Architecture of Linux
- 1. LINUX ARCHITECTURE Prof. Neeraj Bhargava Mrs. Shubha Chaturvedi Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering & System Science MDS University Ajmer, Rajasthan
- 3. The Linux operating system's architecture mainly contains some of the components: • The Kernel • System Library • Hardware layer • System • Shell Utility
- 4. 1. KERNEL • The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system that has complete control over everything in the system. It is the "portion of the operating system code that is always resident in memory", and facilitates interactions between hardware and software components. • A kernel is the foundational layer of an operating system (OS). It functions at a basic level, communicating with hardware and managing resources, such as RAM and the CPU. Since a kernel handles many fundamental processes, it must be loaded at the beginning of the boot sequence when a computer starts up. • The kernel connects the system hardware to the application software, and every operating system has a kernel. For example, the Linux kernel is used numerous operating systems including Linux, FreeBSD, Android, and others.
- 5. • There are some of the important kernel types which are mentioned below: • Monolithic Kernel • Micro kernels • Exo kernels • Hybrid kernels The Linux kernel is used numerous operating systems including Linux, FreeBSD, Android and others.
- 6. 2. System Libraries • System libraries are special programs that help in accessing the kernel's features. A kernel has to be triggered to perform a task, and this triggering is done by the applications. But applications must know how to place a system call because each kernel has a different set of system calls. • Shared Libraries are the libraries that can be linked to any program at run-time. They provide a means to use code that can be loaded anywhere in the memory. Once loaded, the shared library code can be used by any number of programs.
- 7. 3. System Utility Programs • It is responsible for doing specialized level and individual activities. Utility programs that provide the user most of the functionalities of an operating systems. • Utilities are software programs that add functionality to your computer or help your computer perform better. These include antivirus, backup, disk repair, file management, security, and networking programs.
- 8. 4. Hardware layer • The hardware: The physical machine—the bottom or base of the system, made up of memory (RAM) and the processor or central processing unit (CPU), as well as input/output (I/O) devices such as storage, networking, and graphics.
- 9. 5. Shell • It is an interface among the kernel and user. It can afford the services of kernel. It can take commands through the user and runs the functions of the kernel. The shell is available in distinct types of OS. These operating systems are categorized into two different types, which are the graphical shells and command-line shells. • There are a few types of these shells which are categorized as follows: • Korn shell • Bourne shell • C shell • POSIX shell
- 10. Assignment 1. Differentiate between Linux and Unix? 2. Differentiate between Linux and Windows? 3. Discuss Advantages and disadvantages of Linux? 4. Explain in detail Architecture of Linux? 5. What is kernel of an operating system? 6. How is operating system communicate with kernel? 7. Is Linux Kernel or OS ? 8. Explain kernel and its types?