Art.
- 1. PresentedBy: Manali Baghel Ph.D Biotech 1st Sem Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
- 2. What is ART? The use of medical techniques, such as drug therapy, artificial insemination, or in vitro fertilization, to enhance fertility. Or ART procedures include fertility treatment in which both eggs and sperms are handled in the laboratory. Or Any procedure where the gamete is manipulated or removed from the body and returned either as an oocyte or as an embryo.
- 3. Why ART? Couple who does not use any contraceptive, but can not conceive within 2~3 years are considered infertile, they require ART. A large percentage of couples face difficulties in getting pregnant, many have found success with Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). ART involves a number of different procedures to help address fertility problems and increase the likelihood of pregnancy.
- 4. Infertility • Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy (conception) after 12 months of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. Male Infertility Female Infertility 1.Oligospermia – low sperm count 2.Poor sperm quality- Motility Shape Abnormality 3.Antibodies against own sperm— Autoimmune disorder 1.Irregular ovulation- Hormone imbalance Absent ovaries or tubes 2. Physical blockage Fibroids or Endometriosis Blocked/abnormal Fallopian tubes 3. Vaginal secretions Hormones or certain diseases
- 5. History First successful IVF births in 1959 in rabbits by a chinese scientist. The first human IVF pregnancy was achieved in Australia in 1973, but resulted in an early miscarriage. On July 25, 1978, Louise Brown, the first IVF baby was born in Oldham, England. Fist legislation to regulate IVF & its associated human research – The Government of Victoria, 1984. First surrogacy embryo transfer baby born in California- 1984.
- 6. First pregnancy after ICSI-1992. Baby Hannah was 1st baby born via denoted embryos- 1998. First birth using cryopreserved oocytes and frozen sperm-2000. Samrupa, the world’s first Murrah buffalo calf cloned was born in february 2009 at (NDRI) Karnal INDIA. But died due to lung infection 5 days after she was born.
- 7. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Timed Intercourse Artificial Insemination • Intracervical insemination (ICI) • Intrauterine insemination (IUI) • Intratubal insemination (ITI) • Intraperitoneal insemination (IPI) In vitro fertilization (IVF) & Embryo Transfer (ET) • Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) • Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) • Intra cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) Parthenogenesis
- 8. Timed Intercourse • Medications are administered to promote ovulation. • Treatment monitored by ultrasound scanning to determine the precise timing of the egg release. • The couples are then advised on the best timing of intercourse.
- 9. Artificial Insemination(AI) • Process by which sperms are placed into the reproductive tract of a female for the purpose of impregnating her by using means other than sexual intercourse.
- 10. Artificial Insemination • Intracervical insemination (ICI)- Unwashed' or raw semen may be used & semen is injected high into the cervix with a needle-less syringe. • Intrauterine insemination (IUI)- Washed sperm' can be injected directly into a woman's uterus • Intratubal insemination (ITI)- Semen is injected in intrafollapian tube. No beneficial effect compared with IUI. • Intraperitoneal insemination (IPI)- Prepared semen is injected into Douglas pouch.
- 11. Problems with AI Ovulation must be induced or synchronized by exogenous gonadotropins which frequently do not work. Gross female anatomical differences, i.e two uteri in marsupials, complex cervix in oryx, rhinoceros, others. Actual site of semen deposition frequently not known, usually transabdominally by laparoscope (invasive surgery).
- 12. IVF & ET IVF is a method in which egg cells are fertilized by sperm cells outside the mother’s womb (in vitro). The resulting embryos are then transferred back into the uterus. Steps in IVF- Follicle suppression Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation Aspiration of eggs from follicles Fertilization Incubation and selection of embryos Embryo transfer Pregnancy test
- 13. IVF & ET
- 14. Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) The oocytes will be harvested after ovarian stimulation, mixed with the prepared sperms suspension, and placed back into the woman's Fallopian tubes during a single laparoscopy. More simple, physiological & cheap than IVF. Results not better than IVF.
- 15. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) • The oocytes will be harvested after ovarian stimulation by transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum retrieval. Co- incubation with prepared semen & after fertilization in the laboratory the resulting early embryos or zygotes are placed into the fallopian tubes using a laparoscope. • However, the need for two interventions and the fact that IVF results are equal or better leaves few if any indications for this intervention.
- 16. ICSI • Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection(ICSI) is an in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an oocyte or egg. • This procedure is used to overcome male infertility. • In ICSI, using micromanipulation technologies (micropipettes), the specialist draws a single sperm into a needle and inject it directly into an egg that has been collected from the female through the usual retrieval methods & fertilization takes place. • The fertilized eggs are then left to culture for a few days before being transferred back to the woman’s uterus. • ICSI is always used alongside IVF.
- 17. ICSI
- 18. Species in which IVF Has Been Accomplished (Bavister,1982) Species Fertilization in Vitro Cleavage in vitro Birth of Young after ET Mouse, rat, rabbit + + + Human + + + Cat + +/- - Hamster + - - Guinea pig, dog + - - Nonhuman primates +/- +/- - Cog, pig +/- - - Sheep, horse - - -
- 19. Complications of IVF Multiple Pragnancies 1 in 5 IVF pregnancies are multiple if transferring 3 embryos or less. Transferring more than 3 embryos results in multiple pregnancies in about 40% of IVF babies. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome(OHSS) Excess response to ovarian stimulants can lead to ovarian enlargement, abdominal distension and pains in up to 7% of IVF patients. Pelvic Infection-serios infection is rare in IVF. Haemorrhage-can occur during egg collection. Spontaneous Abortion Intrauterine Growth Restriction
- 20. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT) A technique in which the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg. Has been attempted in: • giant panda (Chen, et al. 2002) • Argali sheep (White et al. 1999) • gaur (Lanza et al. 2000) but these attempts did not result in viable offspring. Apparently healthy offspring resulted in transspecies cloning in mouflon sheep (Loi, et al. 2001)
- 21. SCNT
- 22. Applications of SCNT The most practical application is in the reproductive cloning of farm animals that have exceptional qualities like abilities to produce large quantities of milk. Dolly the sheep, born in 1996, was the first mammal cloned using SCNT. Stem cells can be extracted 5-6 days later from SCNT derived early embryos. Because of SCNT, science could advance to a point where people will have access to life saving therapies developed using their own DNA.
- 23. Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in aphids, Daphnia, rotifers, nematodes and some other invertebrates but can also be induced efficiently in mammalian oocytes by providing appropriate stimuli in-vitro. Parthenogenesis is a process in which an embryo is created solely from a female oocyte without any genetic contribution from a male. Sometimes referred to as a “virgin birth” & resulting individual is called parthenogen. The experimental induction of parthenogenesis in mammals began with the pioneer- ing studies of Pincus and his collaborators in the rabbit.
- 25. Issues In ART Cost effectiveness Ethical / moral / legal considerations Emotional issues
- 26. Conclusion The introduction of these advances has provided not only hope and treatment for the infertile couple but also stimulated continuing research in the field of reproduction. Reproductive advances will make more COUPLES happier.