Architectural design - FORM AND SPACE
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This document discusses architectural design principles related to form and space. It explains that architectural form occurs at the junction between mass and space, and that both the form of masses containing space and the spatial volumes themselves should be considered. Various configurations of vertical planes, such as single planes, L-shaped arrangements, and parallel planes are examined for how they define and organize spatial fields at different scales. Examples of buildings and structures are provided to illustrate these concepts.
Architectural design - FORM AND SPACE
- 2. FORM AND SPACE : ● To comprehend the structure of a visual field, we organize its elements into positive shapes perceived as figures and negative shapes perceived as figures and negative portion serving as a background for the figure. ● We should therefore understand that figures and their background together form an inseparable reality – a unity of opposites- just as the elements of form and space together form the reality architecture.
- 3. ● As space begins to be captures, enclosed, molded, and organized by solid elements of mass, architecture come into being. ● Architectural form occurs at the juncture between mass and space. We should be concerned with both the form of the mass containing a volume of space as well as the form of the spatial volume itself. ● We should be concern not only with the form of a building but also its impact on the space around it.
- 4. ● At urban scale, a building can be part of the fabric and aid in defining streets and squares… Or stand alone as an object in space. ● At the scale of a building, we tend to read the configurations of walls as the positive elements of a plan. ● Even at the scale of a room, articles of furnishing can either stand as form within a field of space or serve to define the form of a spatial field.
- 5. THE UNITY OF OPPOSITES. ● At the scale of a building site, there are various strategies for relating the form of a building to the space around it. A building can: A. form a wall along an edge of its site and begin to define a positive outdoor space; B. merge its interior space with the private outdoor space of a walled site; C. enclose a portion of its site as an outdoor room and shelter it from undesirable climatic conditions;
- 6. D. surround and enclose a courtyard or atrium space within its volume— an introverted scheme. E. stand as a distinct object in space and dominate its site through its form and topographical positioning—an extroverted scheme; F. stretch out and present a broad face to address a view, terminate an axis, or define an edge of an urban space; G. stand free within its site but extend its interior spaces to merge with private exterior spaces;
- 7. H. stand as a positive form in a negative space. ● Even at the scale of a room, articles of furnishings can either stand as forms within a field of space or serve to define the form of a spatial field.
- 8. BASE PLAN. ● A horizontal plane laying as a figure on a contrasting background defines a simple field of space. ● For a horizontal plane to be seen as a figure, there must be a perceptible change in color, tone, or texture between its surface and that of the surrounding area. ● The stronger the edge definition of a horizontal plane is, the more distinct will be its field. ● Although there is a continuous flow of space across it, the field nevertheless generates a spatial zone or realm within its boundaries.
- 9. A single vertical plane, standing alone in space, has visual qualities uniquely different from those of a freestanding column. SINGLE VERTICAL PLANE As the rectangular column becomes more like a wall, it can appear to be merely a fragment of an infinitely larger or longer plane, slicing through and dividing a volume of space.
- 10. A vertical plane has frontal qualities. Its two surfaces or faces front on and establish the edges of two separate and distinct spatial fields. The field of space on which a single vertical plane fronts is not well-defined. The plane by itself can establish only a single edge of the field. To define a three dimensional volume of space, the plane must interact with other elements of form.
- 11. The height of a vertical plane relative to our body height and eye level is the critical factor that affects the ability of the plane to visually describe space
- 12. The surface color, texture, and pattern of a plane affect our perception of its visual weight, scale, and proportion. When related to a defined volume of space, a vertical plane can be the primary face of the space and give it a specific orientation It can front the space and define a plane of entry into it. It can be a freestanding element within a space and divide the volume into two separate but related areas.
- 13. EXAMPLES A single vertical plane can define the principal facade of a building fronting a public space, establish a gateway through which one passes, as well as articulate spatial zones within a larger volume. Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut, 1949, Philip Johnson
- 14. A composition of vertical planes cuts the continuous field of the architectural volume, creating an open plan of spaces that merge with one another. The partitions never form closed, geometrically static areas.
- 15. L SHAPED CONFIGURATION OF PLANES An L-shaped configuration of vertical planes defines a field of space along a diagonal from its corner outward. While this field is strongly defined and enclosed at the corner of the configuration, it dissipates rapidly as it moves away from the corner. While two edges of the field are clearly defined by the two planes of the configuration, its other edges remain ambiguous unless further articulated by additional vertical elements, manipulations of the base plane, or an overhead plane.
- 16. If a void is introduced to one side of the corner of the configuration, the definition of the field will be weakened. The two planes will be isolated from each other and one will appear to slide by and visually dominate the other. If neither plane extends to the corner, the field will become more dynamic and organize itself along the diagonal of the configuration.
- 17. A building form can have an L-shaped configuration and be subject to the following readings. One of the arms of the configuration can be a linear form that incorporates the corner within its boundaries while the other arm is seen as an appendage to it. Or the corner can be articulated as an independent element that joins two linear forms together A building can have an L-shaped configuration to establisha corner of its site, enclose a field of outdoor space to which its interior spaces relate, or shelter a portion of outdoor space from undesirable conditions around it.
- 18. L-shaped configurations of planes are stable and selfsupporting and can stand alone in space. Because they are open-ended, they are flexible space-defining elements. They can be used in combination with one another or with other elements of form to define a rich variety of space
- 19. EXAMPLES Vegetation forming L-shaped windscreens, Shimane Prefecture, Japan The sheltering aspect of an L-shaped configuration is expressed well in this example In the Kingo Housing estate, a fairly high density is achieved with this type of unit, each with its own private outdoor space.
- 20. L – SHAPED PLANS The outdoor space enclosed by the architect's studio in Helsinki is used as an amphitheater for lectures and social occasions. L-shaped walls separate the units of a quadruplex housing organization and define zones within a building as well as spaces within a room.
- 21. History Faculty Building, Cambridge University, England, 1964–1967, James Stirling PLAN
- 22. PARALLEL VERTICAL PLANES A pair of parallel vertical planes defines a field of space between them strong directional quality primary orientation is along the axis space is extroverted in nature. spatial field can be visually reinforced by manipulating the base plane or adding overhead elements to the composition. spatial field can be expanded by extending the base plane Openings in one or both of the planes can also introduce secondary axes to the field
- 23. PARALLEL PLANES Various elements in architecture can be seen as parallel planes that define a field of space Pair of parallel interior walls within a building Street space formed by facades of 2 facing buildings Colannaded arbor or pergola Promenade bordered by rows of trees or hedges
- 24. Sets of parallel vertical planes can be transformed into a wide variety of configurations The image of parallel vertical planes is often associated with the bearing-wall structural system, wherein a floor or roof structure spans the spaces between two or more parallel loadbearing walls.
- 25. Galleria Vittorio Emanuelle II, Milan, Italy, 1865–1877, Giuseppe Mengoni Nave of the basilican church, St. Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, Italy, 534–539 EXAMPLES
- 26. The flow of the space defined by parallel planes corresponds naturally to the paths of movement within a building, along its corridors, halls, and galleries. House in Old Westbury, New York, 1969–1971, Richard Meier Arnheim Pavilion, The Netherlands, 1966, Aldo van Eyck The parallel vertical planes of a bearing-wall structural system can the generating force behind the form and organization of a building (Ground level plan)
- 27. Siedlung Halen, near Bern, Switzerland, 1961, Atelier 5 Parallel bearing walls - not only provide structural support for the floors and roofs of each housing unit, but also serve to isolate the units from one another, curb the passage of sound, and check the spread of fire.