Architectural working drawing - chapter one.PPT

STRUCTURE
Structural System
Structural elements

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE
‘structure’ ,in the perspective of built environment,
• Building.
• Aqueducts and viaducts.
• Bridges.
• Canals.
• Cooling towers and chimneys.
• Dams.
• Railways.
• Roads.
• Retaining walls.
• Tunnels.
• Coastal defenses.
Ca
n
be
• Anything that is constructed or built from
interrelated parts with a fixed location on
the ground.
• A body or assemblage of bodies in space to
form a system capable of supporting loads
• It’s a system or sub-system, means holding the
components of a certain system and transfer the
load through the members of a structure to
provide stability and durability.

STRUCTURE types
• Solid
• Frame
• Shell
• Membrane
• Composite
Structures can be classified in a number of ways:
FORM

MASSIVE OR
LINTELLED
VAULTED
LATTICE TRIANGULATED
SUSPENDED OR
CABLE-STAYED
PNEUMATIC
ROLLED AND
PLATE
GEODESIC
STRUCTURE types
BROAD-SPECTRUM

MASSIVE OR LINTELLED
Built with a large amount
of material.
Responds well to
compression and has very
few spaces.
STRUCTURE types

VAULTED
Based on arches and
vaults, that enabled
builders to cover larger
spaces and increase the
size of the openings in
the built structure.
STRUCTURE types

LATTICE/ FRAME STRUCTURE
Used in modern blocks of flats.
Its structural elements are:
• FOUNDATION: it's usually under the floor. All the
weight of the structure rests on the foundation.
• THE FLOOR
• BEAMS: horizontal elements
• PILLARS: vertical elements. The beams are supported
by and transfer the weight to pillars.
STRUCTURE types

TRIANGULATED / TRUSS
Uses beams or trusses
formed with
Bars, always making
triangles.
STRUCTURE types

SUSPENDED OR CABLE-STAYED
Based on the use of cables
or tie rods. They are used in
bridges and to cover
stadiums and pavilions.
STRUCTURE types

GEODESIC
Contains three-dimensional
triangulated bars and
combines the properties of
vaults and bar structures.
STRUCTURE types

PNEUMATIC
Contains compressed
air inside. It's light and
can be dismantled.
ROLLED AND PLATE
Formed by curved or bent
sheets of metal, plastic or
composite materials. They
are used as shells for all
types of objects.
STRUCTURE types

1. A compression / Compressive force will cause a member of structure to be squashed
2. A tension / Tensile force cause a member of structure to be Stretched
3. A torsion / torsional force a member to be Twisted
4. A shear force cause a member to slide/tilt to a side
5. A bending force is a complex force state associated with the bowing of a member such as beam. It causes fiber on
one face of the member to elongateand hence be in tension and fibers on the opposite face to compress.
STRUCTURE types

STRUCTURE system
Structural system, in building construction, the particular method of assembling and
constructing structural elements of a building so that they support and transmit
applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the
members.
It is the assembly of inter-related or inter-dependent elements which forms a
complex structure, and they are designed and built for resisting different loads.
The structural systems are the combinations of elements which serve a common
purpose.

STRUCTURE system
• State of Equilibrium
• Adequate Strength
• Geometrical Stability
• Adequate Rigidity
Selection of Structural system depends on

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Basic types of systems include
• Bearing-wall/ Load Bearing
• Frame
• Post-and-lintel
• Membrane
• Strut and Tie
• Suspension
They fall into three major categories:
• Low-rise,
• high-rise, and
• Long-span
• Tensile.
• Compressive.
• Shear.
• Bending.
• Composite.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Load Bearing Structural System
It is a structural system where loads of
buildings i.e. weight of building itself plus
the live loads get transferred to the
ground through walls. Walls bear the load
of roofs, floor and of course self weight.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure
The most popular structural elements. The
philosophy for Reinforced Concrete Structures tells
that Concrete is strong in compression but very
weak in tension. Hence for simplicity of design, its
tensile strength is neglected. Wherever tension
occurs cracks are likely to occur perpendicular to
the tensile force. Hence, steel reinforcement is
provided and all tension is considered to be resisted
by steel. Due to tension developed by moment,
main reinforcement is placed on tension face to
arrest the cracks and provide tensile strength to the
member.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Post-and-lintel system
A system in which two upright members, the posts,
hold up a third member, the lintel, laid horizontally
across their top surfaces.
All structural openings have evolved from this
system, which is seen in pure form only in
colonnades and in framed structures, because the
posts of doors, windows, ceilings, and roofs
normally form part of the wall.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Membrane structure
Structure with a thin, flexible surface (membrane)
that carries loads primarily through tensile stresses.
There are two main types: tent structures and
pneumatic structures.
Denver International Airport (1995) features a
terminal building roofed by a white membrane
stretched from steel masts.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Shell Roof
Shell roofs have been proved to be very useful for
covering the large structures. RCC shell roofs are
becoming very popular these days. A shell structure
is a thin curved membrane or slab usually made up
of reinforced concrete, which can function both as a
roof covering and structure. Shell roofs typically
composed of concrete panels curved, cylindrically
or spherically to achieve greater strength.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Strut and Tie
Strut and tie modelling (STM) is a simple method
which effectively expresses complex stress patterns
as triangulated models. STM is based on truss
analogy and can be applied to many elements of
concrete structures.
The part of the structure that has a tensile force acting on
it is called a TIE and the part that has a compressive force
acting on it is called a STRUT.
Roofs Constructed with the
Combination of King & Queen Post Roof
Trusses

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Roofs Constructed with the
Combination of King & Queen Post Roof
Trusses
Roofs constructed with the combination of king &
queen post roof trusses are a mansard truss,
truncated truss and king and queen post truss.
Roof truss can be
 king post roof truss
 Queen post roof truss
 Combination of the two
• King & post roof truss
• Mansard Truss
• Truncated Trusses

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Suspended Structures
Suspended Structures are those with horizontal planes i.e.
floors are supported by cables (hangers) hung from the
parabolic sag of large, high-strength steel cables. The strength
of a suspended structure is derived from the parabolic form of
the sagging high strength cable.
To make this structure more efficient, the parabolic form is so
designed that its shape closely follows the exact form of the
moment diagrams.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Suspended Structures are those with horizontal
planes i.e. floors are supported by cables (hangers)
hung from the parabolic sag of large, high-strength
steel cables. The strength of a suspended structure
is derived from the parabolic form of the sagging
high strength cable.
To make this structure more efficient, the parabolic
form is so designed that its shape closely follows
the exact form of the moment diagrams. Dulles International airport was designed by Eero Saarinen.
The cable roof structure spans 141 feet. It was constructed on
a modular plan (Washington DC). The pillars are so designed
that they become broader at their base.

STRUCTURE system
TYPES
Suspended Structures are those with horizontal
planes i.e. floors are supported by cables (hangers)
hung from the parabolic sag of large, high-strength
steel cables. The strength of a suspended structure
is derived from the parabolic form of the sagging
high strength cable.
To make this structure more efficient, the parabolic
form is so designed that its shape closely follows
the exact form of the moment diagrams.
Alamillo Bridge, Seville, Spain, 1987-1992, designed by
Calatrava Santiago, total span of the bridge is 250m and
height of the tower is 142m. Materials used are steel for
tower with concrete infill where needed, steel bridge deck
structure and concrete abutments. The extraordinary weight
of the concrete filled steel mast, which angles away from the
roadbed at 58 degrees is enough to support the deck without
the need for counter-stay cables or support piers.

STRUCTURE system
Form
 One-dimensional: Ropes, cables, struts, columns, beams, arches.
 Two-dimensional: Membranes, plates, slabs, shells, vaults, domes, synclastic, anticlastic.
 Three-dimensional: Solid masses.
 Composite: A combination of the above.

STRUCTURE system
Material
 Timber.
 Concrete.
 Metal: Steel, aluminium and so on.
 Masonry: Brick, block, stone and so on.
 Glass.
 Adobe.
 Composite

STRUCTURE system
Overall building form
 Low-rise.------------not classified as high rise-with out lift
 Multi-storey.-------having more than one story
 Mid-rise.------------5-10 storeys with lift
 High rise.-----------7-10 storeys
 Groundscraper.---extend horizontally over a large distance while only being of a low to medium height.
 Skyscraper.-------- 40 storeys or more
 Supertall.----- -----exceeding 300 m
 Megatall.-----------exceeding 600 m
 Super-slender-----pencil-thin and of 50-90+ storeys.
 Megastructure.
 Anticlastic.
 Synclastic.
 Hyperbolic paraboloid.
 Conoid.
 Tower.
 Dome.
 Related art

STRUCTURE system
Overall building form
 Low-rise.------------not classified as high rise-with out lift
 Multi-storey.-------having more than one story
 Mid-rise.------------5-10 storeys with lift
 High rise.-----------7-10 storeys
 Groundscraper.---extend horizontally over a large distance while only being of a low to medium height.
 Skyscraper.-------- 40 storeys or more
 Supertall.----- -----exceeding 300 m
 Megatall.-----------exceeding 600 m
 Super-slender-----pencil-thin and of 50-90+ storeys.
 Megastructure.
 Anticlastic.
 Synclastic. .Monoclastic
 Hyperbolic paraboloid.
 Conoid.
 Tower.
 Dome.
 Related art

STRUCTURE ELEMENTS
• Substructure
• Superstructure
• Foundation
• Roof
• Shell and core
• Structural frame
• Floor
• Wall: loadbearing walls, compartment walls, external
walls, retaining walls.

STRUCTURE DESIGN
Design code,
standards and
design criteria
Load
consideration
Propose
framing system
Structural
modeling and
manual design
Design
structural
members
Produce
structural
drawing

Architectural working drawing - chapter one.PPT

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Architectural working drawing - chapter one.PPT