evolution traced to developments in structural engineering and material technology – stone & masonry – timber – concrete – cast iron, steel – tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures...... Architectural Space and Form F2008abn Introduction 12 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 • structure is a device for channeling loads that result from the use and/or presence of the building to the ground – span a roof – hold up a floor – cross a river – suspend a canopy Architectural Space and Form www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/
- 4. 4 Introduction 17 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Action • axial tension • axial compression • bending Introduction 18 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Action • member breadth & depth Introduction 19 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Action • stabilization Introduction 20 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Action • shear & bracing
- 5. 5 Introduction 21 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Action • lateral resistance Introduction 22 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Action • twisting Introduction 23 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Design • planning • preliminary structural configuration • determination of loads • preliminary member selection • analysis • evaluation • design revision • final design Introduction 24 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn • STATIC and DYNAMIC • dead load – static, fixed, includes building weight, fixed equipment • live load – transient and moving loads (including occupants), snowfall Structural Loads
- 6. 6 Introduction 25 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn • wind loads – dynamic, wind pressures treated as lateral static loads on walls, up or down loads on roofs Structural Loads Introduction 26 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn • earthquake loads – seismic, movement of ground Structural Loads Introduction 27 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn • impact loads – rapid, energy loads Structural Loads Introduction 28 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Loads • gravity acts on mass (F=m*g) • force of mass – acts at a point • ie. joist on beam – acts along a “line” • ie. floor on a beam – acts over an area • ie. people, books, snow on roof or floor
- 7. 7 Introduction 29 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Math • quantify environmental loads – how big is it? • evaluate geometry and angles – where is it? – what is the scale? – what is the size in a particular direction? • quantify what happens in the structure – how big are the internal forces? – how big should the beam be? Introduction 30 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Math • physics takes observable phenomena and relates the measurement with rules: mathematical relationships • need – reference frame – measure of length, mass, time, direction, velocity, acceleration, work, heat, electricity, light – calculations & geometry Systems 2 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Organization • classifications – geometry • line-forming • surface-forming – stiffness • rigid • flexible – one-way or two-way • spatial organization and load transfer – materials Systems 3 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Components • bearing walls • columns • beams • flat plates • trusses • arches • shells • cables
- 8. 8 Systems 4 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Bearing Walls Systems 5 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Bearing Walls • behavior as “deep beams” Systems 6 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Columns & Walls Systems 7 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Beams & Plates
- 9. 9 Systems 8 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Beams & Plates Systems 9 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Trusses and Shells Systems 10 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Arches and Cables Systems 11 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Building Framing • Components or Assemblages
- 10. 10 Systems 12 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Building Framing Systems 13 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn System Selection • evaluation of alternatives Systems 14 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn System Selection Systems 15 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Design Criteria • components stay together • structure acts as whole to be stable – resist sliding – resist overturning – resist twisting and distortion • internal stability – interconnectedness • strength & stiffness
- 11. 11 Systems 16 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Structural Design Sequences • first-order design – structural type and organization – design intent – contextual or programmatic • second-order – structural strategies – material choice – structural systems • third-order – member shaping & sizing Systems 17 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Systems by Materials • Wood • Steel • Concrete • Masonry • Composite Introduction 14 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Wood • columns • beams • trusses Systems 18 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn • all-wood framing systems – studs, beams, floor diaphragms, shearwalls – glulam arches & frames – post & beams – trusses • composite construction – masonry shear walls – concrete – steel Timber Construction
- 12. 12 Systems 19 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Timber Construction • studs, beams • floor diaphragms & shear walls Systems 20 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Timber Construction • glulam arches & frames – manufactured or custom shapes – glue laminated – bigger members Systems 21 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Timber Construction • post & beam • trusses Systems 22 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Timber Construction • composite construction
- 13. 13 F2008abn Systems 23 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 Steel • cast iron – wrought iron - steel • cables • columns • beams • trusses • frames http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Systems 24 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Steel Construction • standard rolled shapes • open web joists • plate girders • decking Systems 25 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Steel Construction • welding • bolts Systems 26 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Steel Construction • fire proofing – cementicious spray – encasement in gypsum – intumescent – expands with heat – sprinkler system
- 14. 14 F2008abn Systems 27 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 Concrete • columns • beams • slabs • domes • footings http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden F2008abn Systems 28 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 Concrete Construction • cast-in-place • tilt-up • prestressing • post-tensioning http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Systems 29 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Concrete Floor Systems • types & spanning direction Systems 30 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2008abn Concrete Floor Systems
- 15. 15 F2008abn Systems 31 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 Masonry (& Stone) • columns • walls • lintels • beams • arches • footings F2009abn Grids and Patterns • often adopted early in design – give order – cellular, ex. • vertical and horizontal • square and rectangular – single-cell – aggregated bays Systems & Planning 32 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Grids and Patterns Systems & Planning 33 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Systems • total of components • behavior of whole • classifications – one-way – two-way – tubes – braced – unbraced Systems & Planning 34 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331
- 16. 16 F2009abn One-Way Systems • horizontal vs. vertical Systems & Planning 35 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Two-Way Systems • spanning system less obvious • horizontal – plates – slabs – space frames • vertical – columns – walls Systems & Planning 36 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Two-Way Systems Systems & Planning 37 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Roof Shapes • coincide • within Systems & Planning 38 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331
- 17. 17 F2009abn Tubes & Cores • stiffness Systems & Planning 39 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Span Lengths • crucial in selection of system • maximum spans on charts aren’t absolute limits, but usual maximums • increase L, increase depth2 required (ex. cantilever) • deflections depend on L Systems & Planning 40 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Approximate Depths Systems & Planning 41 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Loading Type and Structure Type • light uniform loads – surface forming elements – those that pick up first load dictate spacing of other elements • heavy concentrated loads – member design unique • distributed vs. concentrated structural strategies – large beam vs. many smaller ones Systems & Planning 42 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331
- 18. 18 F2009abn Design Issues • lateral stability – all directions Systems & Planning 43 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Design Issues • configuration Systems & Planning 44 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Design Issues • vertical load resistance walls columns Systems & Planning 45 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Design Issues • lateral load resistance Systems & Planning 46 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331
- 19. 19 F2009abn Design Issues • lateral load resistance Systems & Planning 47 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Design Issues • multi-story – cores, tubes, braced frames Systems & Planning 48 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Design Issues • multi-story – avoid discontinuities • vertically • horizontally Systems & Planning 49 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Foundation Influence • type may dictate fit – piles vs. mats vs. spread – capacity of soil to sustain loads • high capacity – smaller area of bearing needing and can spread out • low capacity – multiple contacts and big distribution areas Systems & Planning 50 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331
- 20. 20 F2009abn Grid Dependency on Floor Height • wide grid = deep beams – increased building height – heavier – foundation design • codes and zoning may limit • utilize depth for mechanical Systems & Planning 51 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Large Spaces • ex. auditoriums, gyms, ballrooms • choices – separate two systems completely and connect along edges – embed in finer grid – staggered truss Systems & Planning 52 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Meeting of Grids • common to use more than one grid • intersection important structurally • can use different structural materials – need to understand their properties • mechanical • thermal Systems & Planning 53 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Meeting of Grids • horizontal choices Systems & Planning 54 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331
- 21. 21 F2009abn Meeting of Grids • vertical choices Systems & Planning 55 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Other Conditions • circulation • building service systems – one-way systems have space for parallel runs – trusses allow for transverse penetration – pass beneath or interstitial floors • for complex or extensive services or flexibility Systems & Planning 56 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Other Conditions • poking holes for member services – horizontal • need to consider area removed, where removed, and importance to shear or bending – vertical • requires framing at edges • can cluster openings to eliminate a bay – double systems Systems & Planning 57 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Fire Safety & Structures • fire safety requirements can impact structural selection • construction types – light • residential • wood-frame or unprotected metal – medium • masonry – heavy • protected steel or reinforced concrete Systems & Planning 58 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331
- 22. 22 F2009abn Fire Safety & Structures • degree of occupancy hazards • building heights • maximum floor areas between fire wall divisions – can impact load bearing wall location Systems & Planning 59 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 F2009abn Fire Safety & Structures • resistance ratings by failure type – transmission failure • fire or gasses move – structural failure • high temperatures reduce strength – failure when subjected to water spray • necessary strength • ratings do not pertain to usefulness of structure after a fire Structural Planning 60 Lecture 2 Foundations Structures ARCH 331 Su2010abn Project Introduction 87 Lecture 1 Foundations Structures ARCH 331